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(9)
Substituting the values of M, N and t/
r
in equation (9), t can
be obtained for the appropriate range of pt and for any
pressure, by Newton-Raphson method. The value of t thus
obtained is used in equation (8) to compute V
ic
.
B. PD-INCEPTION VOLTAGES IN VOID
Substituting E
g
from equation (5) into equation (7), V
i
is
written as:
[ ]
r r i
t t
k pt
Bp
V ) 1 (
) ln(
'
'
+
+
= (10)
For obtaining critical t for minimum inception voltage,
equation (10) is differentiated with respect to t and equated to
zero. This gives:
0 ' )] ' ln( 1 )( 1 [(
] ' ) 1 )( 1 [( ) ' (
= +
+ +
t t pt
Nt t N pt M
r
r
N
(11)
As in case of interface, critical t for voids can be obtained by
solving equation (11) and substituting this value of t, V
ic
for
voids can be calculated from equation (10).
IV. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of Paschens curve and analysis of Townsend
breakdown equation it is possible to compute PD inception
voltage for discharges occurring at the interface as well as in
voids at different pressure and thickness of insulation. This
approach is of great use to researchers in deciding their
experimental parameters and help in deciding safe working
stress for longer life.
The computed values of V
i
against t are plotted for interface
as well as discharges in voids and are illustrated in Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3 respectively. The critical inception voltage V
ic
and
corresponding critical t may be located on the curves for both
types of discharges. It is interesting to note that the
formulation is valid for occurrence of discharges at different
pressure and for different sample (dielectric) thicknesses. It is
observed that at pressures close to atmospheric, critical t
remains virtually the same for the interface as well as cavity
discharges for all the four same thicknesses analyzed. In actual
insulation, a number of voids of different shape and dimension
are present at random and the critical discharges start at the
most favorable site i.e. where stress concentration is
maximum.
The analysis presented does not address the surface roughness
condition, which may exist in voids as well as at the interface.
Also deviations may exist because the values of breakdown
voltages obtained from Paschens curve are valid for stress
between metal-metal surfaces, whereas in case of partial
discharge occurrence the electric stress is between metal-
dielectric surface (interface) and dielectric-dielectric surface.
It may suggest the Paschens breakdown voltage value is
obtained from [15].
This method of estimation may be used for predicting PDIV in
case of discharges occurring at interface as well as voids with
sufficient accuracy and has been utilized for predicting PDIV
in the ambient medium of air [16] and N
2
[17].
Insulation thickness t = 0.1454 cm
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Int erface gap t ', cm
I
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
kp=0.4
p=0.067
p=0.2
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.333
p=20.000
p=26.667
p=40.000
p=53.333
p=66.667
p=91.3333
p=101.333
Insulation thickness t =0.3220 cm
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Interface gap t'. cm
I
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
kp=0.067
p=0.2
p=0.4
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.333
p=20.000
p=26.667
p=40.000
p=53.333
p=66.667
p=91.333
p=101.333
Insulation thickness t = 0.4033 cm
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Int erface gap t ', cm
I
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
k
p=0.067
p=0.2
p=0.4
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.3333
p=20.000
p=26.667
p=40.000
p=53.333
p=66.667
p=91.333
p=101.333
Insulation thickness t = 0.6545 cm
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Int erface gap t', cm
I
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
kp=0.067
p=0.2
p=0.4
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.333
p=20.00
p=26.667
p=40.00
p=53.33
p=66.667
p=91.333
p=101.333
Fig. 2: Computed values of PDIV for discharges at the
interface at pressures of 101.333, 91.333,66.667, 40.0, 26.667,
20.0, 13.333, 6.667, 2.667, 1.2, 0.40, 0.20 & 0.067 in kPa
Insulation thickness t = 0.1454 cm
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Cavit y dept h t', cm
I
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
k
p=0.067
p=0.2
p=0.4
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.333
p=20.000
p=26.667
p=40.000
p=53.333
p=66.667
p=91.3333
p=101.333
Insulation thickness t = 0.3220 cm
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Cavity dept h t ', cm
i
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
kp=0.067
p=0.2
p=0.4
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.3333
p=20.000
p=26.667
p=40.000
p=53.333
p=66.667
p=91.333
p=101.333
Insulation thickness t = 0.4033 cm
100
10 00
100 00
1000 00
10000 00
0.01 0.1 1 10
Cavit y dept h t ', cm
I
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
k
p=0.067
p=0.2
p=0.4
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.333
p=20.000
p=26.667
p=40.000
p=53.333
p=66.667
p=91.333
p=101.333
Insulation thickness t = 0.6545 cm
100
1000
10000
100000
10 00000
0.01 0.1 1 10
Cavit y dept h t '. cm
I
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
i
,
V
o
l
t
s
-
p
e
a
kp=0.067
p=0.2
p=0.4
p=1.2
p=2.667
p=6.667
p=13.333
p=20.000
p=26.667
p=40.000
p=53.333
p=66.667
p=91.333
p=101.333
Fig. 3: Computed values of PDIV for discharges in cavities at
pressures of 101.333, 91.333, 66.667, 40.0, 26.667, 20.0,
13.333, 6.667, 2.667, 1.2, 0.40, 0.20 & 0.067 in kPa
V. REFERENCES
[1] J.H. Mason, The deterioration and breakdown of
dielectrics resulting from internal discharges, Proc. IEE,
98, (I), pp. 44-59, 1951
[2] J.H. Mason, "Discharges", IEEE Trans.EI-13, No.4, pp
211-238, 1978.
[3] C. Mayoux, C. Laurent, "Contribution of Partial
Discharges to Electrical Breakdown of Solid Insulating
Materials", IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation Vol.2, No.4, pp 641-652, August 1995.
[4] S.A. Boggs, Partial Discharge: Cavity Induced PD in
Solid Dielectrics , IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine,
6, No.6, Nov-Dec 1990
[5] Hirabayashi, S.Y. Shibuya, T. Hasegawa and Y. Inuishi,
Estimation of the size of voids in coil insulation of
rotation machines, IEEE Trans. EI-9, No.4, pp.129-136,
December 1974.
[6] EPRI workshop Proceedings: Morphology of PE and
XLPE, EPRI Contract TPS 81 184, November 1981.
[7] E.O. FORSTER, Partial discharges & streamers in liquid
dielectrics - the significance of the inception voltage,
IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., 28, (6), pp. 941-946, 1993.
[8] D. R. James, I. Sauers, A. R. Ellis, M. O. Pace and DJ.
Deschenes, Effect of gas pressure on partial discharge in
voids in epoxy, in Proc. IEEE 2003 Annual Report
Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric
Phenomena, pp 628-632
[9] J.S. Townsend, "Electrons in Gases", Hutchinsons
London, 1947.
[10] L.B. Loeb, "Basic processes of gaseous electronics",
University Press, Berkeley 1955.
[11] M.S. Bhalla and J.D. Craggs, "Measurement of ionization
and attachment coefficients in SF
6
in uniform fields,
Proc. Phy Soc. Vol. 80, pp 151-160, 1962.
[12] T.W. Dakin, G. Luxa, G. Oppermann, J. Vigreux, G.
Wind, H. Winkelnkemper, "Breakdown of gases in
uniform fields-Paschen's curves for air, N
2
and SF
6
,"
Electra, No. 32, pp 61-82, 1974.
[13] Ekram Husain and R.S. Nema, "Analysis of Paschen
curves for Air, N
2
and SF
6
using the Townsend
Breakdown Equation," IEEE Transactions on Electrical
Insulation Vol. EI-17 No.4, August 1982.
[14] H.C. Hall and R.M. Russek, "Discharge inception and
extinction in dielectric voids", Proc. IEE, 101(II), p 47,
1954.
[15] Ekram Husain and R.S. Nema, "Surface discharge studies
with uniform field electrodes at low pressures", IEEE
Trans. EI-16, No. 2, pp 128-133, April 1980.
[16] E. Husain, A. Anwar, M. U. Zuberi & A. Masood A
Mathematical Technique for Estimation of Partial
Discharge Inception Voltage at Different Pressures,
Proc. 2003 IASTED International Conference on
Transmission, Distribution & Automation, pp 509-513.
[17] M. U. Zuberi, A. Masood, E. Husain & A. Anwar
Estimation of Discharge Inception Voltages at Different
Pressures in the Ambient Medium of N2, Accepted for
publication at IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution
Conference and Exposition, Chicago, USA from April 21-
24, 2008.