Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Profit: SP – CP Loss: CP – SP
Percentage Profit: Profit * 100 Percentage loss: Loss *100
CP CP
Discount: Marked Price – Selling price
Discount percentage: Discount * 100
Marked Price
If articles worth Rs. x are bought and articles worth Rs. y are
obtained free along with x articles, then the discount is equal
to y and discount percentage is given by: y * 100
x+y
Successive discounts: When a discount of a % is followed by
a discount of b% then
Total discount= (a+b - ab/100) %
Ratios
If a : b = c : d, then a : b = c : d = (a + c) : (b + d)
If a < b, then for a positive quantity x,
a+x > a and a-x < a
b+x b b-x b
If a > b, then for a positive quantity x,
a+x < a and a-x > a
b+x b b-x b
Alligations
The ratio of the weights of the two items mixed will be inversely
proportional to the deviation of attributes of these two items from
the average attribute of the resultant mixture.
W1 = (x2-x1)
W2 (x-x1)
Time speed and distance
Speed = Distance
Time
Important conversion factors
1 km/hr = 5 m/s and 1 m/s = 18 km/hr
18 5
Average speed: Total distance
Total Time
Relative speed: For trains
Time: Sum of the lengths = L1+L2
Relative speeds S1+ S2
For boats and streams
S (downstream) = S boat + S stream
S (upstream) = S boat - S stream
Time and work
Number of days to complete a work: 1
Work done in one day
HCF of Fractions: HCF of numerators of all fractions
LCM of denominators of all fractions
LCM of Fractions: LCM of numerators of all fractions
HCF of denominators of all fractions
Algebraic formulae
(a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2)
a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Arithmetic progression
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
Sn = n [2a + (n – 1) d}
2
Arithmetic mean: x1+x2+x3…….xn
n
Geometric progression
Tn = ar n - 1
Sn = a (rn – 1)
( r – 1)
S∞ = a
1-r
Sum of first n natural numbers
1+2+3+4+.......n = n (n+1)
2
Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers
12+ 22+ 32 + 42………..n2 = n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
Sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers
13+ 23+ 33 + 43………..n3 = n (n + 1) 2
2
Factorial
n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * … * (n − 1) * n
n! = n * (n − 1)!
Permutations
n
Pr = n!
(n - r)!
Combinations
n
Cr = n!
(n - r)! r!
Important Properties
n
Cr = n C n – r
n
C0 + nC1 + nC2 +……..+ nCn = 2n
Probability
Probability of an event: Number of favorable outcomes
Number of total outcomes
Odds in favor: Number of favorable outcomes
Number of unfavorable outcomes
Odds against: Number of unfavorable outcomes
Number of favorable outcomes
Geometry concepts
Circle
The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord of the circle bisects
the chord. In the figure below, O is the centre of the circle and OM
perpendicular AB. Then, AM = MB.
B base C
Properties of a Triangle
The sum of the two sides is always greater than the third side:
a + b > c, a +c >b, b + c > a
The sum of three angles of a triangle always equals 180o
Exterior angle is equal to sum of interior opposite angles
Area of a Triangle
1 * base * height
2
abc where R = circumradius
4r
r * s where r = inradius and s= a+b+c
3
Medians of a triangle
Medians are lines that join the vertex to
the midpoint of the opposite side. In the
figure AF, BD and CE are the medians. The
point where the three median intersect is
called the centroid. O is the centroid in
the figure. Area ABF = Area AFC = Area ABC
2
The centroid divides the median internally in the ratio of 2:1
Apollonius theorem: AB2+AC2 = (2AF2+BF2) or
BC2+BA2 = 2(BD2+DC2) or BC2+AC2 =
2(EC2+AE2)
Cone Cylinder
Sphere Cube
Quadrilaterals
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.
A rhombus is a parallelogram which has four equal sides.
A trapezoid (or trapezium) is a quadrilateral whose one pair of
opposite sides are parallel and one pair of opposite sides are
nonparallel.