Mafic-Felsic Interactions in Pan-African Pluton

Petrology and Isotope Geochemistry of the
Pan-African Negash Pluton, Northern

Ethiopia: Mafic---Felsic Magma Interactions
During the Construction of Shallow-level
Calc-alkaline Plutons
A. ASRAT
1,2
*
, P. BARBEY
1
, J. N. LUDDEN
1
, L. REISBERG
1
,
G. GLEIZES
3
AND D. AYALEW
2
1
CRPG---CNRS, 15, RUE NOTRE-DAME DES PAUVRES, BP 20, 54501 VANDOEUVRE-LE
`
S-NANCY CEDEX, FRANCE
2
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY, PO BOX 1176, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
3
CNRS---UMR 5563 LMTG, UNIVERSIT
EE PAUL SABATIER, 38, RUE DES TRENTE-SIX PONTS, 31400 TOULOUSE, FRANCE
RECEIVED JULY 15, 2002; ACCEPTED NOVEMBER 27, 2003
The Negash pluton consists of monzogranites, granodiorites, hybrid
quartz monzodiorites, quartz monzodiorites and pyroxene monzo-
diorites, emplaced at 608 7 Ma (zircon U---Pb) in low-grade
volcaniclastic sediments. Field relationships between mafic and felsic
rocks result from mingling and hybridization at the lower interface of
a mafic sheet injected into partially crystallized, phenocryst-laden,
granodiorite magma (back-veining), and hybridization during
simultaneous ascent of mafic and felsic magmas in the feeder zone
located to the NW of the pluton. The rock suite displays low
87
Sr/
86
Sr
(608)
(070260---070350) and positive e
Nd(608)
values
(39 to 59), along with fractionated rare earth element patterns
[(La/Yb)
N
= 99---177], enrichment in large ion lithophile ele-
ments (Ba, U, K, Pb and Sr) and depletion in Nb and Th compared
with the primitive mantle. Monzogranites, granodiorites and hybrid
quartz monzodiorites define a calc-alkaline differentiation trend,
whereas the quartz monzodiorites have higher Fe/Mg ratios. The
pyroxene monzodiorites show anomalously high Ti/Zr, Ti/Y and
Ti/V ratios, suggesting that they are cumulates. Chemical modelling
suggests that pyroxene and quartz monzodiorites could derive from a
common gabbrodioritic parent by fractional crystallization. Struc-
tural and chemical data suggest that (1) the pluton results from the
assembly of several, low-viscosity, melt-rich batches (sheeting/dyk-
ing), differentiated in intermediate chambers prior to their emplace-
ment; (2) in situ differentiation is limited to the coarse-grained
pyroxene monzodiorites; (3) mafic---felsic magma interactions at the
emplacement level were essentially limited to mingling.
KEY WORDS: mafic---felsic intrusion; magma mingling; Ethiopia; Pan-
African
INTRODUCTION
Mafic---felsic magma interactions have been recognized
as important processes during the construction of granitic
plutons (e.g. Whalen & Currie, 1984; Wiebe, 1987, 1996;
Vernon et al., 1988; Didier & Barbarin, 1991; Michael,
1991; Bateman, 1995; Castro et al., 1995; Wiebe &
Collins, 1998; Wilcox, 1999; Collins et al., 2000; Janousek
et al., 2000). Co-mingling is considered as the dominant
process accounting for the structures observed in plutons,
whereas thorough mixing is thought to occur in chambers
at depth, prior to magma emplacement. Most studies
agree that mingling is related to the replenishment of a
felsic magma chamber by mafic magma intrusion and
depends strongly on the relative viscosities of the mag-
mas, which control the rheology (Fernandez & Barbarin,
1991; Fernandez & Gasquet, 1994; Hallot et al., 1996).
Wiebe & Collins (1998) provided a general model for
the formation of sheet-like bodies, which were described
by Wiebe (1993) as mafic and silicic layered intrusions
(MASLI). Other studies have considered dynamic, two-
way conduit mingling and hybridization during emplace-
ment of magmas as an equally important process
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 45 NUMBER 6 PAGES 11471179 2004 DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egh009
*
Corresponding author. Telephone: 251 1 55 32 14. Fax: 251 1 55
23 50. E-mail: asrata@geol.aau.edu.et
Journal of Petrology 45(6) # Oxford University Press 2004; all rights
reserved

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(e.g. Carrigan, 1994; Castro et al., 1995; Seaman et al.,
1995; Collins et al., 2000).
In the Negash pluton, Northern Ethiopia (Fig. 1), felsic
and mafic rocks display various relationships. The mafic
rocks occur as swarms of enclaves, or as dispersed,
kilometre-sized, sheet-like bodies. The purpose of our
study is to investigate the relationships between magma
interactions and the dynamics of pluton growth. In a
Fig. 1. (a) Geological sketch map of the Northern metamorphic terrain of Ethiopia (modified after Tadesse et al., 1999; Asrat et al., 2001).
(b) Geological map of the Negash pluton along with sampling sites, the foliation trajectories in the surrounding country rocks, and the main septa of
the country rocks within the pluton (modified after Asrat et al., 2003). (c) A synthetic cross-section along the line A---A
0
marked in (b).
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 45 NUMBER 6 JUNE 2004
1148

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previous study (Asrat et al., 2003), we presented a structural
investigation of the pluton using the anisotropy of mag-
netic susceptibility. We showed that the Negash pluton
displays two major types of mafic---felsic magma inter-
actions: (1) injection of monzodioritic magma into felsic
magmas, which favoured in situ mingling of monzodior-
ites and granodiorites along their contacts; (2) simulta-
neous ascent of monzodioritic and granodioritic magmas
through the same conduit, which led to thorough
hybridization and formation of homogeneous hybrid
monzodiorites.
In the present paper we use petrological, chemical and
isotopic data to (1) describe the systematic mineralogical
and geochemical variations of the whole suite, (2) con-
strain the age and sources of the end-member magmas,
(3) characterize the petrogenesis of the main rock types,
and (4) discuss their implications for the mechanisms of
emplacement of shallow-level calc-alkaline plutons.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING, ROCK
TYPES AND FIELD RELATIONSHIPS
The Northern metamorphic terrain of Ethiopia consists
of a series of thick, inhomogeneous volcano-sedimentary
assemblages that belong to the Arabian---Nubian Shield
(ANS) of the Pan-African orogen (900---500 Ma). The
ANS is a juvenile, subduction-related, accreted terrane
formed by lateral crustal growth through arc---arc accre-
tion (Krooner et al., 1987; Stern, 1994), in which mafic---
felsic plutonism played an important role (Tadesse et al.,
1999; Asrat et al., 2001). The granitoid and the volcanic
assemblages are calc-alkaline and lack evidence of any
pre-Pan-African continental crust. A review of the avail-
able geochronological data (Asrat et al., 2001) suggests the
existence of three periods of granitic magmatism in both
the ANS and the Mozambique Belt (800---885, 700---780
and 540---660 Ma), encompassing syn-, late- and post-
tectonic granites. The Negash pluton is one of the late-
tectonic bodies (e.g. Beyth, 1972; Garland, 1980; Asrat,
1997; Tadesse, 1997; Alemu, 1998). It crops out in the
middle of a low-grade metamorphic inlier in the Mekele---
Adigrat area (Fig. 1a), and is one of several calc-alkaline
plutons, which occur to the north especially in the Axum
area. They are syn- to post-tectonic granites, monzogra-
nites, granodiorites, diorites and subordinate gabbros,
which have mantle-like Sr and Nd isotopic ratios and
belong to three magmatic events at 800, 750 and
550 Ma (Rb/Sr Sm/Nd and U---Pb zircon ages). Further
details about these granites have been reported by Alemu
(1998) and Tadesse et al. (2000).
Rock types
The Negash pluton is a small body, 8 km in diameter,
which consists of mafic and felsic rocks (Fig. 1b). In the
Q---A---P classification diagram (Fig. 2), they define a
trend from the monzodiorite to the monzogranite fields.
We distinguish: (1) coarse-grained pyroxene monzo-
diorites and microgranular biotite---hornblende---quartz
monzodiorites, both containing variable proportions of
pyroxene (referred to as mafic rocks); (2) microgranular,
biotite---hornblende---quartz monzodiorites, devoid of
pyroxene and with higher proportion of quartz and
K-feldspar (referred to as hybrid rocks); (3) hornblende-
bearing biotite tonalites, granodiorites and monzogra-
nites (referred to as felsic rocks); (4) biotite---(muscovite)
pegmatites, aplites and microgranites. An overview
of the modal compositions and textures is given in
Table 1.
Field relationships
The pluton displays a crescent-shaped lithological zoning
that varies inwards from monzogranite through grano-
diorite, quartz monzodiorite and pyroxene monzodiorite,
to hybrid quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite in the
northwestern part (Fig. 1b). Locally, granodiorites show
igneous layering with modal grading. Dykes of aplite,
pegmatite and microgranite (a few centimetres to 10 m
wide) are common near contact zones in the eastern and
western parts of the pluton. Metamorphic septa
(kilometre-long and hectometre-wide) are also common
throughout the pluton and outline the crescent-shaped
1
2
3
4 5
6
P
Q
A
Quartz monzodiorites
Pyroxene monzodiorites
Aplites and microgranites Hybrid quartz monzodiorites
Granodiorites, tonalites
Monzogranites
4. quartz monzodiorite
quartz monzogabbro
5. quartz diorite
quartz gabbro
6. monzodiorite
monzogabbro
1. monzogranite
2. granodiorite
3. tonalite
50
50
Fig. 2. Quartz---Alkali feldspar---Plagioclase (Q---A---P) classification
diagram (Streckeisen, 1976). Arrow indicates medium-K calc-alkaline
differentiation trend (Lameyre & Bowden, 1982).
ASRAT et al. MAFIC---FELSIC MAGMA INTERACTION
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structure. Based on structural data, Asrat et al. (2003)
concluded that:
(1) the pluton was assembled by successive injection of
four magma pulses (monzogranite, granodiorite, pyrox-
ene and quartz monzodiorites, quartz monzodiorite and
granodiorite) into already foliated country rocks;
(2) magmatic foliations and lineations converge
towards the NW, suggesting that the feeder zone is
located at the northwestern tip of the pluton;
(3) the obliquity in the orientations of the magmatic
foliations and of the metamorphic septa at the northern
and southern borders of the pluton is symmetrical
Table 1: Modal compositions and major petrographic characteristics of rocks from
the Negash pluton (modal compositions in vol. %)
Rock type Petrographic description
Monzogranite
Qtz (25---30), Kfs (15---25), Pl (30---40),
Bt (10---15), Hbl (5---10), Acc (_1)
v porphyritic to equigranular, coarse- to medium-grained; grain size of plagioclase and K-feldspar may
reach 20 mm in length, whereas biotite and amphibole are 1---3 mm long;
v allotriomorphic, normally and oscillatory zoned oligoclase (An
11---30
), which may locally contain small
micas and quartz grains (sieve textures); microcline as phenocrysts or interstitial grains;
Granodiorite
Qtz (20---25), Kfs (10---15), Pl (40---45),
Bt (10---15), Hbl (7---12), Acc (_1)
v subhedral to euhedral biotites; large, unzoned calcic amphiboles (magnesiohornblendes);
v interstitial quartz; occasional myrmekites and biotite---quartz symplectites;
Tonalite
Qtz (15---20), Kfs (5---10), Pl (50---55),
Bt (10---15), Hbl (10---15), Acc (_1)
v no significant alteration, with the exception of some transformation of plagioclase to epidote, sericite,
muscovite and locally calcite in some samples (contact zones);
v abundant titanite with ilmenite and titanomagnetite inclusions; apatite and zircon are common accessories.
Quartz monzodiorite
Qtz (5---15), Kfs (_5), Pl (50---60),
Bt (8---15), Hbl (10---20), Opx (_5),
Cpx (_2), Acc (2---5)
v porphyritic to equigranular; minerals are medium- to fine-grained (0
.
5---10 mm for plagioclase, 0
.
5---2 mm
for ferromagnesian minerals);
v normally zoned oligoclase and andesine (An
18---46
); complex, patchy zoned plagioclase grains with resorbed
rims and overgrowths; locally centimetre-long unzoned laths; K-feldspar xenocrysts;
v subhedral to euhedral biotites (some phlogopites); weakly and inversely zoned (Fe-rich core) amphibole
(magnesiohornblende---ferrotschermakite); amphibole is commonly rimmed with actinolite;
Pyroxene monzodiorite
Qtz (0---5), Kfs (_3), Pl (50---65),
Bt (10---20), Hbl (10---20), Opx (3---10),
Cpx (_5), Acc (_10)
v prismatic orthopyroxene, locally abundant; restricted clinopyroxene;
v abundant hexagonal, acicular (42 mm long) apatite; ilmenite and rhombic to rounded magnetite and
titanomagnetite; titanite and zircon are common.
Hybrid quartz monzodiorite
Qtz (10---15), Kfs (_7), Pl (45---50),
Bt (10---20), Hbl (10---20), Acc (_1)
v same texture and grain size as in the quartz monzodiorites;
v normally zoned oligoclase---andesine (An
16---33
); occasional complex, patchy zoned plagioclases with
resorbed rims and overgrowths; locally centimetre-long unzoned laths; K-feldspar xenocrysts;
v two types of biotite; weakly and normally zoned magnesiohornblende;
v abundant titanite rimming ilmenite and titanomagnetite; abundant hexagonal, acicular (42 mm long)
apatite, and zircon;
v biotite, plagioclase and hornblende are partially replaced by epidote, sericite, chlorite, muscovite and
occasionally calcite close to contacts with the felsic rocks.
Pegmatite, aplite
Qtz (35---45), Kfs (30---40), Pl (15---25),
Bt (3---7), Acc (_1)
v quartz and K-feldspar locally as micrographic intergrowths;
v normally zoned sodic plagioclase (An
3---8
);
v subhedral to anhedral biotite;
v accessories are pyrite and zircon.
Microgranite
Qtz (20---35), Kfs (15---25),
Pl (20---30), Bt (5), Ms
(20), Acc (_5)
v porphyritic with coarse plagioclase laths and quartz phenocrysts;
v thin muscovite flakes; rare anhedral biotite;
v accessories are pyrite and zircon.
Mineral abbreviations according to Kretz (1983). Acc, accessories.
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with respect to the NW---SE pluton axis, suggesting
that magma transfer was from the NW towards
the SE.
The relationships between monzogranites---granodiorites
and monzodiorites in the Negash pluton can be
subdivided into three main types: (1) a large body of
quartz monzodiorites and pyroxene monzodiorites
within the granodiorites displaying a complex contact
zone (eastern and southeastern part of the pluton);
(2) hybrid quartz monzodiorites intimately associated
with granodiorites (northwestern part of the pluton);
(3) widespread centimetre- to metre-sized quartz
monzodiorite enclaves in the monzogranites and grano-
diorites. We report here only on the main features of
their mutual relationships. Further information and
illustration of these relationships have been given by
Asrat et al. (2003).
The southern granodiorite---monzodiorite
contact
The cross-section A---A
0
(Fig. 1c) shows that the large
monzodioritic body in the eastern and southeastern part
of the pluton forms a shallowly dipping unit. Its lower
contact with the granodiorites is marked by (1) lobate
interfaces with interfingering of granodiorites into quartz
monzodiorites at a decametre scale (see Asrat et al., 2003,
fig. 4a); (2) abundant granitic pipes several metres in
length and a few centimetres to c. 30 cm in diameter
(Fig. 3a); (3) vertical, metre-wide dykes consisting of a
hbl
bt
bt
bt
bt
bt
(a)
(b)
(c) (e)
(d)
Fig. 3. Field photographs of the relationships between granodiorites and quartz monzodiorites: (a) granitic pipes and (b) K-feldspar-phenocryst
laden microgranular mafic enclaves at the base of the mafic sheet (southeastern part); (c) mingling structures between highly porphyritic
granodiorites and quartz monzodiorites; (d) mingling between mafic and felsic rocks in the northwestern part (enclaves are parallel to a well-
developed magmatic foliation in the granodiorites); (e) partly resorbed biotite flakes within a euhedral hornblende froma hybrid quartz monzodiorite
(scale bar represents 05 mm).
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breccia of angular monzodioritic blocks within a more or
less hybridized granitic matrix; (4) veins that cut through
the monzodiorites and are extremely enriched in mega-
crysts of K-feldspar set in a quartz and biotite ground-
mass (see Asrat et al., 2003, fig. 4d); (5) evidence of local
intense mingling between the felsic and mafic rocks
(Fig. 3b and c).
As shown by Asrat et al. (2003), the lineations in the
granodiorites are sub-horizontal and circumferential,
whereas those in the monzodiorites (including those
near the contact with the granodiorites) are oriented
NW---SE and plunge gently towards the NW. Also, the
anisotropy and fabric are very different: low and linear in
the monzodiorites, but higher and planar in the grano-
diorites. These differences, suggesting local deformation
regimes related to the successive emplacement of the
corresponding two magmas, are considered to reflect
the forceful emplacement, across the floor of the cham-
ber, of a monzodiorite sheet leading to flattening of the
adjacent partially crystallized granodiorites.
The northwestern part of the pluton
The northwestern part of the pluton consists dominantly
of quartz monzodiorites and granodiorites that show
evidence for pervasive mingling and hybridization. The
mafic and felsic lithologies are interleaved vertically or at
high angle (_45
), on a metre scale (Fig. 3d; see also Asrat

et al., 2003, fig. 5b). In some cases, the mafic rocks form
distinct lobes and boudins enclosed by the felsic rocks.
The mafic rocks are variously hybridized, as suggested by
their more leucocratic character and by the presence of
abundant rounded K-feldspar megacrysts along with
ocellar quartz grains. Subsequent discussion of hybrid
rocks or hybrid quartz monzodiorites refers to these
rocks.
As shown by Asrat et al. (2003), the northwestern part of
the pluton is limited by a magmatic high-strain zone
(Suluh shear zone), which shows vertical mafic---felsic
layering along with sub-vertical foliation and sub-
horizontal lineation patterns. This zone, which possibly
acted as a pathway for the successive uprise of magmas
during a short span of time, as evidenced by the mag-
matic microstructures and contacts, is considered as the
inferred feeder zone.
Microgranular monzodioritic enclaves
Microgranular monzodioritic enclaves are ubiquitous in
isolation or as swarms in the monzogranites and grano-
diorites. They are circular to elliptical, and centimetre- to
metre-sized (see, e.g. Asrat et al., 2003, fig. 5d). They
commonly contain rounded K-feldspar megacrysts,
locally in high proportion (Fig. 3b). The contact with
the host monzogranite or granodiorite is sharp, or
lobate with interfingering between the felsic and mafic
lithologies. They locally have quenched margins with the
host rocks.
MINERAL TEXTURE AND
CHEMISTRY
Quartz and feldspars
Quartz occurs as both subhedral, 5 mm in diameter,
rounded crystals and as interstitial grains. Alkali feldspar
in the felsic rocks occurs both as anhedral perthitic grains
(Or
94---97
) in the groundmass and as centimetre-sized
phenocrysts. In the hybrid quartz monzodiorites, it
occurs as isolated rounded megacrysts (up to 10 vol. %)
or in veins.
Plagioclase forms complexly zoned phenocrysts in all
rock types and centimetre-long unzoned laths with snow-
flake textures in some quartz monzodiorites. It generally
exhibits discontinuous normal zoning with sodic rims.
However, spongy calcic cores and reverse zoning are
common. Plagioclase composition ranges from An
11
to
An
48
(Electronic Appendix: http://www.petrology.
oupjournals.org), with 05---4% Or component. Larger
plagioclase crystals (46 mm) have more calcic cores
than smaller ones (52 mm) within the same sample. In
the felsic rocks, compositions are clustered (An
11---30
) with
a median at An
20
(Fig. 4a). Cores show compositional
variations from sample to sample (An
13---30
) but little
variation within the same sample. In the hybrid rocks,
plagioclase displays (1) compositions intermediate
between the felsic and mafic rocks (Fig. 4b) with cores
displaying higher An contents (An
16---33
) than rims
(An
17---26
), and (2) reverse zoning with calcic rims
(An
27---33
) overgrowing normally zoned cores. In the
mafic rocks, compositions are scattered (Fig. 4c) with a
bimodal distribution (medians at An
26
and An
43
). A large
variation in anorthite content of plagioclase cores occurs
from sample to sample (An
18---45
in quartz monzodiorites
and An
28---48
in pyroxene monzodiorites) and in some
cases within the same sample (e.g. An
25---45
and An
18---43
).
Ferromagnesian minerals
Pyroxenes do not exceed 5 vol. % of the mode of
the quartz monzodiorites, but may exceed 10% in pyr-
oxene monzodiorites. Orthopyroxene (66---79 mol %En,
18---30%Fs and 2---5%Wo) occurs as large, yellowish
green to colourless, prismatic grains (42 mm) and as
small euhedral crystals (05---1 mm). They show very
weak normal zoning from Mg-rich cores to Fe-rich
rims. Pigeonite (66---72 mol %En, 22---28%Fs and
5---6%Wo) occurs as discrete grains in association with
orthopyroxene.
Green to brownish green amphiboles occur both in
mafic and felsic rocks. The hybrid quartz monzodiorites
contain euhedral hornblendes with inclusions of resorbed
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biotite in their cores (Fig. 3e). Amphiboles are generally
calcic and Al
2
O
3
rich (460 wt %; Electronic Appendix:
http://www.petrology.oupjournals.org). They are mag-
nesiohornblendeor tschermakiteinthemonzogranites and
granodiorites (X
Mg
= 052---063), in the hybrid quartz
monzodiorites (X
Mg
= 055---073) and in the pyroxene
monzodiorites (X
Mg
= 047---079, Fig. 5a). They are
magnesiohornblende, tschermakite or ferrotscherma-
kite in the quartz monzodiorites (X
Mg
= 043---058).
Amphiboles in the felsic rocks show mainly the eden-
ite---hornblende substitution trend, whereas in the mafic
and hybrid rocks they show pargasite---tschermakite---
hornblende substitution (Fig. 5b). Fe
3
content recast by
stoichiometry is negligible, in most cases close to zero.
Actinolitic retrogression rims are observed in amphiboles
from the pyroxene monzodiorites.
Biotite forms large subhedral to euhedral crystals
(5---10 mm in length) with numerous inclusions of Fe---Ti
oxides and apatite. Dendritic biotite was observed locally
in some hybrid rocks. The biotites are unzoned and most
have X
Mg
5 066 (Electronic Appendix: http://www.
petrology.oupjournals.org) and correspond to biotite
sensu stricto (Fig. 6). Biotites in the felsic rocks cluster at
nearly the same X
Mg
(053---058), whereas those in the
quartz monzodiorites show higher variation in X
Mg
(046---062). Biotites from pyroxene monzodiorites are
phlogopites (X
Mg
= 069---073). In the hybrid quartz
monzodiorites, they fall in two groups: (1) those from
samples collected at the contact zones with the mafic
and felsic rocks have X
Mg
(054---058) similar to the
quartz monzodiorites; (2) those collected away from con-
tact zones are more magnesian (X
Mg
= 061---068).
Accessory minerals
Zircon is an accessory phase in all rocks of the suite. It
commonly occurs as euhedral, prismatic to bipyramidal
crystals, up to 400 mm in length in granodiorites and
monzogranites. Backscattered scanning electron (BSE)
images of zircon grains show that they consist of euhedral
magmatic growth zones surrounding euhedral cores.
Fluorapatite (39---41 wt % P
2
O
5
, 51---53 wt % CaO and
22---32 wt % F) occurs as prismatic crystals up to 2 mm
long and as needle-like inclusions in plagioclase, ferro-
magnesian and oxide minerals, suggesting early crystal-
lization. It is present in all rock types, but is especially
abundant in the hybrid and mafic rocks (up to 25% of
the mode in pyroxene monzodiorites).
Titanite is ubiquitous and particularly abundant in the
felsic and hybrid rocks. It occurs as isolated, euhedral,
brownish crystals or as aggregates of twinned crystals. Its
major-element composition is homogeneous in all rock
types, except for very slight enrichment in FeO
(05---18 wt %) in the rims.
In the felsic and hybrid rocks, ilmenite and titanomag-
netite (6---20 wt % TiO
2
) occur as inclusions in titanite,
where they form small, subhedral to rounded grains.
Isolated ilmenite or magnetite crystals are rare in these
rocks. In the mafic rocks, euhedral or rounded magnetite
crystals are found in addition to ilmenite and titanomag-
netite grains; the magnetite occurs both in isolation and
within titanite. Fe---Ti oxides do not exceed 5 vol. % in
the quartz monzodiorites, but may reach 10% of the
mode in the pyroxene monzodiorites.
An%
0
8
16
N
10 20 30 50 40
(b)
0
8
16
N
10 20 30 50 40
(a)
0
8
16
N
Mafic rocks
(N = 72)
(c)
10 20 30 50 40
Felsic rocks
(N = 100)
median = 20.4
mean = 20.3 + 3.8 _
(N= 24)
median= 42.6
mean = 41.3 + 4.2
_
(N= 48)
median= 26.0
mean = 26.3 + 3.4
_
Hybrid rocks
(N = 47)
median = 21.8
mean = 22.0 + 3.6 _
Fig. 4. Histograms of the plagioclase anorthite content in (a) monzo-
granites and granodiorites, (b) hybrid quartz monzodiorites and
(c) quartz monzodiorites and pyroxene monzodiorites.
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CONDITIONS OF EMPLACEMENT
Determining temperature and pressure conditions of
magma emplacement andconsolidation, as well as magma
water content, is a prerequisite for estimating magma
viscosity, which, in turn, directly controls emplacement
and interaction mechanisms. However, it should be
noted that these data, derived from mineral assemblages,
are strongly dependent on calibration and, therefore, can
provide only provisional geological information. A sum-
mary of thermobarometric and oxybarometric data dis-
cussed below is given in Table 2.
Apatite and zircon thermometry
Apatite and zircon thermometry (Watson & Harrison,
1983; Harrison & Watson, 1984) were applied to the
rocks that show evidence of saturation in P
2
O
5
and Zr,
with the exception of the pyroxene monzodiorites sus-
pected to be cumulates (see Discussion). P
2
O
5
decreases
with increasing SiO
2
(Fig. 7a), implying crystallization of
apatite and, hence, saturation of the parent melts in
P
2
O
5
. Zr decreases with increasing SiO
2
only in the
hybrid and felsic rocks (Fig. 7b), suggesting crystallization
of zircon and, therefore, melt saturation in Zr only for
these rocks. The crystallization of apatite and zircon
is also consistent with the decrease in Nb and Y from
the quartz monzodiorites to the monzogranites (Fig. 7c
and d).
The apatite thermometer gives temperatures in the
following ranges: 836---886
C (felsic rocks), 790---912
C
(hybrid quartz monzodiorites) and 824---950
C (quartz
monzodiorites). The zircon thermometer applied only
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.9
X
M
g
Si
Magnesiohornblende Tschermakite
Ferrotschermakite Ferrohornblende
Ferro-
actinolite
Actinolite
Tremolite
8.0
8.0
7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5
5.5
Pargasite
Edenite
Tschermakite Tremolite
0.0
0.5
1.0
(
N
a

+

K
)
A
Quartz
monzodiorites
Pyroxene
monzodiorites
Quartz
monzodiorites
Hybrid
monzodiorites
(a)
(b)
Monzogranites
and granodiorites
Hybrid
monzodiorites
Hybrid quartz monzodiorites
Monzogranites
Hornblende
Pyroxene
monzodiorites
Monzogranites
and granodiorites
Fig. 5. Composition of amphiboles in the classification diagrams of (a) Leake et al. (1997) and (b) Deer et al. (1992). Na, K and Si in atoms per
formula unit.
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2.0
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2.8
3.0
A
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V
I
1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
X
Mg
P
H
L
O
G
O
P
I
T
E
B
I
O
T
I
T
E
Eastonite
Phlogopite
Quartz
monzodiorites
Pyroxene
monzodiorites
Monzogranites
and granodiorites
Hybrid
monzodiorites
Monzogranites
Fig. 6. Composition of biotites in the classification diagram of Deer et al. (1992). Al
VI
in atoms per formula unit.
Table 2: Summary of averages and ranges of temperature (
C), log fO2 (bar) and pressure (kbar)

estimated for the Negash granitoids
Rock type, method T
min
T
av
T
max
f O
2 min
f O
2av
f O
2max
P
min
P
av
P
max
Monzogranite
Ap 846 863 880
Zrn 741 754 767
Hbl---Pl 684 719 762
Fe---Ti 536 605 682 22
.
9 19
.
9 16
.
9
Al---Hbl 2
.
2 3
.
4 4
.
6
Granodiorite, tonalite
Ap 836 864 886
Zrn 737 756 768
Hbl---Pl 697 734 786
Fe---Ti 598 675 753 ---20
.
1 ---17
.
5 ---14
.
9
Al---Hbl 2
.
3 3
.
1 4
.
5
Hybrid quartz monzodiorite
Ap 790 840 912
Zrn 712 739 756
Hbl---Pl 682 732 788
Fe---Ti 521 589 622 23
.
5 20
.
5 19
.
2
Al---Hbl 2
.
4 3
.
0 3
.
5
Quartz monzodiorite
Ap 729 879 950
Hbl---Pl 724 796 914
Fe---Ti 594 680 770 20
.
3 17
.
6 14
.
3
Thermobarometric methods: Ap, apatite saturation thermometry (Harrison & Watson, 1984); Zrn, zircon saturation thermo-
metry (Watson &Harrison, 1983); Hbl---Pl, hornblende---plagioclase thermometry (Blundy &Holland, 1990); Fe---Ti, ilmenite---
titanomagnetite thermometry and oxybarometry (Spencer &Lindsley, 1981); Al---Hbl, Al-in-hornblende barometry (Anderson
& Smith, 1995).
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to the hybrid and felsic rocks gives lower temperature
estimates of 737---768
C and 712---756
C, respectively.
Preservation of high temperatures in the quartz monzo-
diorites is consistent with the fine-grained textures sug-
gesting quenching. Discrepancy between apatite and
zircon thermometry has been attributed to several possi-
ble causes: (1) excess apatite, which may not fractionate
efficiently from the melt; (2) the saturation model may not
be appropriate for the rocks considered (e.g. Hoskin et al.,
2000); (3) apparent saturation may be due to local dis-
equilibrium (Bacon, 1989); and/or (4) lower temperature
estimates of zircon thermometer representing tempera-
tures closer to the solidus (e.g. Wyllie, 1984; Anderson,
1996). Our data fall into the low-temperature granite
category defined by Miller et al. (2003), although they lack
inheritance. Accounting for the fact that apatite is an
early crystallized phase in the Negash pluton, we suggest
that the lower temperatures given by zircon thermometry,
compared with those obtained from apatite, reflect melt
Zr undersaturation at the source. In this case, tempera-
tures obtained from apatite thermometry should be closer
to liquidus temperatures, whereas those obtained from
zircon thermometry should be considered as minimum
estimates.
Hornblende---plagioclase thermometry
Hornblende---plagioclase thermometry (Blundy &
Holland, 1990) can be applied to rocks that crystallized in
the interval 550---1100
C. The prerequisite for the appli-

cation of this method is that plagioclase should be less
anorthitic thanAn
92
andthe amphiboles should have Si 5
78 a.p.f.u. The pressure range used in the temperature
estimation (20---46 kbar) is that determined by the Al-in-
hornblende barometer, described in the next paragraph.
The results are consistent with those found by the other
methods: the felsic and hybrid rocks give temperature
estimates of 684---786
C and 682---788
C, respectively,
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
70 65 60 55 50 45
SiO
2
70 65 60 55 50 45
SiO
2
50
100
150
200
250
300
Granodiorites
Monzogranites
(b) (d)
(a) (c)
Zr
P
2
O
5
0
5
10
15
20
5
10
15
20
25
Y
Nb
Fig. 7. SiO
2
vs (a) P
2
O
5
, (b) Zr, (c) Nb, and (d) Y. !, quartz monzodiorite samples N9-2 and N9-47; shaded inverted triangles, hybrid quartz
monzodiorite samples N9-13, N9-19 and N9-41.
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whereas the mafic rocks give temperatures of
795---856
C.
Al-in-hornblende barometry
The Al-in-hornblende barometer of Anderson & Smith
(1995), which takes into account the temperature depen-
dence, was applied to hornblendes in rocks that contain
the recommended seven-phase assemblage (hornblende,
biotite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, titanite and
Fe---Ti oxides). The Al contents of amphibole cores and
rims show no significant difference. The temperature
range (710---950
C) used in pressure estimation is that

determined from apatite and zircon thermometry. The
pressures obtained for the felsic and hybrid rocks range
from 22 to 46 kbar, with averages ranging from 30 to
34 kbar (Table 2). These values are reasonable estimates
considering the presence of andalusite in the contact
aureole, which implies pressure lower than 45 kbar,
according to the position of the Al-silicate triple point
given by Pattison (1992), which appears to be the most
reliable (Cesare et al., 2003).
Fe---Ti oxide thermobarometry
The Fe---Ti oxide thermometer and oxybarometer
(Spencer & Lindsley, 1981) was applied to coexisting
ilmenite and titanomagnetite that satisfy the test of
Bacon & Hirschmann (1988). The estimated ranges in
temperatures are 536---753
C (felsic rocks), 521---622
C
(hybrid rocks), 594---770
C (quartz monzodiorites) and

615---742
C (pyroxene monzodiorites). All these values

are significantly lower than those estimated by horn-
blende---plagioclase, apatite and zircon thermometry,
and probably suggest re-equilibration during cooling.
Oxygen fugacities (log f O
2
), determined from the
model of Spencer & Lindsley (1981), vary between
205 and 164, and most of the samples display rela-
tively low f O
2
close to the fayalite---magnetite---quartz
(FMQ) buffer. However, some mafic samples with higher
temperature of equilibration plot close to the nickel---
nickel oxide (NNO) buffer (Fig. 8). The f O
2
estimates
are also likely to represent values re-equilibrated during
cooling, as suggested by the regular decrease in log f O
2
with falling temperature. The temperatures and f O
2
indicate that titanite was stable in the presence of quartz
and magnetite, consistent with petrographic data.
Magma water content
Magma water content is another important parameter, in
addition to P---T---f O
2
conditions, that influences melt
compositions, crystallization conditions and viscosity of
granitic magmas (e.g. Johannes & Holtz, 1996). However,
the lack of accurate models and the strong dependence of
H
2
O content on temperature and pressure, as well as
melt composition, make determination of this parameter
difficult. Water content can be estimated empirically by
comparison with available experimental data. Scaillet
et al. (1998) indicated that most silicic volcanic rocks and
their plutonic equivalents have a dissolved H
2
O content
of 4---6 wt % for a wide temperature range (700---900
C).
Scaillet & Evans (1999) proposed an experimental cali-
bration of water content in magma of dacitic com-
position, at 22 kbar and log f O
2
= NNO 27. The
P---T---f O
2
conditions of emplacement of the Negash plu-
ton, which are not far from these experimental data,
allow the water fugacity to be roughly estimated for the
parent melt of the felsic rocks. Accordingly, the phase
relationships in these rocks (stability of hornblende,
absence of orthopyroxene, and plagioclase less anorthitic
than An
50
) suggest water contents _6 wt %. On the basis
of the experimental data of Scaillet & Evans (1999) and
using representative Al
tot
values of hornblende (13---15
a.p.f.u.), the water content in the 750---850
C tempera-
ture range is estimated to be of the order of 55---65 wt %
for the felsic rocks. In contrast, the water content of
the mafic rocks was probably significantly lower, as
deduced from the presence of pigeonitic pyroxene in
the less evolved compositions (pyroxene monzodiorites).
In summary: (1) apatite thermometer yields tempera-
tures close to the liquidus (from 836---886
C for the
felsic rocks to 824---950
C for the quartz monzo-

diorites), whereas the lowest Fe---Ti oxide temperatures
(550---750
C) suggest near-solidus or subsolidus re-

equilibration; (2) f O
2
values, although within the range
of crystallization fugacity of arc-related batholiths (e.g.
Czamanske et al., 1981; Speer, 1987), are probably re-
equilibrated (typical arc magmas have f O
2
values closer
l
o
g

f
O
2

(
b
a
r
s
)
IW
MH
FMQ
-10
-15
-20
-25
tit +
m
a
g
+
q
tz
hed
+
ilm
tit
+
fay
500 600 700 800
Granodiorites
Monzogranites
T
(C)
h
e
d
+
ilm
NNO
Fig. 8. Plot of log f O
2
vs temperature. All buffers are from Frost
(1991); titanite magnetite quartz = ilmenite hedenbergite
O
2
and titanite fayalite = ilmenite hedenbergite O
2
equilibria
from Wones (1989).
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to NNO); (3) phase relationships suggest that H
2
O con-
tents were high in the felsic rocks but low in the pyroxene
monzodiorites; (4) the presence of andalusite in the
contact aureole, as well as pressure estimates, suggest a
shallow level of emplacement, as generally observed in
similar types of plutons.
MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENT DATA
Element abundances
Whole-rock compositions (Tables 3 and 4) display a bulk
medium- to high-K calc-alkaline trend (Fig. 9a and c),
with high alkali and CaO contents (K
2
O Na
2
O =
316---825; K
2
O/Na
2
O = 029---087; CaO = 255---
915 wt %). The rocks are metaluminous, with
the exception of the most differentiated ones, and the
Al
2
O
3
/(CaONa
2
O K
2
O)
molar
and Al
2
O
3
/(Na
2
O
K
2
O)
molar
ratios are negatively correlated, forming a
rough linear trend from the mafic to the felsic rocks
(Fig. 9b). The pegmatite, aplite and microgranite dykes
are slightly peraluminous and form two distinct groups:
sodic with K
2
O 52 wt % and potassic with K
2
O
44 wt %. MgO and FeO contents range from 173 to
897 and from 316 to 1417 wt %, respectively, going
from the felsic to the mafic rocks. The whole suite can,
therefore, be considered as magnesian according to the
classification of Frost et al. (2001). The rocks define a calc-
alkaline trend in the AFM triangular plot (Fig. 9d), with
the exception of the quartz monzodiorites, which display
higher Fe/Mg ratios (tholeiitic affinity).
Pyroxene monzodiorites, granodiorites and monzo-
granites have similar mg number [=MgO/(MgO
FeO
tot
)] values of 036---039. They differ from the quartz
monzodiorites, most of which are significantly less mag-
nesian (mg number =028---030); samples N9-2 and N9-
47 are exceptions that show mg number (036) similar to
those of the former rock types. Mg number of hybrid
rocks are similar to those of the pyroxene monzodiorites
and felsic rocks (036---037), with the exception of two
samples (N9-16 and N9-44) that have higher mg number
values ( ~048). The pyroxene monzodiorites and the
quartz monzodiorites with the lowest silica contents are
remarkably rich in TiO
2
(448---486 and 309---406 wt %,
respectively). Also, they display high K
2
O (09---13 wt %)
and P
2
O
5
(up to 126 wt %) contents.
All of the rocks have light rare earth element (LREE)-
enriched patterns (Fig. 10) with (La/Yb)
N
ratios ranging
from 99 to 177. LREE fractionation decreases from
felsic [(La/Sm)
N
= 28---45] through hybrid (26---40)
to mafic (16---25) rocks. The felsic rocks and the pyrox-
ene monzodiorites have similar normalized La and Yb
values (La
N
= 40---70, Yb
N
= 3---5), whereas the quartz
monzodiorites have overlapping to higher La
N
(50---100)
and higher Yb
N
(5---7); the hybrid quartz monzodiorites
have the highest La
N
contents (La
N
=70---120). Although
the Negash pluton can be described as calc-alkaline, the
REE patterns are unlike typical Andean calc-alkaline
plutons where middle and heavy REE (MREE and
HREE) flatten out at about 10 times chondrite (Atherton
& Sanderson, 1985). Rather, they closely resemble those
of the Mesozoic plutonic rocks from Patagonia (Rapela &
Pankhurst, 1996).
Inter-element relationships
Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns
(Fig. 11) indicate similar geochemical characteristics for
all of the rock types, although some differences appear in
the relative sizes of the peaks and troughs. Most samples
show spikes in Ba, U, K, Pb and Sr and troughs in Rb, Th
and Nb, but the trough in Nb is more pronounced in the
hybrid and felsic rocks than in the mafic rocks. Th/U
ratios (18---39) fall in the range of values (2---4) published
for medium-K suites (Gill, 1981). The REE and other
trace-element patterns of the quartz monzodiorites are
similar in shape to those of the pyroxene monzodiorites
(Figs 10 and 11), but they differ in having higher trace-
element concentrations. The patterns of the pyroxene
monzodiorites are similar to that of island-arc basalts
from Vanuatu (Peate et al., 1997), with the exception of
higher Nb, strong positive anomalies in Ti and P, and
lower HREE. The felsic and hybrid rocks show similar
concave-upward REE patterns (Fig. 10) and troughs in P
and Ti and spikes in Zr.
Plots of selected major and trace elements vs SiO
2
are
presented in Fig. 12a---f for elements linked mainly to
feldspars and in Fig. 12g---l for elements linked to ferro-
magnesian and oxide minerals. Element concentrations
display systematic variations, which can be summarized
as follows.
(1) Al
2
O
3
, K
2
O, Na
2
O, Sr and Ba increase in both
the mafic and hybrid rocks, whereas Al
2
O
3
, Na
2
O, Sr
and to some extent Ba decrease in the felsic rocks, with
increasing silica content. CaO is anti-correlated with
Al
2
O
3
and decreases from pyroxene monzodiorites to
monzogranites. Rb behaves as an incompatible element
in the whole suite. On the whole, MgO, FeO
tot
, TiO
2
,
V, Cr and Ni decrease with increasing silica in all rock
types.
(2) Pyroxene monzodiorites have high FeO
tot
, MgO,
CaO, TiO
2
, V, Cr and Ni but low Al
2
O
3
contents. Three
samples have high TiO
2
contents (_45 wt %) and one
sample (N9-25) high P
2
O
5
concentrations (113 wt %).
Even though high TiO
2
contents can be found in tholeii-
tic and alkali basalts, the pyroxene monzodiorites show
higher Ti/Zr and Ti/Y ratios (200---274 and 1587---2444,
respectively) compared with the primitive mantle (116,
1158

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2
.
3
2
.
6
2
.
3
2
.
4
1
.
9
1
.
4
1
.
7
G
d
6
.
3
5
.
7
3
.
6
7
.
4
7
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8
5
.
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7
.
5
6
.
8
6
.
0
6
.
0
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3
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.
7
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.
1
3
.
3
4
.
3
T
b
0
.
7
5
0
.
7
0
.
5
0
0
.
9
1
0
.
9
6
0
.
5
9
0
.
9
9
0
.
9
0
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7
8
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7
8
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y
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2
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2
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3
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H
o
0
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6
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4
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1
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7
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0
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1
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1
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5
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E
r
1
.
4
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6
2
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0
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1
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7
1
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3
2
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0
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2
.
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1
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3
1
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1
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4
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m
0
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2
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1
9
0
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4
0
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2
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2
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0
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2
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2
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2
8
0
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2
3
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2
5
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b
1
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L
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1
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1
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0
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1
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2
0
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2
2
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1
6
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2
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0
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2
0
M
g
n
o
.
0
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3
8
0
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4
1
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3
9
0
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3
0
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3
2
0
.
3
8
0
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2
8
0
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3
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.
3
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0
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2
0
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3
9
0
.
3
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0
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3
8
0
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5
1
0
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5
0
A
/
C
N
K
0
.
5
9
0
.
4
7
0
.
7
0
0
.
7
3
0
.
7
2
0
.
6
7
0
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7
8
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7
7
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0
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7
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1
S
R
E
E
1
4
4
1
1
9
8
2
1
7
3
1
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1
1
2
2
0
6
1
9
5
1
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3
1
5
6
2
0
0
2
3
2
1
6
3
1
2
5
1
7
3
E
u
/
E
u
+
1
.
1
1
.
0
1
.
4
1
.
1
1
.
2
1
.
1
1
.
2
1
.
1
1
.
1
1
.
2
1
.
0
1
.
1
0
.
9
1
.
1
0
.
9
(
L
a
/
Y
b
)
N
1
4
.
4
1
0
.
4
1
0
.
8
1
1
.
8
1
2
.
1
9
.
9
1
7
.
7
1
3
.
6
1
0
.
4
1
1
.
8
1
4
.
5
1
7
.
6
1
0
.
8
1
4
.
0
1
8
.
0
(
G
d
/
Y
b
)
N
4
.
7
4
.
1
3
.
5
3
.
9
4
.
2
3
.
4
4
.
2
3
.
2
3
.
2
3
.
1
3
.
0
2
.
4
2
.
3
2
.
2
2
.
7
F
e
2
O
3
t
o
t
,
t
o
t
a
l
i
r
o
n
a
s
F
e
3
;
L
O
I
,
l
o
s
s
o
n
i
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
.
M
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
=
M
g
O
/
(
M
g
O
F
e
O
t
o
t
)
;
A
/
C
N
K
=
A
l
2
O
3
/
(
C
a
O
N
a
2
O
K
2
O
)
m
o
l
a
r
.
T
a
b
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e
3
:
c
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d
1160

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1
3
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2
0
1
4
h
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Table 4: Whole-rock major (wt%) and trace (ppm) element composition of granitic rocks from the Negash
pluton
Rock type: Granodiorite Monzogranite
Sample: N9-39 N9-17 N9-36 N9-45 N9-23 N9-37 N9-15 N9-30 N9-14
SiO
2
59
.
6 61
.
89 62
.
05 64
.
58 65
.
64 66
.
14 68
.
28 64
.
66 66
.
46
Al
2
O
3
18
.
21 16
.
75 17
.
25 16
.
83 17
.
10 16
.
09 15
.
28 16
.
73 15
.
7
Fe
2
O
3tot
5
.
40 5
.
17 4
.
64 3
.
76 3
.
39 3
.
45 3
.
16 3
.
74 3
.
7
MnO 0
.
05 0
.
06 0
.
05 0
.
04 0
.
03 0
.
03 0
.
04 0
.
04 0
.
05
MgO 3
.
33 3
.
04 2
.
75 2
.
12 1
.
74 2
.
03 1
.
73 2
.
25 2
.
02
CaO 4
.
00 4
.
05 3
.
30 3
.
37 3
.
03 3
.
04 2
.
55 3
.
06 2
.
85
Na
2
O 5
.
16 4
.
75 4
.
82 4
.
98 5
.
20 4
.
77 4
.
33 4
.
77 4
.
52
K
2
O 2
.
67 2
.
60 3
.
43 2
.
85 2
.
68 3
.
15 3
.
52 3
.
23 3
.
31
TiO
2
0
.
82 0
.
91 0
.
66 0
.
61 0
.
55 0
.
54 0
.
51 0
.
52 0
.
57
P
2
O
5
0
.
23 0
.
25 0
.
17 0
.
18 0
.
15 0
.
16 0
.
14 0
.
14 0
.
16
LOI 0
.
54 0
.
55 0
.
87 0
.
68 0
.
49 0
.
54 0
.
41 0
.
85 0
.
63
Total 100
.
01 100
.
02 99
.
99 100
.
00 100
.
00 99
.
94 99
.
95 99
.
99 99
.
97
Ba 947 1049 953 1120 1053 779 774 952 809
Cs 0
.
6 0
.
9 1
.
0 0
.
4 1
.
3 0
.
7 1
.
4 1
.
2 1
.
5
Rb 56 48 65 39 55 54 70 63 66
Sr 1381 1261 1119 1125 1075 978 908 1120 978
Y 8 16 8 9 10 8 11 8 10
Zr 133 192 133 162 158 125 154 119 162
Ta 0
.
3 0
.
6 0
.
3 0
.
3 0
.
4 0
.
3 0
.
4 0
.
3 0
.
5
Hf 2
.
9 4
.
5 3
.
1 3
.
9 3
.
6 3
.
2 4
.
1 2
.
9 4
.
3
Nb 3 7 4 4 4 4 5 3 5
Pb 7
.
0 9
.
3 8
.
2 8
.
9 9
.
9 8
.
3 13
.
8 11
.
7 15
.
3
Th 1
.
0 2
.
1 1
.
7 0
.
9 1
.
7 1
.
6 5
.
1 2
.
7 4
.
4
U 0
.
4 0
.
9 0
.
7 0
.
5 0
.
8 0
.
7 1
.
4 1
.
0 1
.
4
V 100 99 81 66 66 61 53 65 64
Ni 62 52 51 34 26 36 27 40 34
Cr 104 93 80 56 42 63 50 66 59
Cu 26 33 ------- ------- 86 6 7 30 33
Zn 79 76 68 54 51 50 47 53 57
La 13
.
8 22
.
6 15
.
5 14
.
9 12
.
8 15
.
2 23
.
4 16
.
6 22
.
7
Ce 29
.
7 54
.
6 29
.
4 33
.
0 28
.
2 30
.
6 44
.
0 32
.
0 45
.
6
Pr 3
.
6 6
.
9 3
.
4 4
.
0 3
.
6 3
.
5 4
.
9 3
.
8 5
.
3
Nd 14
.
7 26
.
9 13
.
2 15
.
4 14
.
0 13
.
6 18
.
7 14
.
2 19
.
1
Sm 2
.
7 5
.
0 2
.
1 2
.
5 2
.
8 2
.
4 3
.
3 2
.
5 3
.
5
Eu 0
.
9 1
.
5 0
.
8 0
.
9 0
.
9 0
.
85 0
.
97 0
.
74 0
.
93
Gd 2
.
0 3
.
8 1
.
8 2
.
3 2
.
2 1
.
92 2
.
32 2
.
04 2
.
40
Tb 0
.
28 0
.
56 0
.
25 0
.
32 0
.
33 0
.
27 0
.
36 0
.
29 0
.
34
Dy 1
.
81 3
.
06 1
.
44 1
.
65 1
.
77 1
.
53 1
.
82 1
.
60 1
.
74
Ho 0
.
32 0
.
54 0
.
25 0
.
34 0
.
35 0
.
30 0
.
37 0
.
28 0
.
34
Er 0
.
85 1
.
46 0
.
77 1
.
01 0
.
78 0
.
83 0
.
97 0
.
76 0
.
92
Tm 0
.
13 0
.
21 0
.
11 0
.
14 0
.
13 0
.
11 0
.
14 0
.
14 0
.
14
Yb 0
.
84 1
.
34 0
.
75 0
.
86 0
.
85 0
.
73 0
.
97 0
.
76 0
.
86
Lu 0
.
13 0
.
20 0
.
13 0
.
14 0
.
13 0
.
12 0
.
14 0
.
12 0
.
15
1161

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286), normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB; 82, 273)
and ocean island basalt (OIB; 61, 593) values of Sun &
McDonough(1989), or comparedwithIABvalues (73, 261)
of Peate et al (1997). They also have high P/Zr ratios (17---
34) compared with subalkaline basalts [_15 according to
Winchester & Floyd (1976)]. Ti/V ratios (116---136) are
also anomalously high for basaltic melts, which are com-
monly _50 (Woodhead et al., 1993) and reach 100 only in
OIB and alkali basalts (Shervais, 1982). The positive Ti
and P anomalies are especially clear in the multi-element
plot of Fig. 11d.
(3) Quartz monzodiorites are distinct from other rock
types, especially hybrid rocks with the same range in SiO
2
,
in that they have significantly less magnesian whole-rock
and mineral compositions and lower Cr and Ni contents.
Only two samples, N9-2 and N9-47, have mg number
similar to those of the other lithologies, but they have
lower Al
2
O
3
and Sr and higher Ni and Cr contents
(Table 3 and Fig. 12). The three pyroxene monzodiorites
with the lowest silica contents (Table 3) have high TiO
2
contents (309---404 wt %).
(4) Three samples of hybrid quartz monzodiorites (N9-13,
N9-19, N9-41) fall off the bulk trends in the Harker plots
(Fig. 9a and Fig. 12a, c, d), as a result of their high K
2
O,
Al
2
O
3
, Na
2
O and Rb contents. These samples are miner-
alogically distinguishable by their high modal abundance
of K-feldspar xenocrysts. The remaining two samples
(N9-16, N9-44) have higher MgO, Cr and Ni contents
and significantly higher mg number.
ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY
Zircon U---Pb isotopic data
Zircons were extracted from a monzogranite sample
collected at the northeastern border of the Negash plu-
ton. The most transparent, inclusion-free, and fully euhe-
dral zircon grains with brilliant surfaces and sharp
edges were hand-picked from a 50---200 mm fraction.
Four groups of zircons were identified on the basis of size,
colour, and morphology:
group (i), 5100 mm, colourless, transparent, euhedral,
prismatic to bipyramidal;
group (ii), 100---150 mm, transparent, colourless, euhe-
dral, elongated to acicular and prismatic;
group (iii), 100---150 mm, rose to pink, euhedral,
bipyramidal;
group (iv), 150---200 mm, rose to pink, euhedral, prismatic.
The internal structures of selected zircon grains were
observed by BSE microscopy, before and after isotopic
measurements. None of the grains are metamict and
all display well-preserved euhedral, systematic growth
zones around nearly euhedral cores (Fig. 13), suggesting
a magmatic origin without subsequent resorption and
recrystallization.
Sixteen zircon grains representing all four groups were
analysed using a CAMECA IMS-1270 ion microprobe at
CNRS---CRPG, Nancy. Details of analytical and working
conditions have been given by Deloule et al. (2002). The
age calculations are based on the isotopic ratios corrected
for background noise and common lead (using
204
Pb).
The U and Pb abundances are calculated on the basis
of the Zr
2
O vs UO
2
correlation for the standard zircon
91500 with an age of 10624 04 Ma (Wiedenbeck et al.,
1995). The relative sensitivity factor for Pb and U used
for samples was defined from an empirical linear relation-
ship between UO
/U
and Pb
/U
(Compston et al.,
1984), using all the measurements performed on the
standards. The
207
Pb/
206
Pb ratios are directly deter-
mined from each spot analysis.
Results are given in Table 5 and concordia diagrams
are shown in Fig. 13. Weighted mean ages and discordia
lines were determined using the Isoplot program(Ludwig,
1991). The four zircon groups give the following results.
Rock type: Granodiorite Monzogranite
Sample: N9-39 N9-17 N9-36 N9-45 N9-23 N9-37 N9-15 N9-30 N9-14
Mg no. 0
.
41 0
.
40 0
.
40 0
.
39 0
.
36 0
.
40 0
.
38 0
.
40 0
.
38
A/CNK 0
.
98 0
.
93 0
.
98 0
.
97 1
.
01 0
.
96 0
.
98 0
.
99 0
.
97
SREE 72 129 70 77 69 72 102 76 104
Eu/Eu
+
1
.
2 1
.
0 1
.
3 1
.
1 1
.
1 1
.
2 1
.
0 1
.
0 0
.
9
(La/Yb)
N
11
.
0 11
.
3 13
.
8 11
.
5 10
.
1 14
.
0 16
.
2 14
.
7 17
.
6
(Gd/Yb)
N
1
.
9 2
.
3 1
.
9 2
.
1 2
.
0 2
.
1 1
.
9 2
.
2 2
.
2
Fe
2
O
3tot
, total iron as Fe
3
; LOI, loss on ignition; -------, below detection limit; Mg number = MgO/(MgO FeO
tot
); A/CNK =
Al
2
O
3
/(CaO Na
2
O K
2
O) molar.
Table 4: continued
1162

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Group (i) yields discordant
206
Pb/
238
U ages ranging
from 514 14 to 588 13 Ma, with a weighted mean
206
Pb/
238
U age of 563 35 Ma [mean square weighted
deviation(MSWD) =76]. Thediscordialineyieldsapoorly
defined upper intercept at 687 77 Ma (MSWD = 14).
Group (ii) yields discordant
206
Pb/
238
U ages ranging
from 518 14 to 658 15 Ma, with the exception of
grain 1b at 809 26 Ma, which was discarded from the
age calculation. Their weighted mean
206
Pb/
238
U age is
591 81 Ma (MSWD = 20) and they define a discordia
65 45 55 75
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
K
2
O
SiO
2
S
H
O
S
H
O
N
I
T
I
C

S
E
R
I
E
S
Gabbro
Gabbro
diorite
Granite
CALC-ALKALINE SERIES
Diorite
H
I
G
H
-
K

C
A
L
C
-
A
L
K
A
L
I
N
E

S
E
R
I
E
S
ARC THOLEIITE SERIES
Granodiorite
(a)
Granodiorites
Monzogranites
Aplites and microgranites
CaO Na
2
O
K
2
O
(c) (d)
1.0 0.5
1.0
1.6
2.2
2.8
Metaluminous
Peralkaline
Peralu-
minous
(b)
Al
2
O
3
/ (CaO + Na
2
O + K
2
O)
mol
A
l
2
O
3

/

(
N
a
2
O

+

K
2
O
)
m
o
l
MgO
FeO
1
2
3
Na
2
O + K
2
O
Fig. 9. Classification diagrams: (a) K
2
O---SiO
2
diagram (after Peccerillo & Taylor, 1976); (b) alumina saturation index diagram;
(c) Na
2
O---K
2
O---CaO diagram [arrow indicates differentiation trend from Atherton et al. (1979)]; (d) AFM diagram showing the more iron-rich
chemistry of the quartz monzodiorites: 1, boundary between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic fields from Irvine & Baragar (1971); 2, trend of the Cascades
calc-alkaline lavas from Carmichael (1964); 3, western Cascades Oligocene tholeiitic series from McBirney (1984).
1163

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1
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line with an upper intercept at 611 23Ma (MSWD=36)
(Fig. 13a).
Group (iii) consists of two concordant grains at 597
16 and 622 14 Ma, and of discordant grains, with
206
Pb/
238
U ages ranging from 528 14 to 738
24 Ma (Fig. 13b). The weighted mean
206
Pb/
238
U age is
611 68 Ma (MSWD = 19). These analyses define a
discordia line with an upper intercept at 608 6 Ma
(MSWD = 23).
Group (iv) yields
206
Pb/
238
U ages ranging from 562
15 to 712 19 Ma with a concordant grain at 605
16 Ma (Fig. 13c). The weighted mean
206
Pb/
238
U age is
616 48 Ma (MSWD = 77). All the analyses define a
discordia line with an upper intercept at 608 7 Ma
(MSWD = 13).
The three groups corresponding to the larger zircon
grains (100---200 mm) give consistent upper intercept ages
at 611 23, 608 6 and 608 7 Ma, which are identical
within errors to both the concordant single grain ages
(597 16, 605 16 and 622 14 Ma) and the respective
weighted mean
206
Pb/
238
U ages. The smaller discordant
zircon grains give younger
206
Pb/
238
U ages, possibly sug-
gesting partial resetting. Therefore, we consider the
upper intercept age at 608 7 Ma as representative of
the emplacement age of the Negash pluton.
Whole-rock Sr and Nd isotopic data
Whole-rock Sr---Nd isotopic data (Table 6) show limited
variation of measured
87
Sr/
86
Sr (070332---070475) and
143
Nd/
144
Nd (051249---051262) ratios. Initial isotopic
Monzogranites
and granodiorites
R
o
c
k

/

C
h
o
n
d
r
i
t
e
s
1
10
100
R
o
c
k

/

C
h
o
n
d
r
i
t
e
s
1
10
100
Hybrid quartz
monzodiorites
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Quartz monzodiorites Pyroxene monzodiorites
Lu Yb Tm Er Ho Dy Tb Gd Eu Sm Nd Pr Ce La Lu Yb Tm Er Ho Dy Tb Gd Eu Sm Nd Pr Ce La
Lu Yb Tm Er Ho Dy Tb Gd Eu Sm Nd Pr Ce La
Lu Yb Tm Er Ho Dy Tb Gd Eu Sm Nd Pr Ce La
Fig. 10. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the four main rock types of the Negash pluton. The shaded area corresponds to the compositional
field of pyroxene monzodiorites. Normalizing values are from Nakamura (1974).
1164

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1
3
,

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ratios, recalculated at 608 Ma, fall within a restricted
range (Fig. 14a), with low
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios (070260---
070296), and positive e
Nd(608)
(39 to 59). One
exception is a hybrid quartz monzodiorite, which has a
higher
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratio (070350), despite having an
e
Nd(608)
value (48) typical of the sample suite. All of
the samples plot close to the mantle array and within the
field of the Arabian---Nubian magmatic rocks (Fig. 14a).
They have Sr---Nd isotopic ratios comparable with those
of Neoproterozoic granites from NE Sudan (Fig. 14b).
However, they differ from some Neoproterozoic granites
of northern Ethiopia, from the Neoproterozoic crust of
southern Ethiopia, and from Palaeoproterozoic and
Archaean basement rocks of eastern Ethiopia, most of
which are characterized by higher
87
Sr/
86
Sr initial ratios
and, for some of them, by lower e
Nd(608)
values (Fig. 14b).
Within the Negash pluton, there is a slight increase
of the
87
Sr/
86
Sr initial ratios from the monzogranites
(070260---070267) through the granodiorites and hybrid
quartz monzodiorites (070274---070285, one value at
070350), to the quartz monzodiorites and pyroxene
monzodiorites (070282---070296). The e
Nd(608)
values
are lower on average in the monzogranites and pyroxene
monzodiorites than in the granodiorites and hybrid quartz
monzodiorites (Fig. 14a). On the whole, most samples
have an isotopically moderately depleted signature.
However, the lowSr initial ratios, which appear to be very
low compared with other calc-alkaline arc granitoids,
R
o
c
k

/

P
r
i
m
i
t
i
v
e

M
a
n
t
l
e
Lu
Yb
Y
Dy
Ti
Eu
Sm
Zr
Nd
P
Sr
Pr
Pb
Ce
La
K
Nb
U
Th
Ba
Rb
Cs
Lu
Yb
Y
Dy
Ti
Eu
Sm
Zr
Nd
P
Sr
Pr
Pb
Ce
La
K
Nb
U
Th
Ba
Rb
Cs
1
10
100
Monzogranites,
granodiorites
(a) (b)
Hybrid quartz
monzodiorites
R
o
c
k

/

P
r
i
m
i
t
i
v
e

M
a
n
t
l
e
Lu
Yb
Y
Dy
Ti
Eu
Sm
Zr
Nd
P
Sr
Pr
Pb
Ce
La
K
Nb
U
Th
Ba
Rb
Cs
1
10
100
(c)
Quartz
monzodiorites
Pyroxene
monzodiorites
Lu
Yb
Y
Dy
Ti
Eu
Sm
Zr
Nd
P
Sr
Pr
Pb
Ce
La
K
Nb
U
Th
Ba
Rb
Cs
(d)
N-MORB
UL
OIB
IAB
Fig. 11. Primitive-mantle-normalized trace element patterns for the four main rock types of the Negash pluton. The shaded area corresponds to the
compositional field of pyroxene monzodiorites. Normalizing values and compositions of N-MORB and OIB are from Sun & McDonough (1989),
IAB from Peate et al. (1997) and ultramafic lamprophyre (UL) from Riley et al. (2003).
1165

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1
3
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seem to be typical of most Neoproterozoic granitoid rocks
from the Arabian---Nubian Shield (Fig. 14).
DISCUSSION
Source of the mafic and felsic rocks
Initial Sr and Nd isotopic plots (Fig. 14) show that the
Negash mafic and felsic rocks, like the granites from
NE Sudan, have more mantle-like Sr isotopic signatures
than other Neoproterozoic rocks from Northern
Ethiopia. The low and homogeneous initial Sr and high
Nd isotopic ratios along with Pan-African depleted man-
tle Nd model ages (070---092 Ga) imply a source domi-
nated by a mantle-derived component. This suggests a
juvenile source for the rock suite, although the Nd ratios
are lower than those of MORB at 608 Ma (Fig. 14a).
300
500
700
900
1100
SiO
2
70 65 60 55 50 45
SiO
2
70 65 60 55 50 45 70 65 60 55 50 45
5
25
45
65
Rb
10
12
14
16
18
Al
2
O
3
70 65 60 55 50 45
1
2
3
4
5
6
Na
2
O
Ba
45 50 55 60 65 70
2
4
6
8
10
CaO
45 50 55 60 65 70
500
1000
1500
Sr
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Fig. 12. Harker variation diagrams for selected major (wt %) and trace (ppm) elements. Grey fields highlight the hybrid quartz monzodiorites.
!, quartz monzodiorite samples N9-2 and N9-47; shaded inverted triangles, hybrid quartz monzodiorite samples N9-13, N9-19 and N9-41.
1166

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1
3
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These isotopic signatures are typical of both OIB and
IAB, but the trace element patterns, which display a clear
subduction signature, argue in favour of arcs. The multi-
element patterns (Fig. 11) with spikes in Cs, Ba, Sr and
Pb, and troughs in Nb, are consistent with magma
sources involving melting of a high field strength element
(HFSE)-depleted mantle that has been fluxed by fluids
following dehydration of a subducted slab, as observed in
modern island-arc environments (e.g. Woodhead et al.,
1993; Gamble et al., 1996).
3
6
9
12
15
50
100
150
200
250
SiO
2
SiO
2
V
FeO
tot
45 50 55 60 65 70
0
2
4
6
8
10
45 50 55 60 65 70
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
45 50 55 60 65 70
0
100
200
45 50 55 60 65 70
45 50 55 60 65 70
45 50 55 60 65 70
0
1
2
3
4
5
TiO
2
MgO
Cr
Ni
150
50
Granodiorites
Monzogranites
(g) (h)
(i) (j)
(k) (l)
Fig. 12. Continued
1167

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Petrogenesis of the rocks from the
Negash pluton
Possible petrogenetic processes for the origin of the
Negash mafic and felsic rocks can be variable differentia-
tion of mantle-derived magmas by fractional crystallization,
partial melting of underplated igneous rocks, or partial
melting of Pan-African juvenile island-arc crust or
immature sediments. Mixing and mingling have also to
be considered as possible processes for the genesis of
quartz monzodiorites. Significant contamination by
740
700
660
620
580
540
0.075
0.085
0.095
0.105
0.115
0.125
0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05
207
Pb/
235
U
150

100

86

100
15
17 18
16
614
643
712
681
605
562
(c)
2
0
6

P
b
/
2
3
8
U
680
640
600
560
520
480
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.65 0.75 0.85 0.95
(a)
Upper Intercept at
611 + 23 Ma
MSWD = 3.6
_
1 3
613
64 639
658
530 518
120 120
100
100
780
740
700
660
620
580
500
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.7 0.9 1.1
120

86
100 100
5
9 61
6
738
738
667
622
552
528
597
(b)
Upper Intercept at
608 + 6 Ma
MSWD = 2.3
_
Upper Intercept at
608 + 7 Ma
MSWD = 1.3
_
2
0
6

P
b
/
2
3
8
U
2
0
6

P
b
/
2
3
8
U
(iii)
(iv)
(ii)
Fig. 13. BSE images and concordia diagrams for zircons from a monzogranite of the Negash pluton (sample N9-14). The analytical spots and the
corresponding
206
Pb/
238
U ages for each zircon grain are marked. (a) 100---150 mm, colourless, transparent, euhedral, elongated zircons (with the
exception of grain 1b not shown); (b) 100---150 mm, pink, euhedral, bipyramidal zircons; (c) 150---200 mm, pink, euhedral, prismatic zircons. Labels
(ii), (iii) and (iv) refer to zircon groups of Table 5.
1168

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older continental crust can be ruled out because of the
low initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios and high e
Nd(t)
values.
Pyroxene monzodiorites have coarse-grained textures
with abundant euhedral grains of apatite and Fe---Ti
oxides enclosed within subhedral to euhedral pyroxene
and hornblende poikiloblasts. Such textures that have
been reported in monzodiorites from the Patagonian
batholith are attributed to orthocumulates (Rapela &
Pankhurst, 1996). Although the pyroxene monzodiorites
show mantle-like Sr and Nd isotopic signatures and have
the most magnesian amphiboles and biotites of the whole
suite, their Cr (5600 ppm) and Ni (5200 ppm) contents
are too low to represent primary basaltic melts. More-
over, they have very high Ti/Zr, Ti/Y, Ti/V, P/Zr and
P/Y ratios compared with the primitive mantle and with
common basaltic melts (Fig. 11d), especially island-arc
and back-arc basalts (Woodhead et al., 1993). We
Table 5: Ion-probe U---Pb isotopic data for zircons from a monzogranite of the Negash pluton
Anal. spot
206
Pb/
204
Pb Concn (ppm) Corrected ratios (atomic ratios) Ages (Ma)
Pb U Th
207
Pb/
235
U s
+ 206
Pb/
238
U s
206
Pb/
238
U s
207
Pb/
235
U s
Group (i): 5100 mm, colourless, transparent, euhedral, bipyramidal zircons
11 4632 15
.
3 199 65
.
2 0
.
747 0
.
025 0
.
0897 0
.
0030 554 18 566 15
12a 5920 11
.
5 161 47
.
3 0
.
683 0
.
020 0
.
0831 0
.
0023 514 14 528 12
12b 9171 8
.
2 112 35
.
3 0
.
717 0
.
021 0
.
0855 0
.
0024 529 14 549 12
39a 14910 36
.
4 468 158
.
8 0
.
752 0
.
018 0
.
0905 0
.
0021 559 12 570 10
39b 1100 23
.
0 261 69
.
3 0
.
951 0
.
025 0
.
1028 0
.
0024 631 14 679 13
47a 11046 23
.
3 284 79
.
1 0
.
804 0
.
019 0
.
0955 0
.
0022 588 13 599 11
47b 2516 56
.
1 720 317
.
4 0
.
833 0
.
021 0
.
0906 0
.
0021 559 12 615 12
Group (ii): 100---150 mm, colourless, transparent, euhedral, elongated zircons
1a 6293 8
.
2 114 25
.
5 0
.
694 0
.
020 0
.
0836 0
.
0023 518 14 535 12
1b 2652 6
.
6 57 13
.
6 1
.
104 0
.
044 0
.
1337 0
.
0046 809 26 755 21
3a 3087 6
.
5 88 23
.
4 0
.
710 0
.
022 0
.
0857 0
.
0025 530 15 545 13
3b 10101 6
.
8 80 24
.
4 0
.
814 0
.
023 0
.
0997 0
.
0028 613 16 605 13
64a 18442 49
.
3 551 378
.
3 0
.
891 0
.
025 0
.
1043 0
.
0025 639 14 647 13
64b 30271 104
.
2 1128 548
.
6 0
.
895 0
.
021 0
.
1075 0
.
0025 658 15 649 11
Group (iii): 100---150 mm, pink, euhedral, bipyramidal zircons
5a 10388 12
.
6 121 32
.
6 0
.
998 0
.
034 0
.
1213 0
.
0041 738 24 703 17
5b 2555 14
.
2 170 39
.
8 0
.
798 0
.
025 0
.
0970 0
.
0027 597 16 596 14
6a 251 11
.
6 158 44
.
0 0
.
669 0
.
025 0
.
0854 0
.
0024 528 14 520 15
6b 2642 8
.
8 86 28
.
3 0
.
996 0
.
031 0
.
1179 0
.
0035 718 20 702 16
9a 1163 12
.
0 128 34
.
0 0
.
901 0
.
031 0
.
1090 0
.
0032 667 18 652 16
9b 1017 12
.
7 165 37
.
0 0
.
744 0
.
022 0
.
0894 0
.
0025 552 15 565 13
61 19854 81
.
2 933 354
.
8 0
.
840 0
.
020 0
.
1013 0
.
0025 622 14 619 11
Group (iv): 150---200 mm, pink, euhedral, prismatic zircons
15 6485 18
.
6 217 56
.
2 0
.
811 0
.
024 0
.
0999 0
.
0028 614 16 603 13
16 11911 6
.
5 72 17
.
8 0
.
872 0
.
027 0
.
1049 0
.
0032 643 18 637 14
17a 2281 18
.
7 221 70
.
2 0
.
809 0
.
025 0
.
0984 0
.
0028 605 16 602 14
17b 4000 20
.
3 259 115
.
0 0
.
758 0
.
022 0
.
0911 0
.
0026 562 15 573 12
18a 3486 23
.
8 249 85
.
9 0
.
919 0
.
030 0
.
1114 0
.
0036 681 21 662 16
18b 2062 28
.
4 283 158
.
9 0
.
960 0
.
027 0
.
1168 0
.
0033 712 19 683 14
31 14002 23
.
4 289 69
.
2 0
.
784 0
.
019 0
.
0942 0
.
0022 580 13 588 11
*
The error (s) represents the individual common lead statistical error, the error associated with the common lead correction
and the systematic error associated with the U/Pb calibration procedure (Deloule et al., 2002).
1169

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interpret these chemical characteristics as a result of
accumulation of Fe---Ti oxide and apatite, and we there-
fore consider these rocks as cumulates formed by frac-
tional crystallization from a basaltic parent melt. The link
between pyroxene monzodiorites and quartz monzodior-
ites, suggested by their association in the field and by
similar REE and trace-element patterns, will be discussed
in the next section.
Quartz monzodiorites and hybrid rocks
The quartz monzodiorites have distinctly lower whole-
rock mg number values and mineral X
Mg
ratios com-
pared with the hybrid quartz monzodiorites, for the
same range of silica content. This precludes any genetic
link between these two types of quartz monzodiorites
and, therefore, suggests that they originate from two
distinct magmas. These magmas probably evolved
under distinct oxygen fugacity conditions, as suggested
by their distinct mg number, which imply fractionation of
an Fe-rich phase (probably Fe---Ti oxide) for the hybrid
quartz monzodiorites (Fig. 9d). Major element modelling
(Table 7) further suggests that the pyroxene and quartz
monzodiorites can be derived from a common parent
melt with high iron and titanium contents (Fig. 15a and b).
The most silica-rich quartz monzodiorite (sample N9-24)
can be derived by 80% fractional crystallization of a
parent melt with the composition of the quartz monzo-
diorite sample N9-4. The composition of the modelled
solid residue is similar to that of the pyroxene monzodior-
ites. This is corroborated by trace element modelling
involving compatible and incompatible trace elements
such as V and Rb (Fig. 15c), and in agreement with the
REE contents, which are lower in the pyroxene monzo-
diorites than in the quartz monzodiorites.
The hybrid quartz monzodiorites consist of two distinct
groups. The one with high Al
2
O
3
, K
2
O, Na
2
O, Rb and
Ba concentrations (Figs 9 and 12a, c, d) corresponds to
samples containing a significant modal abundance of
K-feldspar xenocrysts and, therefore, can be considered
to result from mingling with phenocryst-laden felsic mag-
mas (Fig. 3b). The microtextures and compositional
zoning of plagioclase (spongy cores, reverse zoning, calcic
spikes) further suggest hybridization. Such evidence raises
Table 6: Sr and Nd isotopic data for whole rocks from the Negash pluton
Sample Rb Sr
87
Rb/
86
Sr
87
Sr/
86
Sr (2s)
87
Sr/
86
Sr
(608)
Sm Nd
147
Sm/
144
Nd
143
Nd/
144
Nd (2s)
143
Nd/
144
Nd
(608)
e
Nd(608)
T
DM
(Ga)
Monzogranites
N9-14 60
.
1 818 0
.
213 0
.
704447 (36) 0
.
70260 2
.
98 16
.
9 0
.
106 0
.
512486 (14) 0
.
51206 4
.
1 0
.
83
N9-30 48
.
8 864 0
.
163 0
.
704086 (16) 0
.
70267 1
.
79 10
.
1 0
.
107 0
.
512518 (26) 0
.
51209 4
.
6 0
.
79
N9-15 61
.
4 772 0
.
230 0
.
704749 (11) 0
.
70275 2
.
93 17
.
0 0
.
104 0
.
512509 (19) 0
.
51209 4
.
7 0
.
78
N9-23 42
.
1 805 0
.
151 0
.
704052 (25) 0
.
70274 2
.
21 10
.
7 0
.
125 0
.
512578 (21) 0
.
51208 4
.
4 0
.
84
N9-36 59
.
3 1063 0
.
161 0
.
704227 (26) 0
.
70283 2
.
45 13
.
8 0
.
107 0
.
512528 (20) 0
.
51210 4
.
8 0
.
78
N9-17
+
------- ------- 0
.
111 0
.
703816 (37) 0
.
70285 4
.
53 24
.
6 0
.
111 0
.
512556 (11) 0
.
51211 5
.
1 0
.
77
N9-45 38
.
0 1090 0
.
101 0
.
703689 (33) 0
.
70281 2
.
48 13
.
9 0
.
107 0
.
512565 (20) 0
.
51214 5
.
6 0
.
73
N9-13 35
.
7 1247 0
.
083 0
.
703517 (26) 0
.
70280 6
.
64 39
.
9 0
.
100 0
.
512509 (23) 0
.
51211 5
.
0 0
.
76
N9-41 40
.
0 1371 0
.
084 0
.
704230 (25) 0
.
70350 6
.
22 29
.
0 0
.
129 0
.
512614 (20) 0
.
51210 4
.
8 0
.
82
N9-44 41
.
0 1335 0
.
089 0
.
703536 (20) 0
.
70276 5
.
49 33
.
5 0
.
099 0
.
512550 (12) 0
.
51216 5
.
9 0
.
70
Quartz monzodiorites and pyroxene monzodiorites
N9-4 32
.
7 985 0
.
096 0
.
703710 (32) 0
.
70288 9
.
47 46
.
8 0
.
122 0
.
512578 (25) 0
.
51209 4
.
6 0
.
82
N9-21 8
.
4 417 0
.
058 0
.
703320 (22) 0
.
70282 4
.
44 20
.
0 0
.
134 0
.
512594 (27) 0
.
51206 4
.
0 0
.
90
N9-25 12
.
2 836 0
.
042 0
.
703324 (26) 0
.
70296 6
.
92 31
.
3 0
.
133 0
.
512623 (15) 0
.
51209 4
.
7 0
.
84
N9-29 18
.
9 874 0
.
063 0
.
703496 (31) 0
.
70295 4
.
35 19
.
1 0
.
137 0
.
512602 (23) 0
.
51206 3
.
9 0
.
92
Analytical errors on isotopic ratios (error in the last two digits of the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios) are expressed as 2s (=2
standard errors of the mean). CHUR composition used to calculate e
Nd
values is
143
Nd/
144
Nd = 0
.
512638 and
147
Sm/
144
Nd =
0
.
1967; the decay constant is 6
.
54 10
12
. Nd model ages are calculated according to the depleted mantle model of Michard
et al. (1985).
*
The initial Sr ratio for this sample is calculated on the basis of
87
Rb/
86
Sr ratio (0
.
111) determined by ICP-MS (Table 6),
because the Rb/Sr ratio of this sample determined by isotope dilution is about 70% higher than that obtained by ICP-MS,
unlike the other samples whose isotope dilution and ICP-MS results agree within c. 10%.
1170

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x2,9
the question of whether in situ binary mixing can explain
the genesis of the hybrid quartz monzodiorites. Amphi-
bole, biotite and whole-rock compositions show that the
hybrid rocks cannot result from only two-component
mixing involving quartz monzodiorites and felsic rocks.
The overlap in hornblende and biotite compositions
(Figs 5 and 6) implies that some cumulate component
(pyroxene monzodiorites) may have been involved. The
significant enrichment of the hybrid rocks in both LREE
(La
N
= 70---120 in the hybrid quartz monzodiorites
compared with 50---100 in the quartz monzodiorites and
40---70 in the pyroxene monzodiorites and felsic rocks)
and HREE (Yb
N
= 6---8 in the hybrid monzodiorites
compared with 5---7 in the quartz monzodiorites and
3---5 in the pyroxene monzodiorites and felsic rocks)
also provides evidence that the hybrid rocks cannot
be explained by simple in situ mixing between the
mafic and felsic end-members. This, therefore, calls for
another, unseen, more primitive mafic magma (higher
mg number and Ca, lower Ti and P) and implies that
Fig. 14. (a) Plot of e
Nd(t)
vs (
87
Sr/
86
Sr)
i
at 608 Ma for the four main rock types of the Negash pluton (error bars are 2s) compared with the mantle
array (ONions et al., 1979) and with the field of the Arabian---Nubian Shield magmatic rocks (Duyvermann et al., 1982; Stern & Krooner, 1993).
(b) Plot of e
Nd(t)
vs (
87
Sr/
86
Sr)
i
at 608 Ma showing the isotopic signature of the rocks of the Negash pluton compared with other granites of equivalent
age in NE Africa (Stern & Abdelsalam, 1998; Tadesse et al., 2000), with the Neoproterozoic upper crust of Southern Ethiopia, and with the
Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean basement of Eastern Ethiopia (Teklay et al., 1998).
1171

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Table 7: Result of petrogenetic modelling compared with the composition of the most differentiated quartz
monzodiorites from the Negash pluton
Solid residue Px monzodiorite sample N9-25
Opx Amph Bt Pl-45 Ilm Mnt Ap Residue
wt %
SiO
2
54
.
5 44
.
0 39
.
5 56
.
5 0
.
0 0
.
0 0
.
0 45
.
6 47
.
6
Al
2
O
3
1
.
5 10
.
5 14
.
5 27
.
5 0
.
0 0
.
0 0
.
0 16
.
0 13
.
3
FeO 17
.
0 13
.
0 13
.
5 0
.
0 47
.
0 85
.
0 0
.
0 13
.
1 12
.
9
MgO 24
.
5 14
.
0 17
.
5 0
.
0 0
.
0 0
.
0 0
.
0 7
.
5 7
.
2
CaO 2
.
0 11
.
5 0
.
0 10
.
0 0
.
0 0
.
0 100
.
0 9
.
3 9
.
1
Na
2
O 0
.
0 2
.
5 0
.
0 5
.
8 0
.
0 0
.
0 0
.
0 3
.
1 2
.
9
K
2
O 0
.
0 1
.
0 10
.
5 0
.
2 0
.
0 0
.
0 0
.
0 1
.
1 0
.
9
TiO
2
0
.
5 3
.
5 4
.
5 0
.
0 53
.
0 15
.
0 0
.
0 4
.
4 5
.
0
Total 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0
Mass fraction 0
.
19 0
.
09 0
.
09 0
.
49 0
.
05 0
.
06 0
.
03 1
.
00
Partition coefficients Bulk D
ppm
Rb 0
.
03 0
.
29 4
.
5 0
.
06 0 0 0 0
.
47
V 0
.
9 1
.
5 1
.
5 0
.
1 12 10 0 1
.
69
Parent melt Modelled residual melt Qtz monzodiorite sample N9-24
wt %
SiO
2
54
.
0 54
.
5 54
.
9 55
.
5 56
.
1 56
.
8 56
.
7
Al
2
O
3
16
.
4 16
.
4 16
.
4 16
.
5 16
.
5 16
.
5 15
.
9
FeO 10
.
5 10
.
4 10
.
2 10
.
1 9
.
9 9
.
7 9
.
2
MgO 3
.
6 3
.
4 3
.
2 3
.
0 2
.
7 2
.
3 3
.
9
CaO 6
.
6 6
.
4 6
.
3 6
.
1 5
.
9 5
.
7 5
.
8
Na
2
O 4
.
2 4
.
2 4
.
3 4
.
4 4
.
4 4
.
5 4
.
1
K
2
O 2
.
0 2
.
0 2
.
1 2
.
1 2
.
2 2
.
3 2
.
0
TiO
2
2
.
7 2
.
6 2
.
5 2
.
4 2
.
3 2
.
2 2
.
3
Total 100 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
0 100
.
00
Mass fraction 1
.
0 0
.
95 0
.
9 0
.
85 0
.
8 0
.
75
Parent melt Modelled residual melt Qtz monzodiorite sample N9-24
ppm
Rb 35 36 37 38 39 41 39
V 142 137 132 127 122 116 136
Parent melt Modelled residual solid Px monzodiorite sample N9-25
Rb 35 17 17 17 17 18 17
V 142 236 232 227 223 219 224
Data source for calculations: minerals from the pyroxene monzodiorites; parent melt is qtz monzodiorite sample N9-4. Data
source for partition coefficients: Ringwood (1970); Mahood & Hildreth (1983); Ewart & Griffin (1994); Horn et al. (1994);
Sisson (1994).
1172

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differentiation (involving hybridization) must have
occurred before emplacement.
Granodiorites and monzogranites
The low Sr and high Nd isotopic ratios of the granitoids
suggest they may have been produced by partial melting
of mantle-derived material with short crustal residence
time, or fractional crystallization of basaltic melt. How-
ever, it is not clear from the available data which process
explains the origin of the felsic rocks.
Partial melting of underplated mafic material is a pos-
sible process that may account for the origin of felsic rocks
in general, as shown from geochemical (e.g. Williamson
et al., 1992; Tepper et al., 1993; Petford & Atherton, 1996)
and experimental studies (e.g. Helz, 1976; Spulber &
Rutherford, 1983; Beard & Lofgren, 1989, 1991; Thy
et al., 1990; Rushmer, 1991; Wolf & Wyllie, 1994; Rapp
& Watson, 1995). Applying this model to the Negash
granitoids is consistent with: (1) the high Sr contents,
implying that plagioclase was incorporated into the
melt; (2) the concave-upward REE patterns and lack of
Eu anomalies, suggesting the predominance of residual
amphibole in the source (see Tepper et al., 1993); (3) the
strongly fractionated HREE-depleted patterns (Yb
N
around 4---5 times chondrite), implying the presence of
3
6
9
12
15
FeO
tot
45 50 55 60 65 70
(a)
SiO
2
SiO
2
45 50 55 60 65 70
0
1
2
3
4
5 (b)
(c)
10 20 30 40 50
240
120
180
0.05
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.15
0.25
0.50
0.90
0.70
solid
residue
residual
melt
Rb
V
1
2
2
1
r
p
p
m
r
Granodiorites
Monzogranites
TiO
2
m
Fig. 15. Major- and trace-element modelling showing that the pyroxene monzodiorites may have been derived by fractional crystallization from a
melt with the composition of a quartz monzodiorite. The residual solid has a mineralogical composition similar to that of the pyroxene
monzodiorites and consists of opx:hbl:bt:pl:ilm:mgn:ap (19:9:9:49:5:6:3, wt %). (a) and (b) FeO
tot
and TiO
2
vs SiO
2
plots: r (solid residue) and
m (residual melt) correspond to a residual melt fraction of 08; p (parent melt) has the composition of sample N9-4 (Table 3); shown for comparison
are the differentiation trends of (1) the tholeiitic series from the Galapagos and (2) calc-alkaline rocks from the Cascades (McBirney, 1984). (c) V---Rb
plot showing the fractionation trend of the same parent melt (numbered dots correspond to the fractions of melt or solid). Partition coefficients and
details of calculation are given in Table 7.
1173

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garnet in the residue; (4) the temperatures estimated from
the apatite thermometer (836---886
C for the felsic rocks),

which are consistent with experimental data indicating
melting temperatures of 850---950
C for the generation of

felsic melts (Beard & Lofgren, 1991).
The granodiorites and monzogranites are unlikely to
have been derived by fractional crystallization from the
quartz monzodiorites as they belong to two distinct series
(Figs 9d and 15a, b). The apparent linear array shown by
the felsic rocks, the hybrid quartz monzodiorites and the
pyroxene monzodiorites in Fig. 9d cannot be interpreted
in terms of fractional crystallization either, because the
REE patterns (Fig. 11) show that the three rock types
cannot represent the residual melt, the parent melt and
the cumulate, respectively. We cannot exclude a genetic
link between the felsic rocks and the hybrid quartz mon-
zodiorites through fractional crystallization, considering
the similarity of their mg number values and REE pat-
terns. Nevertheless, the microgranular textures of the
hybrid rocks, suggesting melt quenching and the presence
of K-feldspar xenocrysts inherited from the partially crys-
tallized felsic rocks, preclude any in situ differentiation
(separate batch melts). The granodiorites and monzo-
granites cannot be linked by in situ fractional crystalliza-
tion, because in a cooling chamber, the less differentiated
rocks should have been at the base, i.e. the reverse of
what is observed (granodiorites above monzogranites).
However, the chemical diversity of the granodiorites
(59---69% SiO
2
) and their coarse-grained texture with
rounded quartz grains and abundant K-feldspar pheno-
crysts, which indicate prolonged crystallization, suggest
that differentiation occurred in situ. This is consistent with
the presence of microgranite dykes, which indicate that
felsic material was transferred as melt. It is also in agree-
ment with the evolution of mafic and silicic layered intru-
sion systems, as suggested by Wiebe & Collins (1998).
In summary, petrological and geochemical data indi-
cate that: (1) the main rock types forming the Negash
pluton were derived from already differentiated magmas;
(2) at least three distinct magma types, now represented
by the quartz monzodiorites, the hybrid rocks and
the felsic rocks, contributed to the construction of the
pluton; (3) the pyroxene monzodiorites are likely to repre-
sent in situ differentiation of melt with the composition
of quartz monzodiorites; (4) the chemical diversity
of the granodiorites may possibly result from in situ
differentiation.
Mafic---felsic magma interactions
All the rocks of the Negash pluton can be considered as
hybridized to some extent, as shown by textural evidence:
widespread occurrence of feldspar xenocrysts in the mafic
rocks; plagioclases with patchy cores, corroded rims and
more calcic zones over normally zoned crystals; and
euhedral hornblende crystals with inclusions of resorbed
biotites in their cores (contamination of granodioritic
magma by influx of monzodioritic magma).
Two types of interaction between felsic and mafic rocks
can be distinguished. The first corresponds to emplace-
ment of a monzodiorite sheet within the granodiorites
and monzogranites (Fig. 1b). The lower interface of this
sheet, visible in the southern half of the pluton, is char-
acterized by in situ mingling structures (e.g. felsic pipes,
brecciated dykes, granitic veins, microgranular mafic
enclaves with high modal abundance of K-feldspar xeno-
crysts). These structures, which closely resemble those
described for mafic and silicic layered intrusions (Wiebe
& Collins, 1998), are interpreted as the result of rheolo-
gical instability. The second type (northwestern part of
the pluton, Fig. 1b) consists of mingled magmas with
higher mafic/felsic magma ratio, higher fragmentation
of the mafic material within the felsic matrix, abundant
net veining and hybridized microgranular mafic
enclaves. It is interpreted as the result of conduit mixing
and mingling (see Carrigan, 1994). These two types of
interaction, which mainly involved mingling, correspond
to two successive stages of construction of the Negash
pluton.
Interface mingling and magma viscosities
The mingling structures at the mafic---felsic interfaces can
be indicative of the physical properties, particularly the
viscosities, of the interacting magmas. The fine-grained,
generally phenocryst-free, texture of the mafic rocks (pyr-
oxene monzodiorites excepted), implying undercooling
(high DT, high nucleation and low growth rates), suggests
that they were emplaced as crystal-poor melts. The visc-
osity of crystal-poor basaltic melts at liquidus temperature
(c. 1200
C) is given as 10
1
---10
2
Pa s (e.g. McBirney &
Murase, 1984; Johannes & Holtz, 1996).
The viscosity of the felsic magma of the Negash pluton
can be roughly estimated using empirical models and by
comparison with experimental data. Calculation of
the melt viscosity was made using the equation of Shaw
(1972), whole-rock major element compositions from
Table 4, and assuming temperatures of 900
C and
750
C for the granodiorites and monzogranites, respect-

ively, and melt water contents of 4---6 wt %. This yields
viscosity values of 10
21
---10
46
Pa s, in agreement with
the values given by Clemens & Petford (1999) for leuco-
granitic to tonalitic melts (10
32
---10
63
Pa s). Experimental
data of Scaillet et al. (2000) were obtained for dacitic bulk
compositions in the temperature interval between the
liquidus and solidus (920---680
C). Their starting material

(SiO
2
65 wt %, initial H
2
O 69 wt %) is compositionally
close to the Negash granodiorites (SiO
2
59---69 wt %,
H
2
O ~6 wt %). The melt viscosity within the tempera-
ture range determined for the Negash felsic rocks
1174

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(c. 750---850
C) can be estimated at 10
35
---10
45
Pa s,
whereas the magma viscosity may reach 10
7
Pa s. The
data of Scaillet et al. (2000) further suggest that, in the
850---750
C range, the fraction of melt decreases from 60

to 40 wt %, i.e. that the magma crosses the locking par-
ticle threshold (Vigneresse et al., 1996) at ~750
C and
can start deforming like a solid. This is in agreement with
the presence of abundant feldspar xenocrysts in the mafic
rocks, which indicates that mafic magmas were injected
through or into partially crystallized, phenocryst-bearing,
felsic material. This is also consistent with the type of
deformation recorded in the peripheral granodiorites
and monzodiorites (flattening), whereas the monzodiorite
sheet displays flow deformation (constriction). The
instability of the lower interface of the large monzo-
dioritic sheet, leading to a folded surface accompanied
by mingling structures, such as felsic pipes, dykes and
veins (Asrat et al., 2003), suggests the interaction of
low-viscosity magmas (e.g. Fernandez & Barbarin, 1991;
Fernandez & Gasquet, 1994; Hallot et al., 1996; Scaillet
et al., 2000) and, therefore, possible remelting of the felsic
material at the interface, as suggested by heat balance
considerations.
Interactions between mafic---felsic magmas led to com-
plex structures, which resulted from both mafic magma
intruding felsic and felsic intruding mafic. Nevertheless,
these occurred at different scales and at different stages of
pluton construction. At pluton scale, the mafic magma
entered the felsic magma chamber, whereas locally at the
interface between the two magma types, the crystal-rich
felsic magma transiently back-veined the mafic material.
If the viscosity of the mafic magma remains low enough
after the back-veining process, the felsic veins can
mechanically be destroyed and K-feldspar incorporated
in the hybrid. This process, which was described by
Collins et al. (2000) from the Kameruka pluton, can
account for the major- and trace-element composition
of some hybrid quartz monzodiorite samples.
Implications for pluton construction
The petrological and geochemical data, along with field
and structural data (Asrat et al., 2003), have significant
implications for the construction of the Negash pluton.
Structural data indicate that the pluton was constructed
by assembly of successive magma batches. The mineral
compositions and whole-rock chemistry suggest that the
main lithologies of the Negash pluton (pyroxene monzo-
diorites, quartz monzodiorites, hybrid quartz monzodior-
ites, granodiorites and monzogranites) cannot be derived
simply by in situ fractional crystallization, nor by simple
in situ mixing between the mafic and felsic end-members.
This implies that some differentiation occurred before
magma emplacement, either in deep-seated intermediate
chambers or in magmatic conduits. Mafic---felsic magma
interactions in the pluton were limited to mingling
between mafic pulses and partially crystallized granitic
material, both at the pluton scale in response to forceful
magma injection and at a local scale in response to
instabilities of the mafic---felsic interfaces caused by
inverted density gradients. Shallow-level plutons appear
to result from aggregation of melt that differentiated else-
where (e.g. Pitcher, 1979; Roberts et al., 2000; Barbey
et al., 2001).
The presence in the pluton of abundant septa of coun-
try rocks (Fig. 1b), which are sub-parallel to the planar
fabric and display a very high aspect ratio (Asrat et al.,
2003), suggests that the felsic rocks were initially
emplaced as sheets within the schistosity of the country
rocks. This is consistent with the low viscosities of both
the mafic and felsic magmas deduced from structures and
emplacement conditions, and suggests that the Negash
pluton was constructed from melt-rich magmas injected
as sills, according to the sheeting/dyking (Clemens &
Mawer, 1992; Petford et al., 1993) or layering (Wiebe &
Collins, 1998) models. The preservation of the overall
geometry of the mafic sheet and septa of the country
rocks, along with the lineation and foliation patterns,
suggests that no major convective overturn occurred at
the scale of the pluton after the emplacement of the mafic
magmas. However, this does not preclude local convec-
tion and melt percolation, as suggested by the limited
occurrence of igneous layering.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to C. Spatz, S. Barda and A. Kohler for
technical assistance. Our sincere gratitude goes to
Mr and Mrs Vilain, T. Nardos, T. Yemane, D. Hailu
and Yonas for their invaluable assistance during the field
work. We are indebted to C. G. Barnes, W. J. Collins,
V. Janousek and N. Petford for their thorough and con-
structive reviews, and to P. D. Kempton for her careful
editorial handling. They helped us very much to improve
this paper. This work was supported by a Ph.D. research
grant to A.A. from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and by funding from INSU---CNRS Ethiopie 2000
Project. We would like to acknowledge the Department
of Geology and Geophysics, Addis Ababa University, for
logistical support during the field work. This paper is
CRPG Contribution 1659.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Supplementary data for this paper are available on
Journal of Petrology online.
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APPENDIX: ANALYTICAL METHODS
Mineral compositions were analysed with a CAMECA
SX-50 electron microprobe (Service Commun de Micro-
analyse, Universitee Henri Poincaree, Nancy). Operating
conditions were 20 nA sample current, 15 kV accelerat-
ing potential, counting times of 20 s and a beam diameter
of 1 mm. Calibration was made on a combination of
silicates and oxides. Data reductions were performed
using the PAP correction procedure (Pouchou & Pichoir,
1991).
Whole-rock major and trace elements were analysed by
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro-
metry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (CRPG---CNRS, Nancy),
respectively. Analytical uncertainties are given as 2%
for major elements, and as 5% or 10% for trace element
concentrations (except REE) higher or lower than
1178

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20 ppm, respectively. Precision for REE is estimated at
5% when chondrite-normalized concentrations are
410 ppm and at 10% when they are lower.
Separation of Rb---Sr and Sm---Nd was performed
according to the methods of Michard et al. (1985) and
Boher et al. (1992). Rb, Sr, Sm and Nd concentrations
were determined by isotope dilution. Rb isotopic compo-
sitions used for concentration calculations were deter-
mined using an Elan 6000 ICP-MS system. Sr, Nd and
Sm isotopic compositions were measured using a
Finnigan MAT-262 mass spectrometer. Measured
87
Sr/
86
Sr and
143
Nd/
144
Nd ratios were normalized to
86
Sr/
88
Sr = 01194 and
146
Nd/
144
Nd = 07219, respec-
tively. Repeated analyses of the NBS-987 Sr standard
yielded an average value of
87
Sr/
86
Sr = 0710205 23
(2s). Thus all Sr isotopic ratios in Table 6 have been
corrected by 0000035 to make them consistent with
the accepted value of 071024 for this standard. Repeated
analyses of our internal J-M standard yielded an average
value of
143
Nd/
144
Nd = 0511095 16 (2s). The value
of this standard differs by 0000738 0000018 from that
of the La Jolla standard, measured less frequently in our
laboratory. Thus the measured J-M value corresponds to
a La Jolla value of 0511833. For this reason, all Nd
isotopic ratios in Table 6 have been corrected by
0000025 to make them consistent with the accepted
value of 0511858 for this standard. The blanks for Sr and
Nd are negligible (52 ng for Sr and 04 ng for Nd) com-
pared with the quantities of Sr and Nd extracted from the
samples.
1179

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Mafic-Felsic Interactions in Pan-African Pluton

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Petrology and Isotope Geochemistry of the

Pan-African Negash Pluton, Northern

), on a metre scale (Fig. 3d; see also Asrat

C (felsic rocks), 790---912

C), log fO2 (bar) and pressure (kbar)

C. The prerequisite for the appli-

C) used in pressure estimation is that

C (felsic rocks), 521---622

C (quartz monzodiorites) and

C (pyroxene monzodiorites). All these values

C for the quartz monzo-

C) suggest near-solidus or subsolidus re-

C for the felsic rocks),

C for the generation of

C for the granodiorites and monzogranites, respect-

C). Their starting material

C range, the fraction of melt decreases from 60

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