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S.NO. TOPIC
INTRODUCTION
1. THE YARD
2. LIGHTINING ARRESTOR
3. WAVE TRAP
4. ISOLATOR
5. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
6. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
7. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
8. POWER TRANSFORMER
9. INSULATOR
10 CIRCUIT BREAKER
11. EARTHING
12. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
13. PROTECTION RELAY
14. CONTROL ROOM
15. BATTERY ROOM
16. CONCLUSION




ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is my first practical training which has taken at 132 kv GSS
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. M.L.Gupta., Who have given his excellent
guidance and shared his experience with me using entire course of this training report.
We are thanks to other staff member which are guided me. Finally I would like to say this
summer training has been a valuable part in my life.
At last but not least I am thankful to the all the staff member of RAJASTHAN INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering.



Sid Agnihotri
B.TECH. IV YEAR (EE)






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About Electricity
When India becomes independent its overall installed capacity was hardly 1900 mw. During first
year plan (1951-1956) this capacity was only 2300 mw. The contribution of Rajasthan state was
negligible during 1&2 year plans the emphases was on industrialization for that end it was
considered to make the system of the country reliable. Therefore Rajasthan state electricity board
came into existence in July 1957.
In India electrical power is generated at a voltage of 11KV to 33 KV . which is taken stepped up
to the transmission level in the range of 66 KV to 400 KV
Member of transmission and switching have to be created. These are known as SUB
STATION.
Along these transmission lines secondary substation are created where voltage is further stepped
down to sub transmission and primary distribution voltage.
A substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical energy
from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a substation is an
intermediate link between the generating station and consumer.
For economic transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the generated
voltage for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. For this purpose
substations are installed. The normal voltages for transmission are 400kv, 220kv, 132kv and for
distribution 33kv, 11kv etc.
Electricity boards are setup in all states of India which are responsible for
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
They also construct, install and maintain all the station made for these purpose. In Rajasthan
,R.R.V.P.N.L. is responsible for transmission and distribution of electrical power all over
Rajasthan. It has its own generating station and its also gets power from various other stations
also. It gets power from following stations:-
1. Badarpur Thermal Power Station Delhi
2. Bhakara Nangl Project (at satlaj in Punjab)
3. Gandhi Sagar Dam Kota
4. Jawahar Dam Kota
5. Rana Pratap Sagar Dam Kota
6. Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant (RAPP) Kota
7. Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) Kota
8. Anta Gas Power Plant Anta
9. Rajasthan share in Bhakara Beas Management Board (BBMB)
Power obtain from these stations is transmitted all over Rajasthan with the help of grid stations.
Depending on the purpose, substations may be classified as:-
1. Step up substation
2. Primary grid substation
3. Secondary substation
4. Distribution substation
5. Bulky supply and industrial substation
6. Mining substation
7. Mobile substation
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8. Cinematograph substation
Depending on constructional feature substation are classified as:-
1. Outdoor type
2. Indoor type
3. Basement or Underground type
4. Pole mounting open or kilos type

Any substation has many types of civil and electrical works. Main compo nents are:-
Bus bar
Power transformers
Isolators
Circuit breaker
Lightening arrester
Insulators
Instrument transformers
The control room is equipped with protective relays, ammeters, voltmeters, energy meters and
frequency and power factor meters

BUS BAR SYSTEM

This bus bar arrangement is very useful for working purpose as every GSS. It is a conductor to
which a number of cut .Are connected in 220 KV GSS there are two bus running parallel to the
each other, one is main and another is auxiliary bus is only for stand by, in case of failure of one
we can keep the supply continues.
If more loads are coming at the GSS then we can disconnect any feeder through circuit breaker
which is connected to the bus bar. This remaining all the feeders will be in running position .if
we want to work with any human damage. In this case all the feeders will be on conditions.
According to bus voltage the material is used .Al is used because of the property & features and
it is cheap.
With the help of bus bar arrangement we can connect all the incoming supply which is coming
from different higher order GSS.











LIGHTENING ARRESTER

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Lightening arrester is first equipment of GSS. It is protecting all the equipment against the HV.
The ground wire or earthing does not provide protection against the high voltage waves reaching
the terminal equipment .so some protective device is necessary to produce power station ,sub-
station and transmission lines against the high voltage wave reaching here. Which is connected
between line and earth it acts as a safty valve. .

Through the surge impedence of line limits the amplitude of the line to earth over voltage to a
value which wills safe guard the insulation of the protected equipment.
An ideal L.A should have following characteristics:-
1. It should not take any current under normal condition .i.e. its spark over voltage must be
higher then the system voltage.
2. Any abnormal transient voltage above the break down voltage must caused it to break as quick
as possible in order to provide an alternate path to earth.
3. It must be able to carry the resultant discharge current without causing damage to itself.
For high voltage system the thirties type L.A are used .The value type is also known as non
linear diverter .These arrester consist of a spark gape and a non linear resistance. Both resistance
and spark gape are accommodated in series with a completely light porcelain condition humidity
etc.
SPARK GAPE:-
They include a number of identical elements connected in series .Each element consist of with
pre ionization device between each grounding resistance of high ohmic value connected in
parallel.


3.3 NON LINEAR RESISTER:-
The resister disc comprises inorganic material having a silicon carbide base in a clay board.
These discs form a block. The ohmic value of which decreases rapidly when the applied voltage
and current increases as soon as the current wave resulting from the over voltage has been
discharged. The resister block subjected to the sole. Alternating Voltage and resistance assumes
great value .So that the amplitude of the resulting current becomes zero.




WAVE TRAP
It is used to trap the communication signals & send PLCC room through CVT.
Rejection filters are known as the line traps consisting of a parallel resonant circuit ( L and C in
parallel) tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each and of the protected line
such a circuit offer high impedance to the flow of carrier frequency current thus preventing the
dissipation. The carrier current used for PLC Communication have to be prevented from entering
the power equipments such as attenuation or even complete loss of communication signals. For
this purpose wave trap or line trap are used between transmission line and power station
equipment to-
Avoid carrier power dissipation in the power plant reduce cross talks with other PLC Circuits
connected to the same power station.
Ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the PLC transmit receive equipment
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irrespective of switching conditions of the power circuit and equipments in the stations.



ISOLATOR :-
When carrying out inspection or maintains work in substation ,it is essential to disconnect
reliability the unit of other station on which the work is done from all other parts on installation
in order to ensure full safety of working staff .So guard against mistake it is desirable that should
be done by an apparatus is called ISOLATOR. In other words a device which is used to open
or close the circuit either when negligible current is interrupted or when no significant change in
voltage across the terminal of each pole of the isolator will result from operation .they must only
be opened or closed when current is zero. There is single ear thing Isolator used .
Isolator is switching device used to open (or close) a circuit either when a negligible current
exists or when no significant change in voltage across the terminal of each pole of the isolator,
will result from the operation.
Broadly speaking isolator are the switches whichs operate under "No current condition. Thus,
isolator is an apparatus which makes a visible and reliable disconnection of the unit or the
section after opening the circuit breaker.
ear thing blades or two earthling blades on either side of it. The isolators used at 220 KV GSS
have single earthing blades either side of it.They must only be opened or closed when current is
zero. Isolators are classified into following categories.
1. Bus isolator
2. Line isolator
3. Transformer isolating switch
Isolators are file with earthing blades as an integral part of it. They may be isolators with single
From constructional point of view the isolator may be classified as-
1.The post- centre post rotating part, double post break type.
2.Two post single type.
3.Base: - Each pipe phase isolator is mounted on a robust base of steal construction.




MOUNTING: -
The central post rotates in gun metal bushing and tapered roller bearing provided with grease
nipples for lubrication required to be alone at regulars intervals during routine check up.

EARTH SWITCH:-
(For line side insulation only ) Earthling is achieved by means of an earthed blade pivoted at the
base steady operation mechanism .the earth contacts are fixed either at the back or left or right
side of main contact and interlocked with them by mechanism interlock.

OPERATING MECHANISM:-
1.Hand operated: - It consists of a fulcrums and level system for easy operation of isolators.
2.The isolators used in G.S.S Bharatpur at are three post types. Each isolator has three insulators
post per phase mounted on a phase of steal construction.
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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

The transformers which are used in A.C. system for the measurement of current, voltage, power
and energy are called Instrument transformer. These are also used in connection with the
measurement of power factor, frequency and for indication of synchronism.They are two types
namely:
1.Current transformer
2.Potential transformer.

(1) Core type
(2) Shell type
The x-mer used substation is auto-transformer which employed only single winding per- phase.
A part of winding is common to both of sides. In addition to primary and secondary winding
known as tertiary winding is also provided the power transformer required at substations contain
following additional part
1. HV winding bushing
2. LV winding bushing
3. Tertiary winding bushing
4. Jucking plate

Transformer used in conjunction with measuring are INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER.
According to the quality measured. These may be divided as
1. Current transformer
2 Potential transformer


CURRENT TRANSFORMER
The current transformers are kept in the category of the instrument transformer. The C.T. are
used to reduce/ stepping down A.C form high value to lower value for measurement / protection
/ control.
They are usually installed in the out door switch. The primary conductor at high voltage with
respect to earth. The secondary of C.T. is just like the ring type C.T. the primary winding
consists of a very few turns , and therefore there is no. appreciation volt drop across injection .
Current is transformed by C.T. the current transformer is used with primary winding , connected
in series with the line carrying the current to be measured and therefore primary current is
dependent upon load connected in the system.
Measurement of alternating current is one of the most frequent operation not only because of its
inheriant but a also because it is necessary in determining other parameters of electrical circuit. A
current transformer value of current is used for Indication of current kwh and kw meters
Telementry Protective relay etc
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A current transformer is intended to operate normally with rated current of the system flowing
through the primary winding which is increased in the series with the network .Secondary
winding of current transformer Connected to measuring instruments and relay supplies currents
circulating in the design of current transformer.

POTENTIAL TRNASFORMER
Similar to CT it is another type of instrument type of instrument transformer .Transformer used
for voltage measurements are called voltage transformer or Potential may be of 1 phase or 3
phase
These transformers make the instruments suitable for measurement of high voltage and isolating
then from high voltage. these transformer are connected in parallel and secondary winding is
always open ckt.
The primary winding of the potential transformer is connected to the main GSS LINE
DIAGRAM. the primary has large no of turn in secondary,which provided step down of voltage
, and then the voltmeter is connected across secondary terminal the high voltage line.
Some terms related to PT :-
A. RATED VOLTAGE :- the capacity voltage of the PT which it can stand
B. RATED TRARNSFORMER RATIO:- The ratio of the rated primary voltage to the rated
second voltage.
C. RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE:- 130 / root (3) = 63.3 VAR.
Voltage transformer which step down system voltage to sufficient form high value to low value
are necessary in every system for
Induction of d.c supply voltage conduction.
Metering of the supply of energy.
Relaying
Syncronizing.

Design and ranges are selected according to the secondary size of potential transformer for
indicating instruments, meter and relays. But calibration of these instruments is done according
to the primary voltage .

`



POWER TRANSFORMER

GENERAL:-
The transformers are used to step down or step-up the incoming line voltage but at grid
substation for the purpose of is the main & major requirement of GSS for step down the supply
voltage .The rating of transformer is taken according to the load .
There are three power transformers of 100 MVA . They are used convert 220 KV/132 KV.
Which transforms e/e energy from one voltage level to another desired level with corresponding
change in current value and with out any change in frequency value.
The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between the circuits linked by a common
magnitude pulse voltage supplied to one set of winding called primary switch builds up a
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magnitude flux through the iron.
A transformer in simplest form consist of two magnetic coil, which are electrically separated
from each other but magnetically linked through path of reluctance .
In brief a transformer is a device that
1. Transform electric power from the one circuit to another.
2. It does not so without a change of frequency.
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction.
The magnetic core is built up of laminations of high grade section or other steel which are
insulated from each to other by varnish or other insulation materials.
According to the number of winding placed around the core. The transformer are classified as
5. Earthing terminals the trank
6. Cooling systems
7. Pressure relief value
8. Bush hold relay
9. Dehydration breather
10. Rollers
11. Filters




Automatic control:-
The automation required use of automatic voltage control of substation so that a predetermined
bus- bar voltage can maintained. In general a tap changer is provided on a transformer for a
maintaining a pre determine outgoing voltage where the incoming voltage may be subjected to
voltage variations. The output of P.T. connected to controlled voltage side of the power of
transformer is used to energize the automatic voltage regulating relays. The voltage to be
controlled remains with in prescribed limits.


GAS OPERATED RELAY:-
The relay is located in the pipe between the main tank and conservator. In case of fault such as
insulation was creating impulse failures fall of oil level produces gases. This rises and
accumulated in the upper part of the housing consequently the oil level falls down and the float
sinks thereby tilling the mercury switch. The conducts are closed and alarm circuit is energized.
Bachholz protection is always used in conjunction with some other forms of electricity operated
protective gears as it can unity operate for truly internal transformer faults and does not respond
to external bushings or cable faults.

SILICA GEL BREATHER:-
A silica gel breather is employed as a measurement of preveusing moisture in gress. It is
connected to the conservator tank which is filled to transformer to allow for changes in volume
due to temperature variation.

FILTER: - Filter is intended for prolonging like water acid etc from oil. .
TRANSFORMER OIL:-
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In transformer, the insulating oil provides an insulating medium as well as a heat transferring
medium that carry away heat produced in the winding and iron core.
The life of the transformer depends chiefly upon the quality of the insulating oil. So high quality
insulating oil are used. It should meet the following requirements:-
It should be provide good transfer of heat.
It should provide high electric strength.
It should have low velocity.
Flash point of the oil must be high.
Also fire point should be high.







INSULATORS

In order to avoid current leakage to the Earth, through the supporting structure provide to the
conductor of overhead transmission lines, insulators are used. The conductors are secured to the
supporting structures by means of insulating feature, which do not allow current to flow through
these support and hence finally to the earth . Bus support insulators are porcelain or fiberglass
insulators that serve to the bus bar switches and other support structures and to prevent leakage
current from flowing through the structure or to ground. These insulators are similar in function
to other insulator used in substations and transmission poles and towers.

An Insulator should have following characteristic:-
1. High Insulation resistance.
2. High mechanical strength
3. No internal impurity or crack Disc
Generally Porcelain or glass is used as material for insulators. Porcelain because of its low cost.
is more common.
Insulators can be classified in following ways :-
Pin Type: - These are designed to be mounted on a pin, which in turn is installed on the cross
arm of a pole.
[IMG]file:///C:/Users/RAVIKA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg[/I
MG]
Figure-8.1 INSULATORS


Suspension Type:-These insulators hang from the cross arm, there by forming a string.

The centre post carries the moving contact assembled at the extremities the moving contact
engages the fixed contacts are generally in the form of spring loaded finger contact.

The insulator consist of following parts -
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1. Contacts :- The contacts are rated for line current and designed to withstand electromagnetic
strains and prevent charging at rated shortly time current the contact are made of electrolytic
fixed in housing.

2. Switching blade:- The blade is made of electrolytic copper.
3. Tandom pipe:-All three phases are opened or closed simultaneously with a tandem pipe this
is dipped galvanized and provided with on or off insulators and pad locking.
4. Motor operated:-This is meant rotary motion of the linear operating pipe for either of
opening or closing for remote level local operation. Hand operation is also provides with
detectable handle that can be fitted and square.


CIRCUIT BREAKERS:-

Breakers are switching and current interrupting devices. Basically a circuit breaker comprises a
set of fixed and movable contacts. The contacts can be separated by means of an operating an
arc. The arc is extinguished by a suitable medium such as dielectric oil vacuum, SF6 gas.
The circuit breakers play an important role in the design and performance of a power system, in
that these are the key pieces of apparatus protecting the system and thus ensure continuity of
supply from consideration of cost, the circuit breakers represent a major items, and are, next only
to the generator and transformer, since their quantity is greater than that of
generators/transformer in a power system owing to the services required for control of
transmission lines, bus-bar etc. in addition to control of transformers and generator..

WORK OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

The expected functions of a circuit breaker are: -
i. It must be capable of closing on to and carrying full load currents for long period of time.
ii. Under proscribed condition, it must open automatically to disconnect the load or some small
overload.
iii. It must successfully and rapidly interrupt the heavy current, which flow when a short circuit
has to be cleared from the system.
iv. It must be capable of closing on to a circuit in which a fault exists and immediately re-
opening to clear the fault from system
v. It must be capable of carrying current of short circuit magnitude until, and for such time as,
the fault is cleared by another breaker nearer to the pint of fault.

Circuit Breaker Types

i. Bulk oil Circuit Breakers
ii. Minimum oil Circuit Breakers.
iii. Air blast Circuit Breakers
iv. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF
6
) Circuit Breakers.
v. Vacuum Circuit Breakers

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER
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This type of breaker find application operating system from 132 kv and these are meant for
outdoor used and based on the multiple interception. Principal using compressed air as a medium
for quenching the arc. The compressed air acts as a medium of high dielectric strength which
present flashover across the writers in case of over voltage when the contacts are in open
position. The breaker can be opened or closed pneumatically from the control cabin or by
protective relay or electrically fault occuring the operating pressure used at G.S.S Bharatpur is 12
kg/cm.
AIR BLAST C.B. HAS FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:-
1. No fire hazards caused by oil.
2. The C.B operates at hogs speeds.
3. The duration of arc is possible.
4. Frequent operation of C.Bs is possible.
5. Almost no maintenance is needed.
6. Facility of high speed recoding.

TYPES OF AIR BLAST C.Bs:-
There are three types of air blast circuit breaker:-
1. Axial blast C.B.
2. Axial blast air C.B. and with side moving contact.
3. Cross blast air circuit breaker.

OPERATION:-
In the closed position of air blast circuit breaker. There is no compressed air in arc chamber
hallow calcium insulator. When fault occurs on the line CB operates and compressed air
quenches the arc into no of section.


VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

FUNCTION OF SF
6
GAS IN SF
6
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

The density of SF
6
Gas is about five times that of air and heat dissipation in it is also much more
than in air.
Air atmospheric pressure dielectric strength of SF
6
gas is about 2.4 times that of air and at about
3-Kg/cm
2
it is same as that of oil. Table no. D1 gives physical properties of SF
6
gas.
There is some decomposition of the gas long periods of arcing. However such decompositions
very little and has no effect upon dielectric strength and interrupting capability. The solid are
product formed by arcing metallic fluoride, which appears in the form of fine gray powder. This
are generated power has high dielectric strength under dry conditions existing in the breaker. A
good quality absorbent is used so that the level of the gaseous by products is kept very low.
Certain impurities such as air result in the dilution of SF
6
gas in the field as long as the process
recommended is followed. While releasing the arced gas into atmosphere, international sniffing
of gas should be avoided. The relation between SF
6
gas pressure and temperature is given in fig.
4.13, which is a very useful date at the tie filling of SF
6
in circuit breaker.


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CHAPTER -10
EARTHING
Earthing is the provision of a surface under the sub station, which has a uniform potential as
nearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an earthing system for an
electric system is necessary by the following reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system fault.
These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are concerned do not attain
dangerously high potential.
2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential of
circuit with respect to earth.


The resistance of earthing system is depending on shape and material of earth electrode used.


The earthing is of two principal types :-
Neutral Earthing
Equipment Body Earthing


Neutral Earthing:-
Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means connecting the
neutral point i.e. the star point of generator,transformer etc. to earth. In rotating machines,
generator, transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always connected to earth either directly or
through a reactance. The neutral point is usually available at every voltage level from generator
or transformer neutral. If neutral point is not available, then the most common method used is
using a Zigzag transformer. Such a transformer has no secondary. Each phase of primary has two
equal parts. There are 3 limbs and each limb has two winding, providing flux density under
normal condition. Since the fluxes are opposite, the transformer takes very small magnetizing
current under normal conditions. During fault, the circuit is primary side,
which provides very less impedance to the current. The grounding transformers are short time
rating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to power transformer.








Electrical Earthing:-
Electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic parts of
an electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions, may attain high
potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only I=0.165A/T current for a
given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts to earth by means of Earthing
system ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send fault current to earth. The conductor
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used is generally in the form of rods, plates, pipes etc.
Earthing system ensures safety in following ways :-
1. The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about earth, since it is
connected to earth.
2. Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of fuse or an earth
relay.




CHAPTER-11
PROTECTIVE RELAY
The purpose of protective relay and protective system is to operate the correct CBs as to
disconnect only the faulty equipment from the system as quickly as possible. Thus minimizes the
trouble caused by fault by they do occur. The protective relay does not operate possibility of the
fault on the system. Their active starts only after the faults have occurred. It could be idea led if
the protection could anticipate and peasant faults because it is impossible to except where
original case of fault create some effects which can operate a protective relay. These are two
groups of protective relay.
1. Primary relaying equipments.
2. Back-up relaying equipments.
Primary relaying is the first line of difference whereas back up protection relaying works. Only
when the primary relaying equipments fails and also back up relays are slow in motion condition.
Another job of back relay is to act as primary relay in case of where this is out work.
Relay must operate when it is required. Since relay remains ideal. Most of the time proper
maintenance also plays important role in improving reliability. Relay should select fault region
and isolate that section from circuit. It should also operate required speed. It should neither be
slow which may not result in damage to the equipment nor it should too fast which may result
undesired operation during transient faults and should be sensitive to faults.
OPERATION:-
The protective relay serves for preventing tap changers and transformer from being damage
which is the part of delivering the protective relay as to be connected in away that transformer
immediately switched off captions oil immersed transformer. Transformer break down are
always precede by more or less violent generation of gas. A broking joints produce local arc and
vaporize in the vicinity. As earth faults has the some results sudden short circuit rapidly
increased the temperature of the winding particularly the inner layer and packed oil in vaporize.
Discharge due to insulation weaken i.e. by the dehydration of the oil produce local heating and
generate gas. The generation of oil vapour or gas in utilize to actuate a relay the relay is arranged
between the transformer tank and the separate oil conservator. The vessel is normally is full of
oil. It contains two floats if the gas bubbles are generated in transformer due to faults. They will
be rise and transfers the conservator and will trap in the upper part of the relay chamber. Thereby
displacing the oil and lowering the faults. This sinks and eventually closes and external contacts
which operates an alarm over other protection and flashover at the bushing are not at adequately
covered by other protective scheme also unless it improves ground.
The differential scheme detects such faults and also on the leads between CTs are power
transformer provided cts are not mounted separately on transformer bushing. In service internal
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faults operate when the relay is energizes. The protective relay reenergized only by oil flow from
the tap changer heat to the conservator. The oil flow operates the flap value which is trapped into
the off position by timing mechanism. Thus the trapping switch is energized the CBs are
operated the transformer off the line.




CHAPTER-12

CONTROL ROOM
To remote control of power switch gear requires the provision of suitable control plates located
at a suitable point remote from immediate vicinity of CBs and other equipments.
At "GSS BHARATPUR" the separate control room provided for remote protection of 220KV
switch yards transformer incoming feeder, outing feeders. Bus bar has their own control plant in
their control rooms. The control panel carrier the appropriate relays. Necessary meters indicating
lamp control switches and fuses. There are meters for reading purpose. A circuit concerning the
panel is shown on the panel with standard co lour.
On each panel a control switch is provided for remote operation of circuit breaker. There are two
indicators which show that weather circuit breaker is closed or open. A control switch for each
insulator is also provided. The position indicator of isolator is also done with the help of single
lamp and indicator. The colour of signal lamps are as follows :-
RED:- For circuit breaker or isolator is close option
GREEN:-For CB or isolator in open position.

In addition to used indication an alarm is also providing for indicating abnormal condition when
any protective relay or tripping relay has operated. Its constants energies on auxiliary alarm.
Relay which on operation completes the alarm belt circuit.

Synchronizing:-
There is a hinged Synchronizing panel mounted at the end of control panel. Before coupling any
incoming feeders to the bus bar. It just be Synchronized with switches. When the synchronous
copy shows zero we close the circuit breaker.
Synchronoscope:-
Synchronoscope is used to determine the correct instant of closing the switch which connect the
new supply to bus bar. The correct instant of synchronizing when bus bar incoming voltage.
a. Are in phase
b. Are equal in magnitude
c. Are in some phase sequence
d. Having same frequency
e. The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate the
difference in phase and frequency.
Energy Meter:-
These are fitted on different panel to record transmitted energy and recorded in energy hours. For
this purpose MWH meter have been provided.
Watt Meter:-
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This is mounted on each feeder panel to record import or export power.
Frequency Power:-
Provided to each feeder to measure frequency which analog or digital.
Volt Meter :-
Provided on each panel or the purpose of indication of voltage.
Ammeter:-
These are used to indication the line current.


MVAR Meter:-
Provided for indicating power factor of import and export.


CHAPTER-13
BATTERY ROOM
There is a battery sexton or battery room which has 55 batteries of 2 volt each for 132KV section
and 110 batteries for 220KV section. Therefore D.C. power available is for functioning of the
control panels. A battery charger to charge the battery.
Various parts of lead acid batteries:-
o Plates
o Separators
o Electrolyte
o Container
o Terminal port
o Vent plugs


CONCLUSION


The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical an all doubts
concepts of electrical power transmission and distribution. Maintenance of transformer, circuit
breaker, isolator, insulator, bus bar etc was observable.

So the training was more than hope to me and helped me toget ver good and best knowledge
about power system more.Thanks to all..