SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN

SULTAN BADLISHAH

CHAPTER 9 :
ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM


Name: V.M.Dharvindran A/L M.Vasuthevan

Identification Number : 980727-02-5847

Class : 4SC9

Teachers Name : Pn.Siti Rohana

Date :



No. CONTENT PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 OBJECTIVE
3 HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM
CAUSE
SOURCE

4 GREENHOUSE EFFECTS AND THE THINNING OF OZONE LAYER
5 STEPS TO MAINTAIN STABLE ENVIRONMENT
6 CONCLUSION
7 REFERENCE
8 ATTACHMENTS













INTRODUCTION




INTRODUCTION

A healthy yet picturesque environment is always a significant dream to others .
However numerous negative impact from irresponsible human activities has
greatly affect our dream environment . It has not only cause in balance in
environment but also causes various environmental problem besides endangering
the ecosystem. The only way for us and the future generation to have a sense of
peace mind living in the dream picturesque environment is mainly by planning
development activities with great care which will possibly not affecting the
environment at all.

After all environment is our main home. So the environment should be preserved
starting from now onwards so that the future generation will be able to feel the
environment which we are experiencing now .












OBJECTIVE








THE REASON FOR THE PAPERWORK IS BEING DONE IS DUE TOSEVERAL
OBJECTIVES AS STATED BELOW :




To instill awareness among human about the importance of the preservation
and the conservation of the ecosystem .


To sensitize humans on various type of negative effects of their activities
towards the environment .


To raise the efforts of creating a convenient , safer yet conducive
environment for ourselves and the future generations .


To deduce the time for the depletion and the destruction of the environment
due to the environmental problems caused by human beings







HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT
ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM





Human Activities That Endanger An
Ecosystem
The worlds population might reach to 10 billions in the next fifty years .Hence, when
there are increments in the number of the worlds population , it generally means that
there is an increasing demand for shelter, food, medicine, transport and raw materials .
Today, due to expectation of modern living and industrial revolution, the world has to
confront the destruction of forests to build more houses, to being use as plantation areas
and build roads, just to fulfill human needs .
Unplanned developments and mismanagement of ecosystem give rise to vast amounts of
environmental crisis. Among those environmental problems are greenhouse effect ,
global warming, pollution, soil erosion, landslide, flash flood and ozone depletion.
The human activities that we are talking about are like agriculture, burning or combustion
, industrialization ,urbanization and last but not least, deforestation.






DEFORESTATION
CAUSED
BURNING CAUSED
INDUSTRIAL
URBANIZATION
CAUSED
Soil Erosions
Landslides
Greenhouse Effects
Pollutions
Pollutions

Deforestation

Large agriculture of forests are cleared for extracting timber of fuel wood , agriculture
needs, and for the sake of urbanization. The impacts are enormous and outrageous. Let
see what are the drawbacks of deforestation.



LANDSLIDES

Soil erosion is blocked. Thus, water flows inland and causes flash flood and
landslides.

When it rains for a long time especially during rainy season, the top layer of soil
loosens and slides down ,thus causing landslides.


SOIL EROSIONS

Leaning of trees causes the loss of tree leaves that protect the soil from a massive
impulsive force of heavy raindrops and also causes the loss of tree roots that hold
the soil in place


The wide exposure to the raindrops forces, give arise to soil erosion. Here ,the top
layer of soil is easily being washed away by heavy rainfall. The eroded soil, is
then, deposited in rivers or streams.


FLASH FLOODS

During heavy rains, rainwater flows harshly into rivers because there is a non-
existence of retention of water by plant roots as well as proper water catchments
areas.


Due to silting in the rivers, the water flow is blocked. Thus, water flows inland
and causes flash floods in low areas.


In addition, soil erosion contributes in the depletion of minerals in the soil,
causing the land trouble to be used as a place of cultivation.




FARMING

In order to full fill the demands of todays food supplement, large areas of lands
have been used and will be used for farming purposes.


Excessive use of land for farming and stock rearing lead to infertile land and may
expose the soil to erosion by wind or heavy rainfalls.


Inorganic fertilizers usage in farming also results to eutrophication.




URBANISATION

Industrialization give off industrial waste and heated waste water causing water
pollution and thermal pollution.


Toxic gases released by industries contribute to a major concerning problem ; air
pollution.



GREENHOUSE EFFECTS
What are the Greenhouse effects ?
The greenhouse effect is a process by which radioactive energy leaving a planetary
surface is absorbed by some atmospheric gases, called greenhouse gases. They transfer
this energy to other components of the atmosphere, and it is re-radiated in all
directions, including back down towards the surface. This transfers energy to the surface
and lower atmosphere, so the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct
heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism. This mechanism is
fundamentally different from that of an actual greenhouse, which works by isolating
warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection.
Who discovered the Greenhouse Effects ?
The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824,first reliably
experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reported quantitatively by S. Vantec
Arrhenius in 1896.If an ideal thermally conductive blackbody was the same distance
from the Sun as the Earth, it would have an expected blackbody temperature of 5.3 C.
However, since the Earth reflects about 30%(or 28%) of the incoming sunlight, the
planet's actual blackbody temperature is about -18 or -19 C, about 33C below the
actual surface temperature of about14 C or 15 C. The mechanism that produces this
difference between the actual temperature and the blackbody temperature is due to the
atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.
Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere, is
believed to be the result of a strengthening of the greenhouse effect mostly due to
human-produced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases.







THINNING OF OZONE LAYER
The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun. If the ozone
layer is depleted by human action , the effects on the planet could be catastrophic. Ozone is
present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the Earth, and at the very top
it contains ozone.

The suns rays are absorbed by the ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the Earth.
Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The form of oxygen that humans
breathe in consists of two oxygen atoms.When found on the surface of the planet, ozone is
considered a dangerous pollutant and is one substance responsible for producing the greenhouse
effect. The highest regions of the stratosphere contain about 90% of all.

In recent years, the ozone layer has been the subject of much discussion. And rightly so, because
the ozone layer protects both plant and animal life on the planet .The fact that the ozone layer
was being depleted was discovered in themid-1980s.

The maincause of this is the release of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons).Antarctica was an early
victim of ozone destruction. A massive hole in the ozone layer right above Antarctica now
threatens not only that continent, but many others that could be the victims of Antarctica's
melting icecaps. In the future, the ozone problem will have to be solved so that the protective
layer can be conserved.




STEPS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE
ENVIRONMENT
There are many steps can be taken to maintain the balance of nature such
as:


Enforcement of the environmental laws

Environment quality act, 1974

Controls and prevents the pollution of the environment

Controls the type of licensing, content and quality of environment

Tests and examines the samples of substances and gas from industries

Natural forestry act, 1984
Aims at protecting and preserving our forests and wildlife

Pesticides act, 1974
Aims at controlling the use of pesticides

Protection of wildlife act, 1972
Aims at protecting wildlife animals, birds and plants

Fisheries act, 1985
Aims at controlling marine pollution


Use Of Technology


Use modern equipment and chemicals to control oil spills.

Recycle rubbish.

To look for methods to do research.

Change organic rubbish to biogas.

Use less polluting and clean fuels in motor vehicles.

Control and treat the toxic and dangerous waste before disposing.


Educations


To increase the awareness and sensitivity of the individual to the environment.

To provide the basic knowledge of environmental problems and effects of
pollutions.

To teach the public the necessary skills to protect and maintain a healthy society.

To help the individuals to become responsible and sensitive to the environment.







Force the development companies to replant the forest trees after deforestation.

Remaining the mangrove swamps area so that the ecosystem is protected.

Restore the mining and used land for agriculture.

Put effort in rivers cleaning to ensure there is sufficient supply of water in future.

Practice of biological control.

A method of controlling the animal pests by using natural predators instead of
using chemical substances.

Factors to choose the animals predators.




















Energy plays an important role in our life Non-renewable energy will be
exhausted in one day. For example, coal, oil and fossil fuels.

Solar energy can be used as a substitute of fuel

Renewable energy, such as solar energy, wave power and tidal power are
environmental friendly and need to be developed.











The effects of unplanned development and mismanagement of the
ecosystem can lead to damaging consequences such as soil erosion, flash
floods, landslides, eutrophication , pollution global warming, ozone
depletion, climatic changes and loss of biodiversity. There are four types of
pollution which are air , water, thermal, and noise pollution. Greenhouse
gases released by various human activities can trap heat in the atmosphere
and raise the Earths average temperature. Such an overall rise in the
Earths temperature can leads to global warming. The thinning of ozone
layer is mainly due to the accumulation of chloroflurocarbon (CFCs) in the
atmosphere. Sustainable development must take into consideration of
proper management of the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is
maintained.




REFERENCES

BIOLOGY FORM 4 TEXTBOOK.
SUCCESS (OXFORD FAJAR) BIOLOGY <2013 EDITION> REFERENCE BOOK

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/airpollution.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect















ATTACHMENTS OF ARTICLES ,
DIAGRAMS ABOUT ENVIROMENT









Air pollution



Air pollution is a broad term applied to any chemical, physical (particulate matter), or biological
agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.The atmosphere is a complex,
dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet earth.

Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human
health as well as to the earth's ecosystems.Worldwide air pollution is responsible for large
numbers of deaths and cases of respiratory disease.

Enforced air quality standards, like the Clean Air Act in the United States, have reduced the
presence of some pollutants.While major stationary sources are often identified with air
pollution, the greatest source of emissions are actually mobile sources, principally the
automobile.

There are many available air pollution control technologies and urban planning strategies
available to reduce air pollution; however, worldwide costs of addressing the issue are high.
The most immediate method of improving air quality would be the use of bioethanol fuel,
biodiesel, solar energy, and hybrid vehicle technologies.

The World Health Organization estimates that 4.6 million people die each year from causes
directly attributable to air pollution.Many of these mortalities are attributable to indoor air
pollution.Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile
accidents.

Research published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution
annually.Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis,
emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies.


Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htm





THINNING OF OZONE LAYER

Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s a
steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere
(the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar
regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. In addition to these well-known
stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events.
The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most
important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomichalogens. The main source of
these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of manmade halocarbon
refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents (CFCs, HCFCs, freons, halons).
These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface. Both
types of ozone depletion have been observed to increase as emissions of halo-carbons
increased.The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the
most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomichalogens.
The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of
manmade halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents
(CFCs, HCFCs, freons, halons). These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being
emitted at the surface. Both types of ozone depletion have been observed to increase as emissions
of halo-carbons increased.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion











EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic
activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period
of time.
Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the
most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire
globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national
seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as
the Richter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity.
Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and
over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest
earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to
the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0
magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese
earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake













ILLEGAL LOGGING

Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws. The
harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests
extraction without permission or from a protected area the cutting of protected species or the
extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits
Illegalities may also occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export; fraudulent
declaration to customs and the avoidance of taxes and other charges.
Illegal logging is a pervasive problem, causing enormous damage to forests, local communities
and to the economies of producer countries. Despite the economic importance of trade in timber
and forest products, major international timber consumer countries, such as the EU, have no
legal means to halt the import of illegally sourced forest products because the identification of
illegally logged or traded timber is technically difficult. Therefore, a legal basis for normative
acts against timber imports or other products manufactured out of illegal wood is missing.
Scientific methods to pinpoint the geographic origin of timber are currently under development.

Possible actions to restrict imports cannot meet with WTO regulations of non-discrimination.
They must instead be arranged in bilateral agreements. TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring
network strives to monitor the illegal trade of timber and provide expertise in policy and legal
reviews.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging










GREENHOUSE EFFECTS

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed
by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation
is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average
surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases.
Solar radiation at the frequencies of visible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the
planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation.
Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to
the surface and lower atmosphere. The mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation
passing through glass and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat is fundamentally
different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow, isolating the warm air inside the structure so
that heat is not lost by convection.
If an ideal thermally conductive blackbody were the same distance from the Sun as the Earth is, it
would have a temperature of about 5.3 C. However, since the Earth reflects about 30% of the
incoming sunlight, this idealized planet's effective temperature (the temperature of a blackbody that
would emit the same amount of radiation) would be about 18 C. The surface temperature of this
hypothetical planet is 33 C below Earth's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 C. The
mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective
temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.
Earths natural greenhouse effect makes life as we know it possible. However, human activities,
primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the natural greenhouse
effect, causing global warming.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect