UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY

INRTODUCTION TO RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

ENPE 523
Fall 2010
Solution of Assignment #2
Date: January 18, 2010

Due Date: January 25, 2010

Problem 1:
A gas well is producing gas with a specific gravity of 0.8 at a rate of 1.5 MMSCF/day.
The average reservoir pressure and temperature are 2200 psi and 145F respectively.
Assume ideal gas behaviour and calculate:
A) Apparent molecular weight of the gas
B) Density of the gas at reservoir conditions
C) Flow rate in lb/day
D) Calculate density of the gas by assuming a real gas behaviour
SOLUTION:
A) M = 28.97 M = (28.97) (0.8) = 23.176 lbmass / lbmole
B) =

pM
(2200)(23.176)
=
= 7.853 lbmass / ft 3
RT (10.732)(145 + 460)

10 6 SCFD 1lbmole 23.176 lbmass

C) 1.5 MMSCFD
91629 lbmass / day

MMSCFD 379.4 SCF 1lbmole

D)
For natural gas
T pc = 168 + 325 g 12.5 g2 = 168 + 325(0.8) 12.5(0.8) = 420 o R
2

Tr =

T
145 + 460
=
1.44
T pc
420

p pc = 677 + 15.0 g 37.5 g2 = 677 + 15.0(0.8) 37.5(0.8) = 665 psia

2

p
2200
=
3.31
p pc
665
Using compressibility chart we obtain
pr =

Z 0.74
pM
(2200)(23.176)
=
=
= 10.612 lbmass / ft 3
ZRT (0.74 )(10.732)(145 + 460)
Real gas density is 10.612 lbmass/ft3 and ideal gas density is 7.853 lbmass/ft3

Problem 2:
A gas well is producing a natural gas with the following composition:
Component
Mole fraction
CO2
0.07
H2 S
0.04
N2
0.03
C1
0.70
C2
0.09
C3
0.07
Calculate
A) Apparent molecular weight
B) Specific gravity
C) Gas density at 3400 psia and 170F
D) Isothermal compressibility of the gas
E) Gas formation volume factor in ft3/SCF
F) Gas viscosity using the Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin method
SOLUTION:
A)
6

M a = yi M i
i =1

M a = (0.07 )(44.01) + (0.04 )(34.08) + (0.03)(28.01) +

(0.70)(16.04) + (0.09)(30.07 ) + (0.07 )(44.11) = 22.31

lbmass / lbmole

B)

g =

Ma
22.31
=
= 0.77
M air 28.97

Ideal gas
C)

pM
(3400)(22.31)
=
= 11.22 lbmass / ft 3
RT
(10.732)(170 + 460)

cg =

1
1
=
= 2.94 10 4 psi-1
p 3400

D)

E)
B g = 0.02827

ZT
(1)(170 + 460) = 5.24 10 3 ft 3 / SCF
= 0.02827
p
(3400)

F)

g = K exp(X Y ) 10 4

(3400)(22.31) 0.18 g / cc
(1)(170 + 460)
(9.4 + (0.02)(22.31))(170 + 460)1.5
K = (9.4 + 0.02 M )T 1.5 / (209 + 19 M + T ) =
(209 + 19(22.31) + (170 + 460))
= 1.4935 10 3 pM / ZT = 1.4935 10 3

= 123.29

986
+ (0.01)(22.31) = 5.288
(170 + 460)
Y = 2.4 0.2 X = 2.4 (0.2 )(5.29 ) = 1.342
X = 3.5 + 986 / T + 0.01M = 3.5 +

g = K exp(X Y ) 10 4 = (123.29) exp (5.288)(0.18)1.342 10 4 = 0.021 cp

Real gas
C)
T pc = 168 + 325 g 12.5 g2 = 168 + 325(0.77 ) 12.5(0.77 ) = 410.84 o R
2

Tr =

T
170 + 460
=
= 1.53
T pc
410.84

p pc = 677 + 15.0 g 37.5 g2 = 677 + 15.0(0.77 ) 37.5(0.77 ) = 666.32 psia

2

p
3400
=
= 5 .1
p pc 666.32
Using compressibility chart we obtain
pr =

Z 0.83
pM
(3400)(22.31)
=
=
= 13.52 lbmass / ft 3
ZRT (0.83)(10.732)(170 + 460)

D)
1 1 dZ

p Z dp
From compressibility chart we have:
dZ
dp = 0.04
dZ
dZ 0.04
0.04
r
pc
= 0.04
=
=
= 6 10 5 psi 1

p
dp
dp
pc
666.32
pr =

p pc
1 1 dZ
1
1
cg =
=

6 10 5 = 2.22 10 4 psi 1
p Z dp 3400 0.83
cg =

E)
B g = 0.02827

F)

ZT
(0.83)(170 + 460) = 4.35 10 3 ft 3 / SCF
= 0.02827
p
(3400)

g = K exp(X Y ) 10 4

(3400)(22.31) = 0.216 g / cc
(0.83)(170 + 460)
(9.4 + (0.02)(22.31))(170 + 460)1.5
K = (9.4 + 0.02 M )T 1.5 / (209 + 19 M + T ) =
(209 + 19(22.31) + (170 + 460))
= 1.4935 10 3 pM / ZT = 1.4935 10 3

= 123.29

986
+ (0.01)(22.31) = 5.288
(170 + 460)
Y = 2.4 0.2 X = 2.4 (0.2 )(5.288) = 1.342
X = 3.5 + 986 / T + 0.01M = 3.5 +

g = K exp(X Y ) 10 4 = (123.29) exp (5.288)(0.216)1.342 10 4 = 0.024cp

Problem 3:
Use correlations to estimate the gas solubility, formation volume factor, oil viscosity and
isothermal compressibility of oil by considering following reservoir conditions and fluids
properties:
P=2900 psia.
T=180 oF
Pb=2400 psia
Gas gravity = 0.85
API gravity = 38

SOLUTION:
Gas solubility
1.204

Rs = g
,
Yg
18 10
Yg = 0.00091T 0.0125 API

p pb

T = in o F, p in psia.
Absolute error 4.8%
130<pb<7000 psia
100<T<258 oF
20<GOR<1425 SCF/STB
16.5<API<63.8
0.59<<0.95
1.024<Bo<2.05 bbl/STB

p= 2900> bubble point pressure

Rso = Rsb
1.204

R sb = g
,
Yg
18 10
Yg = 0.00091T 0.0125 API

p pb

T = in o F, p in psia.
Yg = 0.00091(T ) 0.0125 API = 0.00091(180 ) (0.0125)(38) = 0.3112

2400

Rsb = (0.85)
0.3112
18 10

1.204

= 728.668 SCF/STB

p pb

Isothermal oil compressibility

Villena-Lanzi (p<pb)
ln (co ) = 0.664 1.43 ln( p ) 0.395 ln( pb ) + 0.390 ln(T ) + 0.455 ln( Rsob ) + 0.262 ln( API ), p < p b
3110-6<co <660010-6 psi-1, 500<p<5300 , psia, 763<pb<5300 psia
78<T<330 oF, 1.5<GOR<1947 SCF/STB, 6<oAPI<52, 0.58<<1.2

Vasquez & Beggs (p>pb)

co = (5Rsob + 17.2T 1180 g + 12.61API 1433) / p 105 ,

p > pb

126<p<9500 , psia, 78<T<330 oF, 9.5<GOR<2199 SCF/STB, 15.3<API<59.5,

0.511<<1.351, 1.006<Bo<2.226 bbl/STB
(5Rsob + 17.2T 1180 g + 12.61API 1433)
co =
p 10 5
(5(728.668) + 17.2(180) 1180(0.85) + 12.61(38) 1433) = 1.65 10 5 psi 1
=
2900 10 5

Oil formation volume factor

Standing correlation (Beggs)

Bo = 0.972 + 0.000147 F 1.175

0.5

F = Rs g + 1.25T
o
T = in o F, p in psia.
for p > pb
Bo = Bob exp[co ( pb p )]

p pb

API =

141.5

131.5 o =

141.5
141.5
=
= 0.835
API + 131.5 38 + 131.5

0.5

g
0.85
F = Rs + 1.25T = 728.668
+ 1.25(180 ) = 960.18
0.835
o
1.175
Bob = 0.972 + 0.000147 F 1.175 = 0.972 + 0.000147(960.18)
= 1.441 bbl / STB
for p > pb
0.5

Bo = Bob exp[co ( pb p )] = 1.441 exp 1.65 10 5 (2400 2900 ) = 1.453 bbl / STB

Oil viscosity

log[log( od + 1)] = 1.8653 0.025086(38) 0.5644 log(180 ) = 0.36

At bubble point pressure
log( obd + 1) = 10 0.36 = 0.436 obd + 1 = 10 0.436 obd = 10 0.436 1 = 1.73 cp
B
ob = Aobd

A = 10.715(728.668 + 100 )
B = 5.44(728.668 + 150 )

0.515

0.338

B
ob = A obd
= 0.336(1.73)

0.55

m = 2.6(2900 )

1.187

= 0.336

= 0.55

= 0.454 cp

o = ob ( p / pb ) = 0.454(2900 / 2400)
m

exp 11.513 8.98 10 5 (2900 ) = 0.258

0.258

= 0.477 cp

Practice Problem 1:
Use correlations to estimate the gas solubility, formation volume factor, viscosity and
isothermal compressibility of reservoir brine at pressures of 3000 psia.
T=150 oF
Salinity = 15% by weight
Gas gravity = 0.75
Brine density = 69.3 lb/ft3

Solution Gas water Ratio:

0.285854
Rsw
)
= 10 (0.0840655 ST
Rswp
0.285854
Rsw
)
= 10 (0.0840655 (15 )(150 )
Rswp
= 0 .5

A = 8.15839 6.12265 10 2 (150 ) + 1.91663 10 4 (150 ) 2.1654 10 7 (150 )

2

= 2.556
B = 1.01021 10 2 7.44241 10 5 (150 ) + 3.05553 10 7 (150 ) 2.94883 10 10 (150 )
2

= 0.00482

C = 10 7 9.02505 0.130237(150 ) + 8.53425 10 4 (150 ) 2.34122 10 6 (150 ) + 2.37049 10 9 (150 )

2

= -2 10 6
Rswp = 2.556 + 0.00482(3000 ) 2 10 6 (3000 ) = 15.22
2

Rsw = 0.5(15.22 ) = 7.61SCF / STB

Water formation volume factor:

Vwt = 1.00010 10 2 + 1.33391 10 4 T + 5.50654 10 7 T 2

Vwp = 1.95301 10 9 pT 1.72834 10 13 p 2T 3.58922 10 7 p 2.25341 10 10 p
Vwt = 1.00010 10 2 + 1.33391 10 4 (150 ) + 5.50654 10 7 (150 )

= 0.022397
Vwp = 1.95301 10 9 (3000 )(150 ) 1.72834 10 13 (3000 ) (150 ) 3.58922 10 7 (3000 )
2

2.25341 10 10 (3000 )

= -0.00422
B w = (1 + 0.022397 )(1 0.00422 ) = 1.0181 bbl/STB

Water isothermal compressibility (p<=pb)

where

Salt water density is 69.3 lbmass/ft3

=69.3 (1000)/62.428 = 1110 kg/m3
15% saline water
kg salt 1110kg solution
0.15

kg solution 1m3 solution

kg
= 166.5 3 salt
m solution
= 166.5 g / liter

1 Bw
1

=
Bw p T [7.033 p + 541.5C NaCl 537.0T + 403300]

= 2.3 10 -6 psi 1

A = 2.556
B = 0.00482
C = -2.665 10 7

Rswp

= 0.00482 + 2 2.665 10 7 (3000 ) = 0.003221

p T

Gas gravity = 0.75

T pc = 168 + 325 g 12.5 g2
= 168 + 325(0.75) 12.5(0.75)

= 404.71o R

Tr =

T
Tpc

150 + 460
404.71
= 1.51
=

p pc = 677 + 15.0 g 37.5 g2

= 677 + 15.0(0.75) 37.5(0.75)

= 667.16 psia
p
pr =
p pc

3000
667
= 4 .5
Using compressibility chart we obtain
=

Z 0.79
Gas formation volume factor

ZT
p
(0.79)(150 + 460)
= 0.02827
(3000)
Bg = 0.02827

1bbl

= 4.54 10 3 ft 3 / SCF
3
5.615 ft
= 0.000809 ft 3 / SCF

0.000809
(0.003221)
1.0181
= 4.86 10 6 psi 1

= 2.3 10 6 +

Water viscosity
McCain correlation
w1 = AT B

A = 109.574 8.40564(15) + 0.313314(15) + 8.72213 10 3 (15)

2

= 83.42
B = 1.12166 + 2.63951 10 2 (15) 6.79461 10 4 (15) 2 5.47119 10 5 (15)3 + 1.55586 10 6 (15) 4
= 0.984
w1 = 83.42T 0.984
= 0.603cp

w = 0.944 + 4.0295 105 (3000) + 3.1062 109 (3000)2 (0.603)

= 0.658cp

10

Practice Problem 2:
A dry gas reservoir is initially at an average pressure of 6000 psia and temperature of 160
o
F. The gas has a specific gravity of 0.65. What will the average reservoir pressure be
when one-half of the original gas in SCF has been produced? Assume the volume
occupied by the gas in the reservoir remains constant. If the reservoir originally contained
1MMft3 of reservoir gas, how much gas has been produced at a final pressure of 500
psia?
SOLUTION
pi = 6000 psia
Ti = 160 o F = 620 R
= 0.65
Part 1
Calculate critical pressure and temperature using gas gravity
Gas gravity = 0.65
Tpc = 168 + 325 g 12.5 g2
= 168 + 325(0.65) 12.5(0.65)

= 373.97 o R

Tr =

T
Tpc

160 + 460
373.97
= 1.66
=

p pc = 677 + 15.0 g 37.5 g2

= 677 + 15.0(0.65) 37.5(0.65)

= 670.91 psia
p
pr =
p pc

6000
670.91
= 8.94
Using compressibility chart we obtain
Z 1.06
=

V1 = V2
n
n2 = 1 ,
2

11

Z1n1RT1
V1
Z n RT
p2 = 2 2 2
V2
p 2 Z 2 n2 1 Z 2
=
=
p1
Z 1n1 2 Z 1
p1 =

p2 =

1 Z2
p1
2 Z1

1 Z2

(6000 )
2 1.06
p2 can be obtained by trial and error as given in the following.
First trial: Z2=1
1 1
p2 =
(6000 ) = 2830 psia
2 1.06
Calculate Z2
2830
pr =
p pc
p2 =

2830
670.91
= 4.22
Using Tr= 1.66 and Pr =4.22 gives Z2=0.84 1
Assume Z2=0.84
1 0.84
p2 =
(6000 ) = 2377 psia
2 1.06
Calculate Z2
2377
pr =
p pc
=

2377
670.91
= 3.54
Using Tr= 1.66 and Pr =3.54 gives Z2 0.84 (converged solution)
1 0.84
p2 =
(6000 ) = 2377 psia
2 1.06
=

12

Part 2
Initial moles of gas in the reservoir
pV
ni = i i
Z i RT
=

(6000)(106 )
(1.06)(10.732)(160 + 460)

= 850693
in SCF = 850693(379.4)= 323 MMSCF
Using

pr =

p
p pc

500
670.91
= 0.75
Using Tr= 1.66 and Pr =0.75 gives Z3 0.94 , the remaining moles in the reservoir are
pV
n3 = 3 3
Z 3 RT
=

(
500 )(106 )
=
(0.94)(10.732)(160 + 460)
= 79941
Remaining in SCF = 79941(379.4)=30MMSCF
Produced gas =ni-n3=323-30=293 MMSCF

Another solution method for Part 1

1 Z
p2 = 2 (6000 )
2 1.06
p2 pc pr 1 1
=
=
(6000 ) = 2830
Z2
Z2
2 1.06
pr 2830
=
Z2
pc
2830
= 4.22
670.91
Using Chart gives Z2= 0.84
1 Z
p2 = 2 (6000 )
2 1.06
1 0.84
=
(6000 )
2 1.06
= 2377 psia
=

13

14