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StructuralDesign 61
Chapter 8
Betailing of Reinfoicment in Conciete Stiuctuies
8.1 Scope
Provisions of Sec. 8.1 and 8.2 of Chapter 8 shall apply for detailing of reinforcement in reinforced concrete
members, in general. For reinforced concrete structures, subject to earthquake loadings in seismic design
categoriesB,CandD,specialprovisionscontainedinSec.8.3ofthischaptershallapply.FornotationsusedinSec.
8.1and8.2andnotexplainedtherein,see6.1.1.1.
8.1.1 StandardHooks
Theterm"standardhook"asusedinthisCodeshallmeanoneofthefollowing:
(a) 180
o
bendplusanextensionofatleast4bardiameters,butnotlessthan65mmatthefreeendof
thebar.
(b) 90
o
bendplusanextensionofatleast12bardiametersatthefreeendofthebar.
(c) Forstirrupandtieanchorage
i. For16mm barandsmaller,a90
o
bendplusanextensionofatleast6bardiametersatthefree
endofthebar,
ii. For19mmto25mmbars,a90
o
bendplusanextensionofatleast12bardiametersatthefree
endofthebar,
iii. For 25 mm bar and smaller, a 135
o
bend plus an extension of at least 6 bar diameters at the
freeendofthebar,
iv. For closed ties and continuously wound ties, a 135
o
bend plus an extension of at least 6 bar
diameters,butnotlessthan75mm.
(d) Seismichooksasdefinedin2.2.
8.1.2 MinimumBendDiameters
8.1.2.1 The minimum diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, for standard hooks other than for
stirrups and ties in sizes 10 mm through 16 mm , shall not be less than the values shown in Table
8.1.1.
Table8.1.1MinimumDiametersofBend
BarSize MinimumDiameterofBend
10mmd
b
25mm
25mm<d
b
40mm
40mm<d
b
57mm
6d
b

8d
b

10d
b

8.1.2.2 Forstirrupsandtiehooks,insidediameterofbendshallnotbelessthan4bardiametersfor16mm
barandsmaller.Forbarslargerthan16mm,diameterofbendshallbeinaccordancewithTable8.1.1.
8.1.2.3 Insidediameterofbendinweldedwirereinforcementforstirrupsandtiesshallnotbelessthan4bar
diameters for deformed wire larger than MD40 and 2 bar diameters for all other wires. Bends with
insidediameteroflessthan8bardiametersshallnotbelessthan4bardiametersfromnearestwelded
intersection.
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8.1.S Bending
8.1.3.1 Unlessotherwisepermittedbytheengineer,allreinforcementshallbebentcold.
8.1.3.2 Reinforcement partially embedded in concrete shall not be bent in place, except as permitted by the
engineerorasshowninthedesigndrawings.
8.1.4 SurfaceConditionsofReinforcement
8.1.4.1 Whenconcreteisplaced,metalreinforcementshallbefreefrommud,oil,orothernonmetalliccoatings
that decrease bond. Epoxycoating of steel reinforcement in accordance with standards referenced in
thiscodeshallbepermitted.
8.1.4.2 Metal reinforcement with rust, mill scale, or a combination of both, shall be considered satisfactory,
provided the minimum dimensions (including height of deformations) and weight of a handwire
brushedtestspecimenarenotlessthanapplicableASTMspecificationrequirements.
8.1.S PlacingofReinforcement
8.1.5.1 Reinforcementshallbeaccuratelyplacedandadequatelysupportedbeforeconcreteisplaced,andshall
besecuredagainstdisplacementwithintolerancespermittedin8.1.5.2below.
8.1.5.2 Reinforcement shall be placed within the following tolerances unless otherwise specified by the
engineer:
(a) Tolerances for depth d, and minimum concrete cover in flexural members, walls and compression
membersshallbeassetforthinTable8.1.2.
Table8.1.2TolerancesforPlacingReinforcement
Toleranceford ToleranceforMinimum
ConcreteCover
d200mm
d>200mm
10mm
13mm
10mm
13mm

(b) Notwithstandingtheprovisionof(a)above,toleranceforthecleardistancetoformedsoffitsshallbe
minus 6 mm and tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover
specifiedinthedesigndrawingsorspecifications.
(c) Tolerance forlongitudinal location of bends and endsof reinforcementshall be 50 mm,exceptat
discontinuousendsofbracketsandcorbels,wheretoleranceshallbe13mmandatdiscontinuous
ends of other members, where tolerance shall be 25 mm. The tolerance for concrete cover of
8.1.5.2ashallalsoapplyatdiscontinuousendsofmembers.
8.1.5.3 Welded wire reinforcement (with wire size not greater than MW30 or MD30) used in slabs not
exceeding 3 m in span shall be permitted to be curved from a point near the top of slab over the
support to a point near the bottom of slab at midspan, provided such reinforcement is either
continuousover,orsecurelyanchoredatsupport.
8.1.5.4 Weldingofcrossingbarsshallnotbepermittedforassemblyofreinforcementunlessauthorizedbythe
engineer.
8.1.6 SpacingofReinforcement
8.1.6.1 Theminimumclearspacingbetweenparallelbarsinalayershallbeequaltoonebardiameter,butnot
lessthan25mm,or4/3themaximumnominalsizeofcoarseaggregate,whicheverislarger.
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8.1.6.2 Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed
directlyabovethoseinthebottomlayerwithcleardistancebetweenlayersnotlessthan25mm.
8.1.6.3 For compression members, the clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5 bar
diametersnor40mmnor4/3themaximumnominalsizeofcoarseaggregate.
8.1.6.4 Clear distance limitation between bars shall apply also to the clear distance between a contact lap
spliceandadjacentsplicesorbars.
8.1.6.5 Inwallsandonewayslabsthemaximumbarspacingshallnotbemorethanthreetimesthewallorslab
thicknesshnor450mm.
8.1.6.6 For twoway slabs, maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed two times the slab thickness h nor 450
mm.
8.1.6.7 Fortemperaturesteelonly,maximumspacingshallnotexceedfive timestheslabthicknesshnor450
mm.
8.1.6.8 BundledBars
(a) Groupsofparallelreinforcingbarsbundledincontacttoactasaunitshallbelimitedtofourinany
onebundle.
(b) Bundledbarsshallbeenclosedwithinstirrupsorties.
(c) Barslargerthan32mmshallnotbebundledinbeams.
(d) Individualbarswithinabundleterminatedwithinthespanofflexuralmembersshallterminateat
differentpointswithatleast40d
b
stagger.
(e) Wherespacinglimitationsandminimumconcretecoverarebasedonbardiameterd
b
,aunitof
bundledbarsshallbetreatedasasinglebarofadiameterderivedfromtheequivalenttotalarea.
8.1.7 ExposureConditionandCovertoReinforcement
8.1.7.1 The nominal concrete cover to all reinforcement (including links), maximum free watercement ratio
and minimum cement content required for various minimum concrete strengths used in different
exposureconditionsshallbeasspecifiedinTable8.1.3.However,formildenvironment,theminimum
concretecoverspecifiedin8.1.7.2and8.1.7.3forvariousstructuralelementsmaybeused.
8.1.7.2 CastinplaceConcrete:
(a)Minimumconcretecoverforconcretecastagainstandpermanentlyexposedtoearthshallbe75mm.
(b)Concreteexposedtoearthorweather:
Minimumcover,mm
19mmthrough57mm 50
16mmbarandsmaller 40
(c)Thefollowingminimumconcretecovermaybeprovidedforreinforcementforconcretesurfacesnotexposed
toweatherorincontactwithground:
Minimumcover,mm
Slabs,Walls:
40mm to57mm 40
36mm barandsmaller 20
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64 Vol.2
Minimumcover,mm
Beams,Columns:
Primaryreinforcement, Ties,
stirrups,spirals
40
Shells,foldedplatemembers:
19mmbarandlarger 20
16mm barandsmaller 16
Table8.1.3*ConcreteCoverandotherRequirementsforVariousExposureConditions
8.1.7.3 PrecastConcrete(manufacturedunderplantcontrolconditions):
(a)Concreteexposedtoearthorweather:
Minimumcover,mm
WallPanels:
40mmto57mm 40
36mmbarandsmaller 20
OtherMembers:
40mmto57mm 50
19mm through36mm 40
16mmbarandsmaller 30
Environment ExposureConditions Minimumf
c
N/mm
2

N
o
m
i
n
a
l

c
o
v
e
r

(
m
m
)

20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mild Concretesurfacesprotectedagainst
weatheroraggressiveconditions
30 25 20 20 20** 20** 20**
Moderate Concretesurfaceawayfromsevererain
Concretesubjecttocondensation
Concretesurfacescontinuouslyunder
water
Concreteincontactwithnonaggressive
soil
40 35 30 25 20 20 20
Severe Concretesurfacesexposedtosevere
rain,alternatewettinganddryingor
severecondensation
45 40 30 25 25 20
Verysevere Concretesurfacesexposedtoseawater
spray,corrosivefumes
50 40 30 30 25
Extreme Concretesurfacesexposedtoabrasive
action,e.g.seawatercarryingsolidsor
flowingwaterwithpH<4.5ormachinery
orvehicles
60 50 40 30
Maximumwater/cementratio 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.42
Minimumcementcontent,(kg/m
3
) 315 325 350 375 400 410 420
*Thistablerelatestoaggregateof20mmnominalmaximumsize.
**Maybereducedto15mmprovidedthenominalmaximumaggregatesizedoesnotexceed15mm.
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(b)Concretenotexposedtoweatherorincontactwithground:
Minimumcover,mm
Slabs,Walls:
4ommto57mm 30
36mmbarandsmaller 16
Beams,columns:
Primaryreinforcement 20J
b
40
Ties,stirrups,spiral 15
Shells,foldedplatemembers:
19mmbarandlarger 16
16mmbarandsmaller 10
8.1.7.4 For concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth, minimum cover shall be 75 mm. If,
concretecoverspecifiedin8.1.7.1(Table8.1.3)conflictswiththosespecifiedin8.1.7.2or8.1.7.3,the
largervalueshallbetaken.
8.1.7.5 Bundled Bars : Minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but
neednotbegreaterthan50mm.
8.1.7.6 Future Extension : Exposed reinforcement, inserts, and plates intended for bonding with future
extensionsshallbeprotectedfromcorrosion.
8.1.7.7 FireProtection:Ifathicknessofcoverforfireprotectiongreaterthantheconcretecoversspecifiedin
8.1.7.1through8.1.7.6isrequired,suchgreaterthicknessesshallbespecified.
8.1.7.8 Corrosive Environments: If a thickness of cover for corrosive environment or other severe exposure
conditionsgreaterthantheconcretecoversspecifiedin8.1.7.1through8.1.7.6isrequired,suchgreater
thicknesses shall be specified. For corrosion protection, a specified concrete cover for reinforcement
notlessthan50mmforwallsandslabsandnotlessthan65mmforothermembersmaybeused.For
precastconcretemembersaspecifiedconcretecovernotlessthan40mmforwallsandslabsandnot
lessthan50mmforothermembersmaybeused.
8.1.8 ReinforcementDetailsforColumns
8.1.8.1 OffsetBars:Offsetbentlongitudinalbarsshallconformtothefollowing:
(a) Themaximumslopeofinclinedportionofanoffsetbarwithaxisofcolumnshallnotexceed1in6.
(b) Portionsofbaraboveandbelowanoffsetshallbeparalleltotheaxisofcolumn.
(c) Horizontalsupportatoffsetbendsshallbeprovidedbylateralties,spirals,orpartsofthefloor
construction.Horizontalsupportprovidedshallbedesignedtoresist1.5timesthehorizontal
componentofthecomputedforceintheinclinedportionoftheoffsetbars.Lateraltiesorspirals,if
used,shallbeplacednotmorethan150mmawayfrompointsofbend.
(d) Offsetbarsshallbebentbeforeplacementintheforms(see8.1.3).
(e) Wherethefaceofthecolumnaboveisoffset75mmormorefromthefaceofthecolumnbelow,
longitudinalbarsshallnotbepermittedtobeoffsetbent.Thelongitudinalbarsadjacenttotheoffset
columnfacesshallbelapsplicedusingseparatedowels.Lapsplicesshallconformto8.2.14.
8.1.8.2 Steel Cores: Load transfer in structural steel cores of composite compression members shall be
providedbythefollowing:
(a) Endsofstructuralsteelcoresshallbeaccuratelyfinishedtobearatendbearingsplices,withpositive
provisionforalignmentofonecoreabovetheotherinconcentriccontact.
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(b) Atendbearingsplices,bearingshallbeconsideredeffectivetotransfernotmorethan50percentof
thetotalcompressivestressinthesteelcore.
(c) Transferofstressbetweencolumnbaseandfootingshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.8.8.
(d) Baseofstructuralsteelsectionshallbedesignedtotransferthetotalloadfromtheentirecomposite
membertothefooting;or,thebaseshallbedesignedtotransfertheloadfromthesteelcoreonly,
providedampleconcretesectionisavailablefortransferoftheportionofthetotalloadcarriedby
thereinforcedconcretesectiontothefootingbycompressionintheconcreteandbyreinforcement.
8.1.9 LateralReinforcementforColumns
8.1.9.1 Lateralreinforcementforcompressionmembersshallconformto theprovisionsof8.1.9.3and8.1.9.4
belowandwhereshearortorsionreinforcementisrequired,shallalsoconformtoprovisionsofSec6.4.
8.1.9.2 Lateralreinforcementrequirementsforcompositecolumnsshallconformto6.3.13.7and6.3.13.8.
8.1.9.3 Spirals:Spiralreinforcementforcolumnsshallconformto6.3.9.3andtothefollowing:
(a) Spiralsshallconsistofevenlyspacedcontinuousbarorwireofsuchsizeandsoassembledasto
permithandlingandplacingwithoutdistortionfromdesigneddimensions.
(b) Sizeofspiralsshallnotbelessthan10mmdiameterforcastinplaceconstruction.
(c) Theminimumandmaximumclearspacingbetweenspiralsshallbe25mmand75mmrespectively.
(d) Anchorageofspiralreinforcementshallbeprovidedby1.5extraturnsofspiralbarorwireateach
endofaspiralunit.
(e) Splicesinspiralreinforcementshallbelapsplicesof48spiraldiameterfordeformeduncoatedbaror
wireand72spiraldiameterforothercases,butnotlessthan300mm.
(f) Spiralsshallextendfromthetopoffootingorslabinanystoreytothelevelofthelowesthorizontal
reinforcementinmemberssupportedabove.
(g) Spiralsshallextendaboveterminationofspiraltobottomofslabordroppanel,wherebeamsor
bracketsdonotframeintoallsidesofacolumn.
(h) Spiralsshallextendtoalevelatwhichthediameterorwidthofcapitalis2timesthatofthecolumn,
incaseofcolumnswithcapitals.
(i) Spiralsshallbeheldfirmlyinplaceandtruetoline.
8.1.9.4 Ties:Tiereinforcementforcompressionmembersshallconformtothefollowing:
(a) Allbarsshallbeenclosedbylateralties,atleast10mminsizeforlongitudinalbars32mmor
smaller,andatleast12mminsizefor36mmto57mmandbundledlongitudinalbars.
(b) Verticalspacingoftiesshallnotexceed16longitudinalbardiametersor48tiediameters,ortheleast
dimensionofthecompressionmembers.
(c) Tiesshallbearrangedsuchthateverycornerandalternatelongitudinalbarshallhavelateralsupport
providedbythecornerofatiewithanincludedanglenotmorethan135deg.Noverticalbarshallbe
fartherthan150mmclearoneachsidealongthetiefromsuchalaterallysupportedbar.Where
longitudinalbarsarelocatedaroundtheperimeterofacircle,acompletecirculartieisallowed.
(d) Thelowesttieinanystoreyshallbeplacedwithinonehalftherequiredtiespacingfromthetop
mosthorizontalreinforcementintheslaborfootingbelow.Theuppermosttieinanystoreyshallbe
withinonehalftherequiredtiespacingfromthelowesthorizontalreinforcementintheslabordrop
panelabove.
(e) Wherebeamsorbracketsprovideconcreteconfinementatthetopofthecolumnonall(four)sides,
thetoptieshallbewithin75mmofthelowesthorizontalreinforcementintheshallowestofsuch
beamsorbrackets.
(f) Whereanchorboltsareplacedinthetopofcolumnsorpedestals,theboltsshallbeenclosedby
lateralreinforcementthatalsosurroundsatleastfourverticalbarsofthecolumnorpedestal.The
lateralreinforcementshallbedistributedwithin125mmofthetopofthecolumnorpedestal,and
shallconsistofatleasttwo12mm barsorthree10mmbars.
(g) Wherelongitudinalbarsarearrangedinacircularpattern,individualcirculartiesperspecified
spacingmaybeused.
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UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
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8.1.1u LateralReinforcementforBeams
8.1.10.1 Compressionreinforcementinbeamsshallbeenclosedbytiesorstirrupssatisfyingthesizeandspacing
limitations in 8.1.9.4 above. Such ties or stirrups shall be provided throughout the distance where
compressionreinforcementisrequired.
8.1.10.2 Lateralreinforcementforflexuralframingmemberssubjecttostressreversalsortotorsionatsupports
shallconsistofclosedties,closedstirrups,orspiralsextendingaroundtheflexuralreinforcement.
8.1.10.3 Closed ties or stirrups shall be formed in one piece by overlapping standard stirrup or tie end hooks
aroundalongitudinalbar,orformedinoneortwopieceslapsplicedwithaClassBsplice(lapof

1. 3l
d
)
oranchoredinaccordancewith8.2.10.
8.1.11 ShrinkageandTemperatureReinforcement
8.1.11.1 Where the flexural reinforcement extends in one direction only, reinforcement for shrinkage and
temperature stresses shall be provided perpendicular to flexural reinforcement in structural slabs.
Shrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith8.1.11.2below.
8.1.11.2 Deformedreinforcementconformingto5.3.2shallbeprovidedinaccordancewiththefollowing:
a) Areaofshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementshallprovideatleastthefollowingratiosof
reinforcementareatogrossconcretearea:
0.0020 forslabswherereinforcementwith

=275N/mm
2
or350N/mm
2
areused,
0.0018 forslabswherereinforcementwith

=420N/mm
2
areused,
u.uu18 _
42u

_ orslabswherereinforcementwith

exceeding420N/mm
2
areused.
Inanycase,thereinforcementratioshallnotbelessthan0.0014.
b) Areaofshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementforbrickaggregateconcreteshallbeatleast1.5times
thatprovidedin(a)above.
c) Shrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementshallbespacednotfartherapartthan5timestheslab
thickness,nor450mm.
d) Atallsectionswhererequired,reinforcementforshrinkageandtemperaturestressesshalldevelopthe
specifiedyieldstrength

intensioninaccordancewithSec8.2.
8.1.12 RequirementsforStructuralIntegrity
8.1.12.1 In the detailing of reinforcement and connections, members of a structure shall be effectively tied
togethertoimproveintegrityoftheoverallstructure.
8.1.12.2 Theminimumrequirementsforcastinplaceconstructionshallbe:
(a) Inonewayslabconstruction,atleastonebottombarshallbecontinuousorshallbesplicedoverthe
supportwithaClassAtensionsplice.Atnoncontinuoussupports,thebarsmaybeterminatedwitha
standardhook.
(b) Beams at the perimeter of the structure shall have at least onesixth of the tension reinforcement
required for negative moment at the support, but not less than two bars and onequarter of the
positive moment reinforcement required at midspan, but not less than two bars made continuous
over the span length passing through the region bounded by the longitudinal reinforcement of the
column around the perimeter and tied with closed stirrups. Closed stirrups need not be extended
throughanyjoints.Therequiredcontinuitymaybeprovidedwithtopreinforcementsplicedatmid
spanandbottomreinforcementsplicedatornearthesupportwithClassBtensionsplices.
(c) When closed stirrups are not provided, in other than perimeter beams, at least onequarter of the
positivemomentreinforcementrequiredatmidspan,butnotlessthantwobarsshallpassthrough
theregionboundedbythelongitudinalreinforcementofthecolumnandshallbecontinuousorshall
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StructuralDesign
68 Vol.2
besplicedoverthesupportwithaClassBtensionsplice.Atnoncontinuoussupportsthebarsshall
beanchoredtodevelop

atthefaceofthesupportusingastandardhook.
8.1.12.3 To effectivelytie elements together, tension ties shall be provided in the transverse, longitudinal, and
verticaldirectionsandaroundtheperimeterofthestructureforprecastconcreteconstruction.
8.1.1S Connections
8.1.13.1 Enclosure shall be provided for splices of continuing reinforcement and for anchorage of terminating
reinforcementatconnectionsofprincipalframingelements(suchasbeamsandcolumns),
8.1.13.2 Externalconcreteorinternalclosedties,spirals,orstirrupsshallbeusedasenclosuresatconnections.
8.2 DEVELOPMENTANDSPLICESOFREINFORCEMENT
8.2.1 DevelopmentofReinforcementGeneral
Calculatedtensionorcompressionstressinreinforcementateach sectionofreinforcedconcretemembersshall
be developed on each side of that section by embedment length, hook or mechanical device, or a combination
thereof.Hooksmaybeusedindevelopingbarsintensiononly.
8.2.2 ScopeandLimitation
Thevaluesof
c
i
usedinSec8.2shallnotexceed8.3MPa.Inadditiontorequirementsstatedherethataffect
detailingofreinforcement,structuralintegrityrequirementsof8.1.12shallbesatisfied.
8.2.S DevelopmentofDeformedBarsandDeformedWiresinTension
8.2.3.1 Development length for deformed bars and deformed wire in tension, l
d
shall be determined from
either 8.2.3.2 or 8.2.3.3 and applicable modification factors of 8.2.3.4 and 8.2.3.5, but l
d
shall not be
lessthan300mm.
8.2.3.2 Fordeformedbarsordeformedwire,l
d
shallbeasfollows:
Spacingandcover 19mmandsmallerbars
anddeformedwires
20mmandlargerbars
Clear spacing of bars or wires being
developed or spliced not less than
J
b
, clear cover not less than J
b
, and
stirrupsortiesthroughoutl
d
notless
thantheCodeminimum
or
Clear spacing of bars or wires being
developed or spliced not less than
2J
b
andclearcovernotlessthanJ
b

_

y

e
2. 12
c
i
_d
h
_

y

e
1. 72
c
i
_d
h

Othercases
_

y

e
1. 42
c
i
_d
h
_

y

e
1. 12
c
i
_d
h

8.2.3.3 Fordeformedbarsordeformedwire,l
d
shallbe
|
d
= _

y
1.12
c
|

t

x
_
c
h
+K
tr
d
h
]
_d
h
8.2.1
inwhichtheconfinementterm(c
b
+K
t
) J
b
shallnotbetakengreaterthan2.5,and
K
tr
=
4A
tr
xn
8.2.2
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where n is the number of bars or wires being spliced or developed along the plane of splitting. It shall be
permittedtouseK
t
= uasadesignsimplificationeveniftransversereinforcementispresent.
8.2.3.4 Thefactorsusedintheexpressionsfordevelopmentofdeformedbarsanddeformedwiresintensionin
8.2.3areasfollows:
(a) Wherehorizontalreinforcementisplacedsuchthatmorethan300mmoffreshconcreteiscast
belowthedevelopmentlengthorsplice,
t
= 1.S.Forothersituations,
t
= 1.u.
(b) ForepoxycoatedbarsorwireswithcoverlessthanSJ
b
,orclearspacinglessthan6J
b
,
c
= 1.S.For
allotherepoxycoatedbarsorwires,
c
= 1.2.Foruncoatedandzinccoated(galvanized)
reinforcement,
c
= 1.u.However,theproduct
t

c
neednotbegreaterthan1.7.
(c) For19mm andsmallerbarsanddeformedwires,
s
=0.8.For20mm andlargerbars,
s
= 1.u.
(d) Wherelightweightconcreteisused,zshallnotexceed0.75unless
ct
isspecified(see6.1.8.1).
Wherenormalweightconcreteisused,z = 1.u.
8.2.3.5 Excess Reinforcement : Development length may be reduced by the factor _
A
s,rcquircd
A
s,Prcidcd
_ where
reinforcementinaflexuralmemberisinexcessofthatrequiredbyanalysisexceptwhereanchorageor
development for

is specifically required or the reinforcement is designed under the provisions of

8.3.3.1(c).
8.2.4 DevelopmentofDeformedBarsandDeformedWiresinCompression
8.2.4.1 Development length for deformed bars and deformed wire in compression, l
dc
, shall be determined
from8.2.4.2andapplicablemodificationfactorsof8.2.4.3,butl
dc
shallnotbelessthan200mm.
8.2.4.2 For deformed bars and deformed wire, l
dc
shall be taken as the larger of (u.24

z
c
i
)J
b
and
(. 43
y
)d
h
,withzasgivenin8.2.3.4(d)andtheconstant0.043carriestheunitofmm
2
/N.
8.2.4.3 Lengthl
dc
in8.2.4.2shallbepermittedtobemultipliedbytheapplicablefactorsfor:
(a) Reinforcementinexcessofthatrequiredbyanalysis .._
A
s,rcquircd
A
s,Prcidcd
_
(b) Reinforcementenclosedwithinspiralreinforcementnotlessthan6mmdiameterandnotmorethan100
mm pitch or within 12 mm ties in conformance with 8.1.9.4 and spaced at not more than 100 mm on
center ...0.75
8.2.S DevelopmentofBundledBars
8.2.5.1 Developmentlengthofindividualbarswithinabundle,intensionorcompression,shallbethatforthe
individualbar,increased20percentfor3barbundlesand33percentfor4barbundles.
8.2.5.2 For determining the appropriate spacing and cover values in 8.2.3.2, the confinement term in 8.2.3.3,
and the
c
factor in 8.2.3.4(b), a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter
derived from the equivalent total area and having a centroid that coincides with that of the bundled
bars.
8.2.6 DevelopmentofStandardHooksinTension
8.2.6.1 Developmentlengthl
dh
fordeformedbarsintensionterminatinginastandardhookshallbecomputed
as the product of the basic development length for deformed bars, l
dh
of 8.2.6.2 below and the
applicablemodificationfactororfactorsof8.2.6.3,butl
dh
shallbenotlessthan8J
b
norlessthan150
mm.
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610 Vol.2
8.2.6.2 For deformed bars, l
dh
shall be (u.24
c

z
c
i
)J
b
with
c
taken as 1.2 for epoxycoated
reinforcement,andztakenas0.75forlightweightconcrete.Forothercases,
c
andzshallbetakenas
1.0.
8.2.6.3 Lengthl
dh
in8.2.6.2shallbepermittedtobemultipliedbythefollowingapplicablefactors:
(a) For36mm barandsmallerhookswithsidecover(normaltoplaneofhook)not
less than 65 mm, and for 90degree hook with cover on bar extension beyond
hooknotlessthan50mm
0.7
(b) For 90degree hooks of 36 mm bar and smaller bars that are either enclosed
within ties or stirrups perpendicular to the bar being developed, spaced not
greater than SJ
b
along l
dh
; or enclosed within ties or stirrups parallel to the bar
being developed, spaced not greater than SJ
b
along the length of the tail
extensionofthehookplusbend
0.8
(c) For 180degree hooks of 36 mm bar and smaller bars that are enclosed within
tiesorstirrupsperpendiculartothebarbeingdeveloped,spacednotgreaterthan
SJ
b
alongl
dh

0.8
(d) Whereanchorageordevelopmentfor

isnotspecificallyrequired,reinforcement
inexcessofthatrequiredbyanalysis
_
A
s,rcquircd
A
s,Prcidcd
_
In 8.2.6.3(b) and 8.2.6.3(c), J
b
is the diameter of the hooked bar, and the first tie or stirrup shall
enclosethebentportionofthehook,within2J
b
oftheoutsideofthebend.
8.2.6.4 For bars being developed by a standard hook at discontinuous ends of members with both side cover
andtop(orbottom)coveroverhooklessthan65mm,thehookedbarshallbeenclosedwithintiesor
stirrupsperpendiculartothebarbeingdeveloped,spacednotgreaterthanSJ
b
alongl
dh
.Thefirsttie
orstirrupshallenclosethebentportionofthehook,within2J
b
oftheoutsideofthebend,whereJ
b
is
thediameterofthehookedbar.Forthiscase,thefactorsof8.2.6.3(b)and(c)shallnotapply.
8.2.6.5 Hooksshallnotbeconsideredeffectiveindevelopingbarsincompression.
8.2.7 DevelopmentofFlexuralReinforcementGeneral
8.2.7.1 Tension reinforcement may be developed by bending across the web to be anchored or made
continuouswithreinforcementontheoppositefaceofmember.
8.2.7.2 Criticalsectionsfordevelopmentofreinforcementinflexuralmembersareatpointsofmaximumstress
and at points within the span where adjacent reinforcement terminates, or is bent. In addition, the
provisionsof8.2.8.3shallalsobesatisfied.
8.2.7.3 Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist flexure for a
distance not less than J nor less than 12J
b
, except at supports of simple spans and at free end of
cantilevers.
8.2.7.4 Continuing reinforcement shall have an embedment length not less than the development length l
d

beyond the point where the bent or terminated tension reinforcement is no longer needed to resist
bending.
8.2.7.5 Noflexuralbarshallbeterminatedinatensionzoneunlessoneofthefollowingconditionsissatisfied:
(a) I
u
atthelocationofterminationisnotovertwothirdsofI
n
.
(b) Stirrupareainexcessofthatnormallyrequiredforshearandtorsionisprovidedoveradistance
alongeachterminatedbarorwireequalto0.75dfromthepointofcutoff.ExcessstirrupareaA
v

shallbenotlessthan
0.41b
w
s
]
jt
.Spacingsshallnotexceed
d
8[
b
,where[
b
istheratioofareaof
reinforcementcutofftototalareaoftensionreinforcementatthesection.
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 611

(c) For36mm barandsmaller,thecontinuingbarsprovidetwicethearearequiredforflexureatthe

cutoffpointandtheshearI
u
doesnotexceedthreequarterofI
n
.
8.2.7.6 Wherethereinforcementstressisnotdirectlyproportionaltomoment,suchasinsloped,stepped,or
taperedfootings,brackets,deepflexuralmembers,ormembersinwhichtensionreinforcementisnot
paralleltothecompressionface,adequateanchorageshallbeprovidedforthetensionreinforcement.
See8.2.8.4and8.2.9.4fordeepflexuralmembers.
8.2.8 DevelopmentofPositiveMomentReinforcement
8.2.8.1 At least onethird of the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and onefourth of the
positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along the same face of member
intothesupport.Inbeams,suchreinforcementshallextendintothesupportatleast150mm.
8.2.8.2 When the flexural member is a part of the primary lateral load resisting system, positive moment
reinforcement extended into the support by 8.2.8.1 above shall be anchored to develop the specified
yieldstrength

intensionatthefaceofsupport.
8.2.8.3 Atsimplesupportsandatpointsofinflection,positivemomenttensionreinforcementshallbelimited
toadiametersuchthatl
d
computedfor

by8.2.3satisfiesEq(8.2.3),exceptthatEq(8.2.3)neednot
besatisfiedforreinforcementterminatingbeyondthecentrelineofsimplesupportsbyastandardhook
oramechanicalanchorageatleastequivalenttoastandardhook.
l

l
d

M
n
v
u
+ l
u
(8.2.3)
where

H
n
= nominalmomentstrengthassumingallreinforcementatsectiontobestressedto

.
I
u
= factoredshearforceatsection
l
u
= atasupport,embeddedlengthofbarbeyondcentreofsupport;atpointofzeromoment,shall
belimitedtodor12 J
b
,whicheverisgreater.
The value of H
n
I
u

may be increased 30 per cent when the ends of reinforcement are confined by a
compressivereaction.
8.2.8.4 At simple supports of deep beams, positive moment tension reinforcement shall be anchored to
develop

in tension at the face of the support except that if design is carried out using Appendix A,
the positive moment tension reinforcement shall be anchored in accordance with A.4.3. At interior
supportsofdeepbeams,positivemomenttensionreinforcementshallbecontinuousorbesplicedwith
thatoftheadjacentspans.
8.2.9 DevelopmentofNegativeMomentReinforcement
8.2.9.1 Negativemomentreinforcementinacontinuous,restrained,orcantilevermember,orinanymember
ofarigidframe,shallbeanchoredinorthroughthesupportingmemberbyembedmentlength,hooks
ormechanicalanchorage.
8.2.9.2 Negative moment reinforcement shall have an embedment length into the span as required by 8.2.1,
8.2.2.and8.2.7.3.
8.2.9.3 Atleastonethirdofthetotaltensionreinforcementprovidedfornegativemomentatthesupportshall
be extended beyond the point of inflection a distance not less than J, l
n
16 , or 12J
b
, whichever is
greater.
Part6
StructuralDesign
612 Vol.2
8.2.9.4 At interior supports of deep flexural members, negative moment tension reinforcement shall be
continuouswiththatoftheadjacentspans.
8.2.1u DevelopmentofShearReinforcement
8.2.10.1 Shearreinforcementshallbecarriedasclosetocompressionandtensionsurfacesofmemberascover
requirementsandproximityofotherreinforcementpermits.
8.2.10.2 The ends of single leg, simple U, or multiple Ustirrups shall be anchored by one of the following
means:
(a) ByastandardhookaroundlongitudinalreinforcementforMD200wires,and16mmbarsand
smallerandfor19mm through25mm barswith
t
28u

N/mm
2
.
(b) For19mm through25mm stirrupswith
t
greaterthan280N/mm
2
,astandardstirruphook
aroundalongitudinalbarplusanembedmentbetweenmidheightofthememberandtheoutside
endofthehookequaltoorgreaterthan
0.17d
b
]
jt
x]
c
|
.
(c) ForeachlegofweldedplainwirereinforcementformingsimpleUstirrups,either:(i)Two
longitudinalwiresspacedata50mmspacingalongthememberatthetopoftheU;or(ii)One
longitudinalwirelocatednotmorethanJ4fromthecompressionfaceandasecondwirecloserto
thecompressionfaceandspacednotlessthan50mmfromthefirstwire.Thesecondwireshallbe
permittedtobelocatedonthestirruplegbeyondabend,oronabendwithaninsidediameterof
bendnotlessthan8J
b
.
(d) Foreachendofasinglelegstirrupofweldedwirereinforcement,twolongitudinalwiresata
minimumspacingof50mmandwiththeinnerwireatleastthegreaterofJ4or50mmfromJ2.
Outerlongitudinalwireattensionfaceshallnotbefartherfromthefacethantheportionofprimary
flexuralreinforcementclosesttotheface.
(e) Injoistconstruction,for13mmbarandMD130wireandsmaller,astandardhook.
8.2.10.3 Each bend in the continuous portion of a simple Ustirrup or multiple Ustirrup shall enclose a
longitudinalbarbetweenanchoredends.
8.2.10.4 If extended into the region of tension, longitudinal bars bent to act as shear reinforcement shall be
continuous with longitudinal reinforcement and, if extended into a region of compression, shall be
anchored beyond middepth J2 as specified for development length in 8.2.3 for that part of
t

requiredtosatisfyEq(6.4.12).
8.2.10.5 PairsofUstirrupsortiessoplacedastoformaclosedunitshallbeconsideredproperlysplicedwhen
lengthoflapsare1.Sl
d
.Inmembersatleast450mmdeep,suchspliceswithA
b

t
notmorethan40
kNperlegshallbeconsideredadequateifstirruplegsextendthefullavailabledepthofmember.
8.2.11 DevelopmentofPlainBars
Forplainbars,theminimumdevelopmentlengthshallbetwicethatofdeformedbarsspecifiedin8.2.1through
8.2.10above.
8.2.12 SplicesofReinforcementGeneral
8.2.12.1 Splices of reinforcement shall be made only as required or permitted on design drawings, or in
specifications,orasauthorizedbytheengineer.
8.2.12.2 LapSplices
(a) Lapsplicesshallnotbeusedfor36mm barsandlarger,exceptasprovidedin8.2.14.2&6.8.8.2.3.
(b) Lapsplicesofbundledbarsshallbebasedonthelapsplicelengthrequiredforindividualbarswithin
thebundle,increasedinaccordancewith8.2.5.Individualbarspliceswithinabundleshallnot
overlap.Entirebundlesshallnotbelapspliced.
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 613

(c) Barssplicedbynoncontactlapsplicesinflexuralmembersshallnotbespacedtransverselyfarther
apartthanonefifththerequiredlapsplicelength,nor150mm.
8.2.12.3 WeldedSplicesandMechanicalConnections
(a) Weldedsplicesandothermechanicalconnectionsareallowed.
(b) ExceptasprovidedinthisCode,allweldingshallconformto"StructuralWeldingCodeReinforcing
Steel"(AWSD1.4).
(c) Weldedsplicesshallbebuttedandweldedtodevelopintensionatleast125percentofspecified
yieldstrength

ofthebar.
(d) Afullmechanicalconnectionshalldevelopintensionorcompression,asrequired,atleast125per
centofspecifiedyieldstrength

ofthebar.
(e) Weldedsplicesandmechanicalconnectionsnotmeetingtherequirementsof(c)or(d)aboveare
allowedonlyfor16mm barsorsmallerandinaccordancewith8.2.13.4.
8.2.1S SplicesofDeformedBarsandDeformedWireinTension
8.2.13.1 TheminimumlengthoflapfortensionsplicesshallbeasrequiredforClassAorBsplice,butnotless
than300mm,wheretheclassificationshallbeasfollows:
ClassAsplice1.u l
d

ClassBsplice1.S l
d

Where l
d
is calculated in accordance with 8.2.3 to develop

, but without the 300 mm minimum of

8.2.3.1andwithoutthemodificationfactorof8.2.3.5.
8.2.13.2 Lap splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension shall be class B splices except that Class A
splicesareallowedwhentheareaofreinforcementprovidedisatleasttwicethatrequiredbyanalysis
overtheentirelengthofthesplice,andonehalforlessofthetotalreinforcementissplicedwithinthe
requiredlaplength.
8.2.13.3 Where area of reinforcement provided is less than twice that required by analysis, welded splices or
mechanicalconnectionsusedshallmeettherequirementsof8.2.12.3(c)or8.2.12.3(d)above.
8.2.13.4 Welded splices or mechanical connections not meeting the requirements of 8.2.12.3(c) or 8.2.12.3(d)
shallbepermittedfor16mm barsorsmallerifthefollowingrequirementsaremet:
(a) Splicesshallbestaggeredatleast600mmandinsuchmannerastodevelopateverysectionatleast
twicethecalculatedtensileforceatthesectionbutnotlessthan140N/mm
2
fortotalareaof
reinforcementprovided.
(b) Splicedreinforcementstressshallbetakenasthespecifiedsplicestrength,incomputingtensileforce
developedateachsection,butnottoexceed

.Unsplicedreinforcementstressshallbetakenasa
fractionof

definedbytheratiooftheshortestactualdevelopmentlengthprovidedbeyondthe
sectionto

l
d
butnottobetakengreaterthan

.
8.2.13.5 Whenbarsofdifferentsizearelapsplicedintension,splicelengthshallbethelargerofl
d
oflargerbar
andtensionlapsplicelengthofsmallerbar.
8.2.13.6 Splicesintensiontiemembersshallbemadewithafullweldedspliceorfullmechanicalconnectionin
accordance with 8.2.12.3(c) or 8.2.12.3(d) and splices in adjacent bars shall be staggered at least 750
mm.
8.2.14 SplicesofDeformedBarsinCompression
8.2.14.1 Theminimumlengthoflapforcompressionspliceshallbeu.u71

J
b
for

equalto420N/mm
2
orless
or (u.1S

- 24)J
b
for

greater than 420 N/mm

2
, but not less than 300 mm. For
c
i
less than 21
N/mm
2
,lengthoflapshallbeincreasedbyonethird.
Part6
StructuralDesign
614 Vol.2
8.2.14.2 Whenbarsofdifferentdiametersarelapsplicedincompression,thesplicelengthshallbethelargerof
thedevelopmentlength,l
dc
ofthelargerbar,andthecompressionsplicelengthofthesmallerbar.Lap
splices of 40 mm , 43 mm , 50 mm and 57 mm bars to 36 mm and smaller bars shall be
permitted.
8.2.14.3 Welded splices or mechanical connections used in compression shall satisfy the requirements of
8.2.12.3(c)or8.2.12.3(d).
8.2.14.4 EndBearingSplices
(a) Compressionsplicesforbarsrequiredtotransmitcompressivestressonlymayconsistofendbearing
ofsquarecutendsheldinconcentriccontactbyasuitabledevice.
(b) Barendsshallterminateinflatsurfaceswithin1.5degreesofarightangletotheaxisofthebars,and
shallbefittedwithin3degreesoffullbearingafterassembly.
(c) Endbearingsplicesshallbeusedonlyinmemberscontainingclosedties,closedstirrupsorspirals.
8.2.1S SpecialSpliceRequirementsforColumns
8.2.15.1 Lapsplices,buttweldedsplices,mechanicalconnections,orendbearingsplicesshallbeusedwiththe
limitations of 8.2.15.2 through 8.2.15.4 below. A splice shall satisfy the requirements for all load
combinationsforthecolumn.
8.2.15.2 LapSplicesinColumns
(a) Lapsplicesshallconformto8.2.14.1,8.2.14.2,andwhereapplicableto8.2.15.2(d)or8.2.15.2(e)
below,wherethebarstressduetofactoredloadsiscompressive.
(b) Wherethebarstressduetofactoredloadsistensileanddoesnotexceedu.S

intension,lap
splicesshallbeClassBtensionlapsplicesifmorethanonehalfofthebarsaresplicedatanysection,
orClassAtensionlapsplicesifhalforfewerofthebarsaresplicedatanysectionandalternatelap
splicesarestaggeredbyl
d
.
(c) Wherethebarstressduetofactoredloadsisgreaterthanu.S

intension,lapsplicesshallbeClass
Btensionlapsplices.
(d) Intiedreinforcedcompressionmembers,ifthroughoutlapsplicelengthtieshaveaneffectivearea
ofatleastu.uu1S bsinbothdirections,lapsplicelengthispermittedtobemultipliedby0.83,but
laplengthshallnotbelessthan300mm.Tielegsperpendiculartodimensionbshallbeusedin
determiningeffectivearea.
(e) Forspirallyreinforcedcompressionmembers,lapsplicelengthofbarswithinaspiralispermittedto
bemultipliedby0.75,butlaplengthshallnotbelessthan300mm.
8.2.15.3 Welded Splices or Mechanical Connectors in Columns: Welded splices or mechanical connectors in
columnsshallmeettherequirementsof8.2.12.3(c)or8.2.12.3(d).
8.2.15.4 EndBearingSplicesinColumns:Endbearingsplicescomplyingwith8.2.14.4maybeusedforcolumn
barsstressedincompressionprovidedthesplicesarestaggeredoradditionalbarsareprovidedatsplice
locations. Thecontinuing barsin each face of the columnshall have a tensile strength at least u.2S

timestheareaoftheverticalreinforcementinthatface.
8.2.16 SplicesofPlainBars
Forplainbars,theminimumlengthoflapshallbetwicethatofdeformedbarsspecifiedin8.2.12through8.2.15
above.
8.2.17 Developmentofheadedandmechanicallyanchoreddeformedbarsintension
8.2.17.1 Developmentlengthforheadeddeformedbarsintension,l
dt
l,shallbedeterminedfrom8.2.17.2.Use
ofheadstodevelopdeformedbarsintensionshallbelimitedtoconditionssatisfying(a)through(f):
(a) Bar

shallnotexceed420MPa;
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 615

(b) Barsizeshallnotexceed36mm;
(c) Concreteshallbenormalweight;
(d) NetbearingareaofheadA
bg
shallnotbelessthan4A
b
;
(e) Clearcoverforbarshallnotbelessthan2J
b
;and
(f) Clearspacingbetweenbarsshallnotbelessthan4J
b
.
8.2.17.2 Forheadeddeformedbars,developmentlengthintensionl
dt
shallbe(u.19
c

c
i
)J
b
,wherethe
valueof
c
i

usedtocalculatel
dt
shallnotexceed40MPa,andfactor
c
shallbetakenas1.2forepoxy
coated reinforcement and 1.0 for other cases. Where reinforcement provided is in excess of that
requiredbyanalysis,exceptwheredevelopmentof

isspecificallyrequired,afactorof(A
s,cqucd
)
(A
s,podcd
)maybeappliedtotheexpressionforl
dt
.Lengthl
dt
shallnotbelessthanthelargerof8J
b

and150mm.
8.2.17.3 Headsshallnotbeconsideredeffectiveindevelopingbarsincompression.
8.2.17.4 Any mechanical attachment or device capable of developing

of reinforcement is allowed, provided

that test results showing the adequacy of such attachment or device are approved by the Engineer.
Developmentofreinforcementshallbepermittedtoconsistofacombinationofmechanicalanchorage
plus additional embedment length of reinforcement between the critical section and the mechanical
attachmentordevice.
8.2.18 Developmentofweldeddeformedwirereinforcementintension
8.2.18.1 Developmentlengthforweldeddeformedwirereinforcementintension,l
d
,measuredfromthepoint
of critical section to the end of wire shall be computed as the product of l
d
ld, from 8.2.3.2 or 8.2.3.3,
timesweldeddeformedwirereinforcementfactor,
w
,from8.2.18.2or8.2.18.3.Itshallbepermitted
toreducel
d
inaccordancewith8.2.3.5whenapplicable,butl
d
shallnotbelessthan200mmexceptin
computation of lap splices by 8.2.20. When using
w
from 8.2.18.2, it shall be permitted to use an
epoxycoating factor
c
of 1.0 for epoxycoated welded deformed wire reinforcement in 8.2.3.2 and
8.2.3.3.
8.2.18.2 Forweldeddeformedwirereinforcementwithatleastonecrosswirewithinl
d
andnotlessthan50mm
fromthepointofthecriticalsection,
w
shallbethegreaterof
_

y
-24

y
]
And
[
5d
h
x

butnotgreaterthan1.0,wheresisthespacingbetweenthewirestobedeveloped.
8.2.18.3 Forweldeddeformedwirereinforcementwithnocrosswireswithin l
d
orwithasinglecrosswireless
than50mmfromthepointofthecriticalsection,
w
shallbetakenas1.0,andl
d
shallbedetermined
asfordeformedwire.
8.2.18.4 Where any plain wires, or deformed wires larger than D31, are present in the welded deformed wire
reinforcement in the direction of the development length, the reinforcement shall be developed in
accordancewith8.2.19.
8.2.19 Developmentofweldedplainwirereinforcementintension
Yield strength of welded plain wire reinforcement shall be considered developed by embedment of two cross
wireswiththeclosercrosswirenotlessthan50mmfromthepointofthecriticalsection.However,l
d
lshallnot
belessthan
Part6
StructuralDesign
616 Vol.2
|
d
= 3. 3
A
h
x

y
2
c
|
(8.2.4)
wherel
d
ismeasuredfromthepointofthecriticalsectiontotheoutermostcrosswire,sisthespacingbetween
the wires to be developed, and z as given in 8.2.3.4(d). Where reinforcement provided is in excess of that
required, l
d
may be reduced in accordance with 8.2.3.5. Length, l
d
, shall not be less than 150 mm except in
computationoflapsplicesby8.2.21.
8.2.2u Splicesofweldeddeformedwirereinforcementintension
8.2.20.1 Minimum lap splice length of welded deformed wire reinforcement measured between the ends of
each reinforcement sheet shall be not less than the larger of 1.Sl
d
and 200 mm, and the overlap
measured between outermost cross wires of each reinforcement sheet shall be not less than 50 mm,
wherel
d
iscalculatedinaccordancewith8.2.18todevelop

.
8.2.20.2 Lap splices of welded deformed wire reinforcement, with no cross wires within the lap splice length,
shallbedeterminedasfordeformedwire.
8.2.20.3 Whereanyplainwires,ordeformedwireslargerthanMD200,arepresentintheweldeddeformedwire
reinforcement in the direction of the lap splice or where welded deformed wire reinforcement is lap
spliced to welded plain wire reinforcement, the reinforcement shall be lap spliced in accordance with
8.2.21.
8.2.21 Splicesofweldedplainwirereinforcementintension
Minimumlengthoflapforlapsplicesofweldedplainwirereinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith8.2.21.1and
8.2.21.2.
8.2.21.1 Where A
s
provided is less than twice that required by analysis at splice location, length of overlap
measuredbetweenoutermostcrosswiresofeachreinforcementsheetshallbenotlessthanthelargest
ofonespacingofcrosswiresplus50mm,1.S l
d
,and150mm,wherel
d
iscalculatedinaccordancewith
8.2.19todevelop

.
8.2.21.2 Where A
s
provided is at least twice that required by analysis at splice location, length of overlap
measuredbetweenoutermostcrosswiresofeachreinforcementsheetshallnotbelessthanthelarger
of1.S l
d
,and50mm,wherel
d
iscalculatedinaccordancewith8.2.19todevelop

.
8.3 EARTHQUAKERESISTANTDESIGNPROVISIONS
8.S.1 Notation
A
ch
= crosssectionalareaofastructuralmembermeasuredouttooutoftransversereinforcement,mm
2

A
cp
= areaofconcretesectionresistingshearofanindividualpierorhorizontalwallsegment,mm
2

A
c
= net area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and length of section in the direction of
shearforceconsidered,mm
2

A
g
= grossareaofsection,mm
2

A
]
= effectivecrosssectionalareawithinajoint,see8.3.7.3,inaplaneparalleltoplaneofreinforcement
generating shear in the joint. The joint depth shall be the overall depth of the column. Where a
beam frames into a support of larger width, the effective width of the joint shall not exceed the
smallerof:
a) Beamwidthplusthejointdepth
b) twice the smaller perpendicular distance from the longitudinal axis of the
beamtothecolumnside(See8.3.7.3)
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 617

A
sh
= total crosssectional area of transverse reinforcement (including cross ties) within spacing s and
perpendiculartodimensionb
c

b = effectivecompressiveflangewidthofastructuralmember,mm
b
w
= webwidthordiameterofcircularsection,mm
J
b
= bardiameter,mm
E = loadeffectsofearthquakeorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces

c
i
= specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete

= specifiedyieldstrengthofreinforcement

t
= specifiedyieldstrengthoftransversereinforcement
b
c
= crosssectionaldimensionofcolumncoremeasuredcentretocentreofconfiningreinforcement
b
w
= heightofentirewall(diaphragm)orofthesegmentofwall(diaphragm)considered
l
d
= developmentlengthforastraightbar
l
dh
= developmentlengthforabarwithastandardhook
l
o
= minimumlength,measuredfromjointfacealongaxisofstructuralmember,overwhichtransverse
reinforcementmustbeprovided,mm
l
w
= length of entire wall (diaphragm) or of segment of wall (diaphragm) considered in the direction of
shearforce
H
p
= probable flexural moment strength of members, with or without axial load, determined using the
propertiesofthememberatthejointfacesassumingatensilestrengthinthelongitudinalbarsofat
least1.2S

andastrengthreductionfactorof1.0
H
s
= portionofslabmomentbalancedbysupportmoment
s = spacingoftransversereinforcementmeasuredalongthelongitudinalaxisofthestructuralmember,
mm
s
o
= maximumspacingoftransversereinforcement,mm
I
c
= nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcrete
I
c
= designshearforce
I
n
= nominalshearstrength
I
u
= factoredshearforceatsection
o
c
= coefficientdefiningtherelativecontributionofconcretestrengthtowallstrength
p = ratiooftensionreinforcement=A
s
bJ
p
g
= ratiooftotalreinforcementareatocrosssectionalareaofcolumn
p
n
= ratioofdistributedshearreinforcementonaplaneperpendiculartoplaneofA
c

p
s
= ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to the core volume confined by the spiral reinforcement
(measuredouttoout)
p

= A
s
A
c
;whereA
s
istheprojectiononA
c
ofareaofdistributedshearreinforcementcrossingthe
planeofA
c

= strengthreductionfactor.
8.S.2 Definitions
BASEOFSTRUCTURE : The level at which earthquake motions are assumed to be imparted to a structure. This
leveldoesnotnecessarilycoincidewiththegroundlevel.
Part6
StructuralDesign
618 Vol.2
BOUNDARY MEMBERS : Members along wall and diaphragm edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse
reinforcement.Thesemembersdonotnecessarilyrequireanincreaseinthethicknessofthewallordiaphragm.If
required,edgesofopeningswithinwallsanddiaphragmsshallbeprovidedwithboundarymembers.
COLLECTORELEMENTS:Elementsthatareusedtotransmittheinertialforceswithinthediaphragmstomembers
ofthelateralforceresistingsystems.
CROSS TIE : A continuous bar having a hook not less than 135 deg with at least a six diameter extension at one
endbutnotlessthan75mm,andahooknotlessthan90degwithatleastasixdiameterextensionattheother
end.Thehooksshallengageperipherallongitudinalbars.The90deghooksoftwosuccessivecrosstiesengaging
thesamelongitudinalbarsshallbealternatedendforend.
DEVELOPMENTLENGTHFORABARWITHASTANDARDHOOK:Theshortestdistancebetweenthecriticalsection
andatangenttotheouteredgeofthe90deghook.
HOOP : A hoop is a closed tie or continuously round tie. A closed tie can be made up of several reinforcing
elements with 135 deg hooks having a six diameter extension at each end (but not less than 75 mm). A
continuously round tie shall have at each end a 135 deg hook with a six diameter extension that engages the
longitudinalreinforcementbutnotlessthan75mm.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM : That portion of the structure composed of members designed to resist
forcesrelatedtoearthquakeeffects.
SHELLCONCRETE:Concreteoutsidethetransversereinforcementconfiningtheconcrete
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS : Structuralmembers,such as floor and roof slabs, which transmit inertial forces to
lateralforceresistingmembers.
STRUCTURAL WALLS : Walls designed to resist combinations of shears, moments, and axial forces induced by
earthquakemotions.Ashearwallisastructuralwall.
STRUT:Anelementofastructuraldiaphragmusedtoprovidecontinuityaroundanopeninginthediaphragm.
TIEELEMENTS:Elementsusedtotransmitinertialforcesandpreventseparationofbuildingcomponents.
8.S.S GeneralRequirements
8.3.3.1 Scope
(a) Thissectioncontainsspecialrequirementsfordesignandconstructionofreinforcedconcrete
membersofastructureforwhichthedesignforces,relatedtoearthquakemotions,havebeen
determinedonthebasisofenergydissipationinthenonlinearrangeofresponse.
(b) TheprovisionsofChapter6,shallapplyexceptasmodifiedbytheprovisionsofthissection.
(c) StructuresassignedtoseismicdesigncategorySDCD(seeChapter2),allreinforcedconcrete
structuresshallsatisfytherequirementsofspecialmomentframesasgivenin8.3.3through8.3.8in
additiontotherequirementsofChapter6.
(d) StructuresassignedtoSDCC(seeChapter2),allreinforcedconcretestructuresshallbebuiltto
satisfytherequirementsofintermediatemomentframesasgivenin8.3.10inadditiontothe
requirementsofChapter6.
(e) StructuresassignedtoSDCB(seeChapter2),allreinforcedconcretestructuresshallbebuiltto
satisfytherequirementsofordinarymomentframesasgivenin8.3.9inadditiontotherequirements
ofChapter6.
(f) StructuresinlowerSDCsarepermittedtodesignwithdetailingprovisionsofhigherSDCstotake
advantageoflowerdesignforcelevels.
8.3.3.2 AnalysisandProportioningofStructuralMembers
(a) Theinteractionofallstructuralandnonstructuralmembersshallbeconsideredintheanalysis.
(b) Rigidmemberswhicharenotapartofthelateralforceresistingsystemareallowedprovidedtheir
effectontheresponseofthesystemisconsideredandaccommodatedinthestructuraldesign.
Consequencesoffailureofstructuralandnonstructuralmemberswhicharenotapartofthelateral
forceresistingsystemshallalsobeconsidered.
(c) Structuralmembersbelowbaseofstructurerequiredtotransmitforcesresultingfromearthquake
effectstothefoundationshallalsocomplywiththerequirementsofthissection.
(d) Allstructuralmemberswhicharenotapartofthelateralforceresistingsystemshallconformto
8.3.9.
Chapter1
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8.3.3.3 StrengthReductionFactors
Strengthreductionfactorsshallbeinaccordancewith6.2.3.2to6.2.3.4.
8.3.3.4 ConcreteinSpecialMomentFramesandSpecialStructuralWalls
Compressivestrength
c
i
oftheconcreteshallbenotlessthan21N/mm
2
.Specifiedcompressivestrengthoflight
weightconcrete,
c
i
,shallnotexceed35MPaunlessdemonstratedbyexperimentalevidence.Modificationfactor
forlightweightconcreteinSec8.3shallbeinaccordancewith6.1.8unlessnotedotherwise.
8.3.3.5 ReinforcementinSpecialMomentFramesandSpecialStructuralWalls
Reinforcementresistingearthquakeinducedflexuralandaxialforcesinframesandwallboundarymembersshall
complywithASTMA706M,ASTMA615MandBDSISO69352:2007(E).Reinforcementwith

=275N/mm
2
and

=420N/mm
2
areallowedinthesemembersif(a)theactualyieldstrengthbasedonmilltestsdoesnotexceed
the specified yield strength by more than 125 N/mm
2
(retests shall not exceed this value by more than an
additional20N/mm
2
),and(b)theratiooftheactualultimatetensilestrengthtotheactualtensileyieldstrength
is not less than 1.25. The value of
t
used to compute the amount of confinement reinforcement shall not
exceed700MPa.Thevalueof

or
t
usedinthedesignofshearreinforcementshallconformto6.4.3.2.
8.3.3.6 Welding
Reinforcement required by factored load combinations which include earthquake effect shall not be welded
except as specified in 8.3.4.2(d) and 8.3.5.3(b). In addition, welding shall not be permitted on stirrups, ties,
inserts,orothersimilarelementstolongitudinalreinforcementrequiredbydesign.
8.S.4 FlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames
8.3.4.1 Scope
Requirements of this section shall apply to special moment frame members; (i) resisting earthquake induced
forces, and (ii) proportioned primarily to resist flexure. These frame members shall also satisfy the following
conditions:
(a) Factoredaxialcompressiveforceonframemembershallnotexceedu.1A
g

c
i
.
(b) Clearspanforthemember,l
n
shallnotbelessthanfourtimesitseffectivedepth.
(c) Thewidthtodepthratioshallbeatleast0.3.
(d) Thewidthshallnotbe(i)lessthan250mmand(ii)morethanthewidthofthesupportingmember
(measuredonaplaneperpendiculartothelongitudinalaxisoftheflexuralmember)plusdistances
oneachsideofthesupportingmembernotexceedingthreefourthsofthedepthoftheflexural
member.
TheserequirementsareshowninFig.8.3.1.
8.3.4.2 LongitudinalReinforcement
(a) Atanysectionofaflexuralmemberandforthetopaswellasforthebottomreinforcement,the
amountofreinforcementshallbenotlessthan1.4b
w
J

andthereinforcementratio,pshallnot
exceed0.025(Fig.8.3.2).Atleasttwobarsshallbeprovidedcontinuouslybothtopandbottom.
(b) Thepositivemomentstrengthatthefaceofthejointshallbenotlessthanonehalfofthenegative
momentstrengthprovidedatthatfaceasshowninFig.8.3.2.Neitherthenegativenorthepositive
momentstrengthatanysectionalongthememberlengthshallbelessthanonefourththemaximum
momentstrengthprovidedatthefaceofeitherjoint.
(c) Lapsplicesofflexuralreinforcementshallbepermittedonlyifhooporspiralreinforcementis
providedoverthelaplength.Maximumspacingofthetransversereinforcementenclosingthelapped
barsshallnotexceedJ4nor100mm.Lapsplicesshallnotbeused(i)withinthejoints,(ii)withina
distanceoftwicethememberdepthfromthefaceofthejoint,and(iii)atlocationswhereanalysis
indicatesflexuralyieldingcausedbyinelasticlateraldisplacementsoftheframe.Theserequirements
areshowninFig.8.3.3.
(d) Weldedsplicesandmechanicalconnectionsconformingto8.2.12.3(a)through8.2.12.3(d)are
allowedforsplicingprovidednotmorethanalternatebarsineachlayeroflongitudinal
reinforcementaresplicedatasectionandthecentretocentredistancebetweensplicesofadjacent
barsis600mmormoremeasuredalongthelongitudinalaxisoftheframemember.Weldedsplices
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andmechanicalconnections(Type1)shallnotbeusedwithinadistanceequaltotwicethemember
depthfromthecolumnorbeamfacesforspecialmomentframesorfromsectionswhereyieldingof
thereinforcementislikelytooccurasaresultofinelasticlateraldisplacement.
8.3.4.3 TransverseReinforcement
(a) Hoopsshallbeprovidedinthefollowingregionsofframemembers:
i. Atbothendsoftheflexuralmember,overalengthequaltotwicethememberdepth
measuredfromthefaceofthesupportingmembertowardmidspan(Fig.8.3.4).
ii. Overlengthsequaltotwicethememberdepth(Fig.8.3.4),onbothsidesofasectionwhere
flexuralyieldingislikelytooccurinconnectionwithinelasticlateraldisplacementsofthe
frame.
(b) Thefirsthoopshallbelocatednotmorethan50mmfromthefaceofthesupportingmember(Fig.
8.3.4).Maximumspacingofthehoopsshallnotexceed(i)J4,(ii)eighttimesthediameterofthe
smallestlongitudinalbars,(iii)24timesthediameterofthehoopbars,and(iv)300mm.
(c) Wherehoopsarerequired,longitudinalbarsontheperimetershallhavelateralsupportconforming
to8.1.9.4(c),andwherehoopsarenotrequired,stirrupswithseismichooksshallbespacednot
morethanJ2throughoutthelengthofthemember(Fig.8.3.4).
(d) Hoopsinflexuralmembersareallowedtobemadeupoftwopiecesofreinforcementconsistingofa
Ustirruphavinghooksnotlessthan135degwith6diameterbutnotlessthan75mmextension
anchoredintheconfinedcoreandacrosstietomakeaclosedhoop(Fig.8.3.5).Consecutivecross
tiesengagingthesamelongitudinalbarshallhavetheir90deghooksatoppositesidesoftheflexural
member.Ifthelongitudinalreinforcingbarssecuredbythecrosstiesareconfinedbyaslabonlyon
onesideoftheflexuralframemember,the90deghooksofthecrosstiesshallallbeplacedonthat
side.

Fig.8.3.1.GeneralrequirementforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames
Chapter1
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8.S.S SpecialMomentFrameMembersSubjectedtoBendingandAxialLoad
8.3.5.1 Scope
The requirements of this section shall apply to columns and other frame members serving to resist earthquake
forcesandhavingafactoredaxialforceexceedingu.1A
g

c
i
.Theseframemembersshallalsosatisfythefollowing
conditions:
(a) Theshortestcrosssectionaldimensionshallnotbelessthan300mm.
(b) Theratiooftheshortestcrosssectionaldimensiontotheperpendiculardimensionshallnotbeless
than0.4.
TheserequirementsareshowninFig.8.3.6.

Fig.8.3.2FlexuralRequirementsforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames

Fig.8.3.3LapSpliceRequirementsforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames
8.3.5.2 MinimumFlexuralStrengthofColumns
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(a) Flexuralstrengthofanycolumndesignedtoresistafactoredaxialcompressiveforceexceeding
u.1A
g

c
i
shallsatisfy(b)or(c)below.Lateralstrengthandstiffnessofcolumnsnotsatisfying(b)
belowshallbeignoredincalculatingthestrengthandstiffnessofthestructurebutshallconformto
8.3.9.
(b) Theflexuralstrengthofthecolumnsshallsatisfythefollowingrelation:
H
c
1.2 H
g
(8.3.1)
where
H
c
= sum of moments, at the centre of the joint, corresponding to the design flexural
strength of the columns framing into that joint. The lowest flexural strength of the columns,
calculated for the factored axial force, consistent with the direction of the lateral forces
considered,shallbeused.
H
g
= sum of moments, at the centre of the joint, corresponding to the design flexural
strengthsofthegirdersframingintothatjoint.
Flexuralstrengthsshallbesummedsuchthatthecolumnmomentsopposethebeammoments.
Eq (8.3.1) shall be satisfied for beam moments acting in both directions in the vertical plane of
theframeconsidered.
(c) Iftherequirementsof(b)aboveisnotsatisfiedatajoint,columnssupportingreactionsfromthat
jointshallbeprovidedwithtransversereinforcementasspecifiedin8.3.5.4overtheirentireheight.

Fig. 8.3.4 Transverse Reinforcement Requirements for Flexural Members of Special Moment
Frames
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
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Fig.8.3.5HoopReinforcementRequirementsforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames

Fig.8.3.6GeneralRequirementsforframessubjectedtobendingandaxialload

8.3.5.3 LongitudinalReinforcement
(a) Thereinforcementratio,p
g
,shallnotbelessthan0.01andshallnotexceed0.06.
(b) Lapsplicesarepermittedonlywithinthecentrehalfofthememberlengthandshallbedesignedas
tension splices. Welded splices and mechanical connections conforming to 8.2.12.3(a) through
8.2.12.3(d) are allowed for splicing the reinforcement at any section provided not more than
alternate longitudinal bars are spliced at a section and the distance between splices is 600 mm or
morealongthelongitudinalaxisofthereinforcement.
TheseprovisionsareshowninFig.8.3.7.
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8.3.5.4 TransverseReinforcement
(a) TransversereinforcementshallbeprovidedasspecifiedbelowandshowninFig.8.3.8andFig.8.3.9
unlessalargeramountisrequiredby8.3.8.
i) The volumetric ratio of spiral or circular hoop reinforcement, p
s
shall not be less than that
indicatedbythefollowingequation:
p
s
=
0.12]
c
|
]
jt
(8.3.2)
andshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredbyEq(6.3.6).
ii) Thetotalcrosssectionalareaofrectangularhoopreinforcementshallnotbe lessthanthat
givenbythefollowingequations:
A
sh
= u.S(sb
c

c
i

t
)|(A
g
A
ch
) - 1] (8.3.3)
A
sh
=
0.09sh
c
]
c
|
]
jt
(8.3.4)
iii) Transversereinforcementshallbeprovidedbyeithersingleoroverlappinghoopsorcross
tiesofthesamebarsizeandspacing.Eachendofthecrosstiesshallengageaperipheral
longitudinal reinforcing bar. Consecutive cross ties shall be alternated end for end along
thelongitudinalreinforcement.
iv) If the design strength of member core satisfies the requirements of the specified loading
combinationsincludingearthquakeeffect,Eq(8.3.3)and(6.3.6)neednotbesatisfied.

Fig.8.3.7LongitudinalReinforcementRequirements
(b) Transverse reinforcement shall not be spaced more than onequarter of the minimum member
dimensionnor100mm.
(c) Spacing of cross ties or legs of overlapping hoops shall not be more than 350 mm on centre in the
directionperpendiculartothelongitudinalaxisofthemember.
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 625

(d) The volume of transverse reinforcement in amount specified in (a) through (c) above shall be
provided over a length l
o
from each joint face and on both sides of any section where flexural
yieldingislikelytooccurinconnectionwithinelasticlateraldisplacementsoftheframe.Thelengthl
o

shall not be less than (i) the depth of the member at the joint face or at the section where flexural
yieldingislikelytooccur,(ii)onesixthoftheclearspanofthemember,and(iii)450mm.
(e) Ifthefactoredaxialforceincolumnssupportingreactionsfromdiscontinuedstiffmembers,suchas
walls, exceeds u.1A
g

c
i
they shall be provided with transverse reinforcement as specified in (a)
through (c) above over their full height beneath the level at which the discontinuity occurs.
Transverse reinforcement shall extend into the discontinued member for at least the development
lengthofthelargestlongitudinalreinforcementinthecolumninaccordancewith8.3.7.4.Ifthelower
end of the column terminates on a wall, transverse reinforcement as specified above shall extend
into the wall for at least the development length of the largest longitudinal reinforcement in the
column at the point of termination. If the column terminates on a footing or mat, transverse
reinforcementasspecifiedinaboveshallextendatleast300mmintothefootingormat.
(f) Wheretransversereinforcementasspecifiedin(a)through(c)above,isnotprovidedthroughoutthe
full length of the column, the remainder of the column length shall contain spiral or hoop
reinforcementwithcentretocentrespacingnotexceedingthesmallerof6timesthediameterofthe
longitudinalcolumnbarsor150mm.
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626 Vol.2

Fig.8.3.8TransverseReinforcementRequirementsRectangularHoop
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 627

Fig.8.3.9TransverseReinforcementRequirementsSpiralHoop
8.S.6 SpecialStructuralWallsandDiaphragms
8.3.6.1 Scope
The requirements of this section apply to structural walls serving as parts of the earthquake force resisting
systems as well as to diaphragms, struts, ties, chords and collector members which transmit forces induced by
earthquake.
8.3.6.2 Reinforcement
(a) Thereinforcementratio,p

forstructuralwallsshallnotbelessthan0.0025alongthelongitudinal
andtransversedirections.Reinforcementspacingeachwayshallnotexceed450mm.Reinforcement
providedforshearstrengthshallbecontinuousandshallbedistributedacrosstheshearplane.Ifthe
designshearforcedoesnotexceedu.u8SA
c
z
c
i
,theshearreinforcementmayconformto6.6.3.
(b) Atleasttwolayersofreinforcementshallbeusedinawalliftheinplanefactoredshearforce
assignedtothewallexceedsu.17A
c
z
c
i
.
(c) Structuraltrussmembers,struts,ties,andcollectormemberswithcompressivestressesexceeding
u.2
c
i
shallhavespecialtransversereinforcement,asspecifiedin8.3.5.4overthetotallengthofthe
member.Thespecialtransversereinforcementisallowedtobediscontinuedatasectionwherethe
calculatedcompressivestressislessthan

u.1S
c
i
.Stressesshallbecalculatedforthefactoredforces
usingalinearelasticmodelandgrosssectionpropertiesofthemembersconsidered.
a) Allcontinuousreinforcementinstructuralwalls,diaphragms,trusses,struts,ties,chords,and
collectormembersshallbeanchoredorsplicedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsforreinforcement
intensionasspecifiedin8.3.7.4.
8.3.6.3 BoundaryMembersforStructuralWallsandDiaphragms
(a) Boundarymembersshallbeprovidedatboundariesandedgesaroundopeningsofstructuralwalls
anddiaphragmsforwhichthemaximumextremefibrestressexceedsu.2
c
i
unlesstheentirewallor
diaphragmmemberisreinforcedtosatisfy8.3.5.4(a)through8.3.5.4(c).Theboundarymembersmay
bediscontinuedwherethecalculatedcompressivestressislessthanu.1S
c
i
.Stressesshallbe
calculatedforthefactoredforcesusingalinearlyelasticmodelandgrosssectionproperties.
(b) Whererequired,boundarymembersshallhavetransversereinforcementasspecifiedin8.3.5.4(a)
through8.3.5.4(c).
(c) Boundarymembersofstructuralwallsshallbedesignedtocarryallfactoredgravityloadsonthe
wall,includingtributaryloadsandselfweight,aswellastheverticalforcerequiredtoresist
overturningmomentcalculatedfromfactoredforcesrelatedtoearthquakeeffect.
(d) Boundarymembersofstructuraldiaphragmsshallbeproportionedtoresistthesumofthefactored
axialforceactingintheplaneofthediaphragmandtheforceobtainedfromdividingthefactored
momentatthesectionbythedistancebetweentheedgesofthediaphragmatthatsection.
(e) Transversereinforcementinwallswithboundarymembersshallbeanchoredwithintheconfined
coreoftheboundarymembertodevelopthetensileyieldstress.
(f) Transversereinforcementterminatingattheedgesofstructuralwallswithoutboundaryelements
shallhaveastandardhookengagingtheedgereinforcementortheedgereinforcementshallbe
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enclosedintheUstirrupshavingthesamesizeandspacingas,andsplicedto,thetransverse
reinforcement,exceptwhenI
u
Vuintheplaneofthewallislessthanu.u8SA
c
z
c
i
.
8.3.6.4 ConstructionJoints
Allconstructionjointsinwallsanddiaphragmsshallconformto5.16.4andcontactsurfacesshallberoughenedas
specifiedin6.4.5.9.
8.3.6.5 DiscontinuousWalls
Columnssupportingdiscontinuouswallsshallbereinforcedinaccordancewith8.3.5.4(e).
8.S.7 JointsofSpecialMomentFrames
8.3.7.1 GeneralRequirements
(a) Forces in longitudinal beam reinforcement at the faces of joints of reinforced concrete frames shall
bedeterminedforastressof1.2S

inthereinforcement.
(b) Jointstrengthshallbecalculatedbytheappropriatestrengthreductionfactorsspecifiedin6.2.3.1.
(c) Beam longitudinal reinforcement terminated in a column shall be extended to the far face of the
confined column core and anchored in tension according to 8.3.7.4 below and in compression
accordingtoSec8.2.
8.3.7.2 TransverseReinforcement
(a) As specified in 8.3.5.4, transverse hoop reinforcement shall be provided within the joint, unless the
jointisconfinedbystructuralmembersasspecifiedin(b)below.
(b) Withinthedepthoftheshallowestframingmember,transversereinforcementequaltoatleastone
halftheamountrequiredby8.3.5.4(a)shallbeprovidedwheremembersframeintoallfoursidesof
the joint and where each member width is at least threefourths the column width. At these
locations,thespacingspecifiedin8.3.5.4(b)maybeincreasedto150mm.
(c) As required by 8.3.5.4, transverse reinforcement shall be provided through the joint to provide
confinementforlongitudinalbeamreinforcementoutsidethecolumncoreifsuchconfinementisnot
providedbyabeamframingintothejoint.
TheseprovisionsareshowninFig.8.3.10andFig.8.3.11.

Fig.8.3.10GeneralRequirementsandTransverseReinforcementRequirementsforJointsnotconfinedbyStructural
member
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 629

Fig.8.3.11TransverseReinforcementRequirementsforJointsConfinedbyStructuralmember

8.3.7.3 ShearStrength
Thenominalshearstrengthforthejointshallbetakennotgreaterthantheforcesspecifiedbelow:
1.7
c
i
A
]
forjointsconfinedonallfourfaces
1.2
c
i
A
]
forjointsconfinedonthreefacesorontwooppositefaces
1.u
c
i
A
]
forothers
A member that frames intoa face is considered to provide confinement to the joint if at least threequarters of
the face of the joint is covered by the framing member. A joint is considered to be confined if such confining
membersframeintoallfacesofthejoint.
8.3.7.4 DevelopmentLengthofBarsinTension
(a) Thedevelopmentlength,l
dh
,forabarwithastandard90
o
hookshallbenotlessthan(i)8J
b
,(ii)
150mm,and(iii)thelengthrequiredbyEq(8.3.5).
l
dh
=
]
j
d
b
5.4]
c
|
(8.3.5)
forbarsizes10mm through36mm.
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(b) Forbarsizes10mm through36mm,thedevelopmentlength,l
d
,forastraightbarshallbenot
lessthan(i)2.5timesthelengthrequiredby(a)above,ifthedepthoftheconcretecastinonelift
beneaththebardoesnotexceed300mm,and(ii)3.5timesthelengthrequiredby(a)above,ifthe
depthoftheconcretecastinoneliftbeneaththebarexceeds300mm.
(c) Straightbarsterminatedatajointshallpassthroughtheconfinedcoreofacolumnorofaboundary
member.Anyportionofthestraightembedmentlengthnotwithintheconfinedcoreshallbe
increasedbyafactorof1.6.
8.S.8 ShearStrengthRequirements
8.3.8.1 DesignForces
(a) FrameMembersSubjectedPrimarilytoBending:ThedesignshearforceI
c
shallbedeterminedfrom
considerationofthestaticalforcesontheportionofthememberbetweenfacesofthejoints.Itshall
beassumedthatmomentsofoppositesigncorrespondingtoprobablestrengthH
p
actatthejoint
faces,andthatthememberisloadedwiththefactoredtributarygravityloadalongitsspan.
(b) FrameMembersSubjectedtoCombinedBendingandAxialLoad:ThedesignshearforceI
c
shallbe
determinedfromconsiderationofthemaximumforcesthatcanbegeneratedatthefacesofthe
jointsateachendofthemember.Thesejointforcesshallbedeterminedusingthemaximum
probablemomentstrengthsH
p
ofthememberassociatedwiththerangeoffactoredaxialloadson
themember.Themembershearsneednotexceedthosedeterminedfromjointstrengthsbasedon
theprobablemomentstrengthH
p
ofthetransversemembersframingintothejoint.Innocase,I
c

shallbelessthanthefactoredsheardeterminedbytheanalysisofthestructure.
(c) StructuralWallsandDiaphragms:ThedesignshearforceI
c
shallbeobtainedfromthelateralload
analysisinaccordancewiththefactoredloadsandcombinationsspecifiedinChapter2,loads.
8.3.8.2 TransverseReinforcementinFrameMembers
(a) Fordeterminingtherequiredtransversereinforcementinframemembers,thequantityI
c
shallbe
assumedtobezeroifthefactoredaxialcompressiveforceincludingearthquakeeffectsislessthan
u.uSA
g

c
i
whentheearthquakeinducedshearforces,calculatedinaccordancewith8.3.8.1(a),
representsonehalformoreoftotaldesignshear.
(b) Stirrupsortiesrequiredtoresistshearshallbeclosedhoopsoverlengthsofmembersasspecifiedin
8.3.4.3,8.3.5.4and8.3.7.2.
8.3.8.3 ShearStrengthofSpecialStructuralWallsandDiaphragms
(a) Nominalshearstrengthofstructuralwallsanddiaphragmsshallbedeterminedusingeither(b)or(c)
below.
(b) Nominalshearstrength,I
n
ofstructuralwallsanddiaphragmsshallbeassumednottoexceedthe
shearforcecalculatedfrom
I
n
= A
c
(u.17z
c
i
+ p
n

) (8.3.6)
(c) Forwallsandwallsegmentshavingaratioof(b
w
l
w
)lessthan2.0,nominalshearstrengthofwall
anddiaphragmshallbedeterminedfrom
I
n
= A
c
(o
c
z
c
i
+ p
n

) (8.3.7)
wherethecoefficiento
c
varieslinearlyfrom0.25for(b
w
l
w
) = 1.Sto0.17for(b
w
l
w
) = 2.u.
For(b
w
l
w
) 1.S,o
c
= u.2S.
(d) Valueofratio(b
w
l
w
) usedin(c)abovefordeterminingI
n
forsegmentsofawallordiaphragmshall
bethelargeroftheratiosfortheentirewall(diaphragm)andthesegmentofwall(diaphragm)
considered.
(e) Wallsanddiaphragmsshallhavedistributedshearreinforcementprovidingresistanceintwo
orthogonaldirectionsintheplaneofthewall.Iftheratio(b
w
l
w
)doesnotexceed2.0,
reinforcementratio,p

shallnotbelessthanreinforcementratiop
n
.
(f) Nominalshearstrengthofallwallpierssharingacommonlateralforceshallnotbeassumedto
exceedu.67A
c

c
i
,whereA
c
isthetotalcrosssectionalarea,andthenominalshearstrengthof
anyoneoftheindividualwallpiersshallnotbeassumedtoexceedu.8SA
cp

c
i
whereA
cp

representsthecrosssectionalareaofthepierconsidered.
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 631

(g) Nominalshearstrengthofhorizontalwallsegmentsshallbeassumednottoexceedu.8SA
cp

c
i
,
whereA
cp
representsthecrosssectionalareaofahorizontalwallsegment.
8.S.9 Ordinary Moment Frame Members not Proportioned to Resist Forces Induced by
EarthquakeMotion
8.3.9.1 Inducedmoments
Frame members assumed not to contribute to lateral resistance shall be detailed according to (a) or (b) below
depending on the magnitude of moments induced in those members when subjected to twice the lateral
displacementunderthefactoredlateralforces.
(a) Memberswithfactoredgravityaxialforcesnotexceedingu.1A
g

c
i
shallsatisfy8.3.4.2(a)and
8.3.8.1(a)andmemberswithfactoredgravityaxialforcesexceedingu.1A
g

c
i
shallsatisfy8.3.5.4,
8.3.7.2(a)and8.3.8.1(b)whentheinducedmomentexceedsthedesignmomentstrengthofthe
framemember.
(b) Themembershallsatisfy8.3.4.2(a)whentheinducedmomentdoesnotexceedthedesignmoment
strengthoftheframemembers.
8.3.9.2 Tierequirements
All frame members with factored axial compressive forces exceeding u.1A
g

c
i
shall satisfy the following special
requirementsunlesstheycomplywith8.3.5.4.
(a) Tiesshallhavehooksnotlessthan135
o
withextensionsnotlessthan6tiebardiameteror60mm.
Crosstiesasdefinedin8.3.2areallowed.
(b) Themaximumtiespacingshallbes
o
overalengthl
o
measuredfromthejointface.Thespacings
o

shallbenotmorethan(i)eightdiametersofthesmallestlongitudinalbarenclosed,(ii)24tiebar
diameters,and(iii)onehalftheleastcrosssectionaldimensionofthecolumn.Thelengthl
o
shallnot
belessthan(i)onesixthoftheclearheightofthecolumn,(ii)themaximumcrosssectional
dimensionofthecolumn,and(iii)450mm.
(c) Thefirsttieshallbewithinadistanceequaltou.S s
o
fromthefaceofthejoint.
(d) Thetiespacingshallnotexceed2 s
o
inanypartofthecolumn.
8.S.1u RequirementsforIntermediateMomentFrames
8.3.10.1 Scope
ForstructuresassignedtoSDCC,structuralframesproportionedtoresistforcesinducedbyearthquakemotions
shallsatisfytherequirementsof8.3.10inadditiontothoseofChapter6.
8.3.10.2 ReinforcementRequirements
Reinforcement details in a frame member shall satisfy 8.3.10.4 below if the factored compressive axial load for
the member does not exceed u.1A
g

c
i
. If the factored compressive axial load is larger, frame reinforcement
details shall satisfy 8.3.10.5 below unlessthe memberhasspiralreinforcement according to Eq(6.3.6). If a two
wayslabsystemwithoutbeamsistreatedaspartofaframeresistingearthquakeeffect,reinforcementdetailsin
anyspanresistingmomentscausedbylateralforceshallsatisfy8.3.10.6below.
8.3.10.3 Shearrequirements
Design shear strength of beams, columns, and twoway slabs resisting earthquake effect shall not be less than
either (a) the sum of the shear associated with development of nominal moment strengths of the member at
each restrained end of the clear span and the shear calculated for factored gravity loads, or (b) the maximum
shearobtainedfromdesignloadcombinationswhichincludeearthquakeeffect.
8.3.10.4 Beams
(a) Thepositivemomentstrengthatthefaceofthejointshallnotbelessthanonethirdthenegative
momentstrengthprovidedatthatface(Fig.8.3.12).Neitherthenegativenorpositivemoment
strengthatanysectionalongthelengthofthemembershallbelessthanonefifthofthemaximum
momentstrengthprovidedatthefaceofeitherjoint.
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632 Vol.2
(b) Atbothendsofthemember,stirrupsshallbeprovidedoverlengthsequaltotwicethemember
depthmeasuredfromthefaceofthesupportingmembertowardmidspan(Fig.8.3.13).Thefirst
stirrupshallbelocatednotmorethan50mmfromthefaceofthesupportingmember.Maximum
stirrupspacingshallnotexceed(a)J4,(b)8timesthediameterofthesmallestlongitudinalbar
enclosed,(c)24timesthediameterofthestirrupbar,and(d)300mm.
(c) StirrupsshallbeplacedatnotmorethanJ2throughoutthelengthofthemember.

Fig.8.3.12FlexuralRequirementsforBeams

Fig.8.3.13TransversereinforcementRequirementsforBeams
8.3.10.5 Columns
(a) Maximumtiespacingshallnotexceeds
o
sooveralengthl
o
measuredfromthejointface.The
spacings
o
soshallnotexceed(i)8timesthediameterofthesmallestlongitudinalbarenclosed,(ii)24
timesthediameterofthetiebar,(iii)onehalfofthesmallestcrosssectionaldimensionoftheframe
member,and(iv)300mm.Thelengthl
o
shallnotbelessthan(i)onesixthoftheclearspanofthe
member,(ii)maximumcrosssectionaldimensionofthemember,and(iii)450mm.
(b) Thefirsttieshallbelocatednotmorethans
o
2fromthejointface.
(c) Jointreinforcementshallconformto6.4.9.
Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011 633

(d) Tiespacingshallnotexceed2s
o
throughoutthelengthofthemember.
TheserequirementsareshowninFig.8.3.14.

Fig.8.3.14TransverseReinforcementRequirementsforColumns
8.3.10.6 TwowaySlabswithoutBeams
(a) Thefactoredslabmomentatthesupportsrelatingtoearthquakeeffectshallbedeterminedforload
combinationsspecifiedinChapter2,Loads.Allreinforcementprovidedtoresisttheportionofslab
momentbalancedbysupportmomentshallbeplacedwithinthecolumnstripdefinedin6.5.2.1
(Fig.8.3.15).
(b) Thefractionalpartofthecolumnstripmomentshallberesistedbyreinforcementplacedwithinthe
effectivewidth(Fig.8.3.15)specifiedin6.5.5.3.2.
(c) Notlessthanonehalfofthetotalreinforcementinthecolumnstripatthesupportshallbeplaced
withintheeffectiveslabwidth(Fig.8.3.15)specifiedin6.5.5.3.2.
(d) Notlessthanonequarterofthetopsteelatthesupportinthecolumnstripshallbecontinuous
throughoutthespan(Fig.8.3.16).
(e) Continuousbottomreinforcementinthecolumnstripshallbenotlessthanonethirdofthetop
reinforcementatthesupportinthecolumnstrip.
(f) Notlessthanonehalfofallbottomreinforcementatmidspanshallbecontinuousandshalldevelop
itsyieldstrengthatthefaceofsupport(Fig.8.3.17).
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634 Vol.2
(g) Atdiscontinuousedgesoftheslaballtopandbottomreinforcementatthesupportshallbe
developedatthefaceofthesupport(Fig.8.3.16andFig.8.3.17).

Fig.8.3.15ReinforcementDetailsatSupportofTwowaySlabswithoutbeams

Fig.8.3.16ReinforcementDetailsinTwowaySlabswithoutbeams:ColumnStrip

Fig.8.3.17ReinforcementDetailsinTwowaySlabswithoutbeams:MiddleStrip