i

$ /
.
>
,
l'' 1.1.71 I.t3k'$ N'l !?.- N '3',..1. I zt4 ?S.N 1-) li'l.-J 1).1$.'1 l .1 ! .,A 14 I.t 17;(x
.
3 'IJ 1 It 16--, t) -'XS l ! rtr'; Ii$/ li-f. ) i 4
- f -
- l - -A' xt'S 'N l l i'k'l z'N ' ! ' l .t' $.?.N''l./k' 1.- ) ( *.S
zN ! .,f.l 13-- #.3 l1'''k
: ': z J
. - ttt + b) = 1, + 2.ttI) +l) -
.
j c . .z auj.l ..y.y?2 2
.
ttt - .)# a .- -
'
3 3 7 ' ;- > ... 3 3
.
(n + i4,)- = t' + 3tt 1, + .$11 1) '1- 1: = tt 't- 13 -1- .31111 (. lk I 13 )-
'$ --)11, ;;! IPIL -!9, ,-'1k .! , '
4. (
.
ld -. b )' r.;e lk - wltt 1.) + vsttl) -- 1) ra 1.d - 1.) w 3al) ( a - 1).).
1. b2 5
.
(a .i. b) (pt - b ) = a - .
2 = a2 + b' + (J + 2ttb + 2bc + zca. 6
.
(a ,+ b + c) -
a a < '- f!
s.-l s-a 7 ' ..- . = x .y u.x 7 : -4 pt -.2 > - l 4., c x -1-
- . .. . . .. ...
-
1- l .X ' l c .
X .. . t;
# 3 + b3 .+c3 .R Oabc = ( a+ b + c) (
' : 3 a + b + c = 0 then a + b INote : lf
.
3 3 z 9
.
a + b = ( a+ b) ( a - ab +
z jp . a - j)) ( 10. n - (
2 + b2 = ( a + b)2 - zab. l 1 . zt
3 b3 = + b)3 . 3ab j a + b ). 13.a + ( a
J % - ....- .
1.t. , t, - b = (-la +:)2 - 4u?,
2 b ).
1 7. a + ab + b )-
2 +J)2 4. ct -ab -bc -ca ), tl
.
3 = gabc.j + c
LAW S O lP iV..XPIDNEN'rS
;
.
n X
J J 1
. .-- = - -
lb /JR
.
*4
.
.
-1.. Lab )> = an Na * 11 p
!
...
& f
.l - ft .
M 1 m n m.eu t2 m
-x 4. tt .tt = a *9 -- = a xc - .--- .
> x..- J c
r m >
J. a '= lt => nl = l1.
t
j % F j Nj g )
.
k >
' t
t'.k ! 8 .' t 1 6
.
$, !
!
';. h
'
q''
' ,
''
:
1- lt.)gtavbl = log a + log ' ;
.
.
,
j . ( i
k '.' -
.
,
,... j a
.
' ; 4
.
)
,y t ,j
ag jyyg . m jug u .. joy jy s . , ., k . , ;
..: .k 4 .. q t 11 .
. '
'
;.. .1r '1 :
.a . ' :iftl ! ' j' (.i ' '' jjjjl $ ' . ;q.
k
.
'
.
; kr.j $ p', j j.. : . jtj ... t
-
i b.n .t . ti
'
.
! sk. t,..,'.;c . . ., .z.. . t
.
,
.-
'
8) l
q
1,% q.
j
l
.j ..t.. . j sqgrq .j., . 1jj
'
.
' :e
$
il
r)o,.J) .'.L.t, 8:jtj ,y
,
.
.
;,,
3. log a - 1) log a. l
-
$ k y .t,% (.
,
,t ;
.
- k, .- j L , , . r ak
,
l
, N k, ;w,.. , j ( ;, j i ' f. ; . v
y . j . :y ; ' qt , , g ,
p
j ; sj
j o g yj /
.
'
?
' . q
l 'f g 'l e '
:. ' : l
y .
i '
.
'
,
4t . l oe u = .- . . . . = loA . a . log ..c j N .
t i.' . # . o .j .1 <
'
..
'
..
'
ggy yj ..-. w..
d
w
'
.... g.
.. .
-
. .
., .
j '
,
'
-
1
., -
.
, t s. :., t': v ,1> 1 '
..
j k( . .
, , . ,.,, ., jq
.
,.
. I 1,
.
' e '' : t:
't. ,. 5. a = b c = log. fz
) .',
( Also <alIe as bn- changing forlutlllte)
.
; t .j , ), . , .r!! '#
'
.
jt .) , ;. ,. ,t
t;. xr = e/-* .
r- t('g.a = l . /
.
i1- It,gwtm ,. e #t (N 4)tt!: A sltllelt 11111st ltlytlw Ilow to use
lt ,1I2t t'i t 11 Ilts ill cltlcullz tiI.)11.)
t '1 t' 'i 1$-. i' 1.> I z l $- -N' r$ ( '$ t ;
'
d- 1 1. l u.u
1 w & vrz ai-e tl,e cube roots of unity then 1 + w + W = 0 & *3 = 1 2- 11 ,
- -
j y / yj' - 1 - / :-- 3 M/l
lere w = ---.... and w2 = .
2 l
5 j4 * / j ' jy S. +
@
lf A, 13 & C ttrejtlly ty@ xet
.
l tllen
1. ( A U B )U = A= r-l B=.
2 ( A rn B )C = AC U BC. Also called as De= morgan': law. @
3. (A 1) l3) = p ( A ) + n ( B ) - n ( A n B ). '
4. n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A l B) - ntB n C) - n( C M ) +
n(A hB hC).
5 11 - A = XC.' # . y 21 k '
'
,
6.
.
ldenlpotent I*w k A S A = A ; A U A = A. )
:'
7. Identity lxwg: A a U = A ; A U p = A ; A K/ = p ; A A U = U.
.! p
k
.
'
.
t.b. ' ' j j ,./ j
ft g; .8. C
.
omplelent Ixwg: A & AF / ; A # A = U ; 6 = U ; U =4.
k
'
t
..
y(, #
tM ATIIEM ATICAL INDUCTION. )
,
'
, . ( .y....* ' ..J
,
'Pdndple of mathemaucal Inducuon: If Ptnj Is a mathematlcal statement of (..
'patural number, then, 7
'
P(n) i: true vn ex iff
1. P(1) ig truev
2. If P(r) i: true then P( r + 1 ) is olso true.
LINEAR INEQUATIONS
linear inequauons ln two variabla are of the types
cx + by < c, ux + by l c, cx +by > cvax +by lr c ------ - - -41)
t'
.
lrttplkically these linear inequations represents llalf planes ('Half pltdne: A lille
tll'nmavn in t, plane divides the plane into tw o parts each of which is cnlled as a
!:all- !.)lnuc).
?t4IITIIO D O F DRM VING A IIALF PLANE
r,' t'?(f-,'1 . lf ary of tlle Enear inequations a: in number 1 is giveu then fitst drttw
; ;1e j'jrlljll! of the line, ax + by = c
t$(t!i)2. 'l'ake a point not on the llue say @,#)( Note : If the line is not passing
tllrough origin i-e. c . () then we take thls point as (0 , 0) ) and put ikl tlle
4 $!')t1l1k.1 f.i4'#I)
t)) If the point satisfleg the ipequation tben the illequation represents
the haif plane containlqg that polnt-
b) lf tlle polnt doa not sptisfia the inequauon then the inequation
represents the half plape npt containlng the point-
l 'iote: a) lf tlle lhlear inequation onlins the lnm uality of the type ror z' then
the half plane also contains the Ilne t.ken in stepl, Thus in tbis case we draw a
trark line.
b) lf the Enear inequauon conY
.
ns the inm uality of 'the type < or > then
t:le half plane doesn't con4nlq the lipm taken in stepl
. Thus in tllis case we draw
a dotted line. '
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
12 Jr 22 + 32 + 4: +
....,,! +
,,y,
,zr;s, p (a +1) (2n +1)
.z ;
.4 , .. ... . ' 6
3 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + + nz = n (n '> 1) @
p . p p p . . .o > ,
2
4. lf < a ar , ar2 ar3 ar4 > is a G
.P. with First term = a , com nloll l , ) , * @ * * # . * @
ratlo = r then
aL1.' -- 1) Sum of srst n terms of the G
.P. = .-- -.
r ;
S.(Sum of inflnite tenns of the G.P.) = if I r t < l 1
-
r S
x =. q,+ *a
-
+ - e
M W'l't1OD O F FINDING LOGARITIIM AND AN'l'1LO(;AltITlIM
(1) LOGIAATHIMS i
wek Iog x to be calculated then
Avl':cre.
1og x = Clxaracteristic + M antissa
j y 'j - ()
1 ': '. '' ' '' , t. $ .i. . ..
#
'
p :... , j ..., ,,t,) .. y ... ' j h j j . j k . y.. ). j . j j .j. ) : j ,
1 ; ..
.
-
- ,
-
) '( ) $:- j .,'r .
; . '.k -
,
, ., .. : . . , ,,o'p
,
, , , t , - y
I . (.! I Iz'&ltz'tf7-'I'l!; ItIS'l'If2 = .NIl11ll)er ()f digits tlle dedlllal ij, '.x' 'Illovcll to sllift
tllkt tlecilkllll a I'# ttl' first l14)'n' 'irt/ ,k pilihl'lttr. ' , ' . '. ' . ,
.
' '
'
.
.
.
tr-llltl'actl'istlc 4.,1- It#g''xk t:: .'I-ll'if't lleztlttcillllll is plpoved to:vard lcft tlirectioll
tllrildtgl't 13 digits.
.
% (r-lkttl-tttel-liti fkf l()g''x = - j) il- tll'e' (letilllttl is lhltbved tljAvltrt.l rigllt tlirttctifyll
t I'p 1- t.i tl 1t l I . l i - tl 1 git-s. : ! - .
l'''f.kr li'-xltlklllle--l . tlle cllttrttctelwistic t)f 2356.2987 is $3' 1ts tlle tlecilnal lltoves
tlkl-oklgll 3'digits to Ieft to. .cllppge it stalldard fornl 2.3
,
562987.
Exallllllez. 'I'l1e cllaracteristic of 0,4101)00256784 is 1-6' as the dednxal lnoves
throllgll 6 digits, to. right to cllange it to standard form 2.56784.
I1. N'IANTISSA: W e read m antissa from log tables as followg
N
.
.
; '
, - .
.
'
l i '! , t '
,
. ' '
.
l
stepl : ltead tl,e'value il, row of lf,g tables iorresponbing to the numbcr of nrst
twfj lltpdl zttrdk twlj digits ill $xf in tlle cfjlulllll tllat corra ponds to tlle tllirfl digit
'
Stcl,2: Add tlle ldlean difference (iif any. ?)' cprreiponding to the fourtl,l digit in
$x' to tlle llulber obtinM in ste/ 1. ':,' . ,'q
Stt!l)3: Ad(I tlle cllaracteristic and tlle mantiss go pbtained. .'l'he num ber
bttlihctl l)y ttddillg tlle characteristic nlid mantlsda' will be tlie value of Iog x.
ANTllwOG AIt'rl1lM S:
lf llpg x = y tllell x = Antilog:#. Thus Anillogarithm is tlle process of illding the
llukklller wllosc ltjg valu is given . ., .
Let x = Anbnog y then,
Stepl: Read tlle m antiss: , which i:
.
th num ber after the dN *m alin y ,
Stepz: 1Ik Anzog tabla, rVd the iiu'mber In the row coedponding to the
num ber form ed by nrst two digit: of the m alltisga and th colum n
corresponding t tll. lhlrd dlRitkln thtziAnq.s. ' ''' ' ' '
1. M****' .,
Step3: ltead the num ber ln the m O n dlfference of an/og tabla corresponding
to tlle fourth dlglt in 'the mantlssal If :1+),
SteI)4: Add the num bers obtained In steps 3 & 4.
Stps: Itad ths sparycterhtic in the pumber y , which is thefnumber before b
dmal in y, add' 1 G It: ' '
Step6:a) lf the no obtained in steps is positive, say tp', tllep put dedmal ltfter p
digits to rigllt ln ths rumbqr obtpiped,in step4. p %
b) If ttie nunibef' kb ' taino ' m steps is negativea i'y d-p', then put dedmal by
putting 'p' zeros before the num ber obtaine in step4.
Tlle ntllllber oblnilled in steI16 is tlle required antilog value of y.
.
p.... .
: x
)
'
y
.
QUADRATIC INEQUATIONS
' + bx + c is any quadratic poenomlal then If ax
h adratlc Inm uauon ax1 + b; # : < 0 w: be true tx e R 1. t e qu
( ke. R will be the solutlon of the qu:4K@qc lnm uaqon ) Iff D < 0 and a < 0
2 the quadrauc in- uatiop ax' + by + c > 0 w: be true vx e R ( kev R will be tlle *
,
soluuon of the quadrauc lpqpy@pp ) Iff D < 0 >nd a > 0.
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBIYATION:
1. Fundamental prldplm of cpqp#pgl
a) mber o w I . ITIhG AP*PIA
to be d@le @ut of Whkh Npt, t ' 4 '.' $ # , fkgrth , sfth , ... ... .....and Pth Job
'
.
.
''
.
.
'.
. x t
n be doneln m, m, , lp , m4 , .#.,,t,!.#-i.v..?w ways then all of them can he
don: .lm ultaneouslyln .
1 * z # 3 @ q** @@e@.eee*e##*..#@*@..@@,@.@@@.@.@*@@ p
W ay'.
I.e. total no. of wayg in whlch a glvep qo. of jobg can be done ls equal to tlle
product of the no. of ways ln which vach IndM dual job can be done.
blNumber of wavs in whieh either of two or more iobx can be do-l-l.e : lf tllwe
are p J.obs to be done out of wlilch ' grg' k secopd , third , fourth , nftl1...........alld
Pth J'ob O n be done In m l ma , mz , mj , ... ... .-. ... ...mp ways tllell eitllerof te nl
can be done in
ln.z + lnz + lna + nll + ... ... ... ..... ......... ... ... ...+ lnp
l
ways
I.e. total no. of ways ln whlch dtller of a glven no jobs can be done Is equal to
the sum of the no. of wayg in wlllc: each Illdlvldual job can be dflne.
2. lf 4n' ls any natural no. tllen, n1 - 11 ( n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) ...-..... ...3 .2 . 1
l.a n! represents the product of the & :t dp' natural nos.
3. P( n , r) = Permutatlon: I Afrangements of n thlngs taken 'r' at a thne
p! . .
= = n.( n - 1) . ( n -.. 2 ) . ( n - 3) ...... ( n - r + 1 ) (
n - r)!
.
.$- r factors obtaine hy redudng $n' one by one -2)
4. P ( n, 0 ) = 1 5. P ( n 4 n ) = n!
6. C( n , r) = Combinatiop I gel-tlop of $n' thlng: taken 'r' at a tillle. (:
M > C ( % ; > ) -
. -
l ' ( I 1 , 1- ) I l ! I 1 ( l 1,- l ) ( I I - 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( l 1 - r .1- l ) Cv'
- . : = - - - . sc
- -
! ( n-r ) l r . ( 1- - l ). ( r - 2 ) ........3-2. 1 ?! I
> () ) = (-> ( 11 , n ) = 1 A M w Mc r.) 7. (.- ( 1, , - . G x
8. C ( 11 , 1. ) = C ( 11 , ,1 - r ). .
V v . c.v
S1M IIZAR 'l*1t1AN (11 zl(S
If two triangla are silnilar then corresponding sida are proportional and
corresponding angles are equal.
a
COM M E!Ut'lAla M A'I'IIEM A'I'ICS
5
1. Profit = S.P. - C .P. , S.P. = Selling price x C .P. = cost price
2. lx s: = C.P. - S.P.
1,,1-4 Ljt 3
. l'rtkfitd/o = -..- .. x l 00 .
C.P.
4
zt,sx 4
.
I dlss t'l, = - --- x 100
c.p. A
pro//vo y I-ossqk s
.
s.I>. = C.P. ( 1 + ) = C.l . ( 1 - ) 10a
.
l()
P'sf'9'@ 1: = Sdling Price
, M .P. = Nlarlted l'rice 6. S.I>. = NI.P. ( 1 - ) , S. . 100
llixcdz) = lliscoullt Price.
'. p r 1
.
A = l ( 1 + --- 10
OZo ftpr $ n' years , n = time period for whicll rate of interest is c:lculaied.
P rt 11
.
S.I. = -L-- , S.1. = Simple Interest , P = prindpal , r =a ate of interest ,
100
t = 'rilne for which interat Is calculated.
j* A = Amount , l 11 = Prindpal compounded at rate of r
BIN()M lA1a TIIFOREM
1. lf a & 6 are any two r#al nos. alid $n' Is a natural no. tllen
d * *-.1J +c@* 2)./*-2 bl + +c(a rpA-n-br + +:& (f1 .'f- bj = tl .'1- f2(N >1J'7 y . ......... y ........
7. lf tx' is a r-l no. g.t. jl < 1 and tm' any real then
*t
uu
1 .vnzx + m(m - 1)xa + T (= -1)(- - 2) a + + mlm -1)(-- 2)(p? - 3).!..(v - r + 1) r
.
j. (1 :p i ) n; .... - J; ...... 1!1 31
?#
@. ' )
TRIGO NOM ETIW
'l'rljtonom elric funcdolls as tlle rath) of sideg of tl rigllt angled triltllglt!
P. errepd/clzlur Basq /'t??rc??J/t.'12/t1r
sjlj # = goB p = . - -- tml # = .
hypotenuse fflrfllea/zse BaSe
.
*
'
Hys tentixe Jfzporenuse Base
@g#c#= gec# = cot# = .-.- ---.- .
Peb- ndi ar fltzye l'erpeadtcular
'
.k ' , ' p ' '
:
r
'
jg , . '., ,.'
'
i:'k'ki(t j, t
,
y,,.$.y j
s .. T,.l,.,ONSH,IP BE EEN T NO ETRIC FUNCTIONS tk' , f'
.
.h s
'
k-'i'i 3 ! 'i ? r (t.
.
s - ,. ., *
'je'.;, . ,...s .. . . $9
.
): .' !#f!- :-
.
.
'
. -- ,# - .. s.
'-- - - -- ''' ---- - - - - --' ' - '
l; ', :'; ,
,
.
i---
.
.
'p -t-
. k :1k, :1L .-,,- 11.
iju,''>2 f. lN a-m 4 = co. # = lnn U = --
.
;
''' e
.. j .
.
! .1 q,l.':..'4,...p .m.>' S
! ,sibb 74
.
coeec# .ec# cot 0
')
t(.k$(? ( ;1'''j
, g
''
'
---- --'- ---- -------*--*-- - -
l.
L'ltj.,4j l ; ...$ 'q . j j ) $ ;$
. ,
,
r !
.
% # m cot # = -
.
''#h
,
, :
'i 'i'
k
J
.
h t)
.
.
'
.
f') .
j
.
Q<, # = . Bet
.
'
)'. ..).i)s y '' gln # - cos # . .. .---tJ.3.!! ..-f.?
.
' ; :, .( . k, ' -j, , '.!. . .
'
y
'
:-, k ! j
j/. '. . r ',?;. sk '' y$#'' '; i. ... j?,: jrlj
.
j ,.. j! .bt . j x jj ' .' .
;#.jkj,t)T NO ET C TARLES: Valua of trigonometrlc fullcbons 1tt l'llg ts , t$/
j.r
,
,
za. 4s. 6:. an4 va. .1 !
'
z
,
'
p
?.:j'Vi'7 x
.
, ,
'
. o -'- o ' ' ' - o --- '-'-'-'- o'- --- -''- ''- ''
'j $
.
'
r, . ( $ g 3g 45 60 90 7.,jj
o
tijk (3 jj :1
u , . .. ,
,:t/,j, J; . Fuxc.rl N '
'
t
.
:
.'
i.? ! . - --...--.-..- .. . --.-.--.. -. -..-.. -.- . .- ..... -
ii . .- .
-''b'f : -.'
. l!!:;;llp 111(2:1114 (111k- .111L. j:i!lli .(1118, ,1
i ,
' : - '
-
1,..
''
d
,. .d.
' '
....
,.
.
..
-#.
.
,
!1)--,
i.
'
?-''
..
rI:1!
. .
'.
''' :::1!!$, --.,,1j/41'-'::;;!!:
,
::::4,:
' ' !'4 'i T; ;.j '- . . . :
z
&.
, .
4.. t .
,
t:,; >jg o 1 J 1 1 ()
z# izsvi 't
X'''F 7 ' z 2 -
'
.x-
y/ $ f '.e , '
'
'
,
t,?f!,, ) . t,,-.#u # 0 1 1 J l1.d . ,.; (rj
,j3 .; t . y j .j . -.' issk !k;.r.
-.-
) . (211 ;..$k y l.,
,
j q ,,, .
.
/
, .
'
- ..- . - w
'
cosec p n-d. 3 4i 2 1
43
T
.
gec 0 1 2 :2 2 ' ll.d.
.
3
cot 9 uvd. 3 1 1 0
73
NO'rE: Division by zero % not defhlctl.
l$- l l IN l IA N 1 1,-, (''k 'I'A I . 'I- 11 I t 1(.)N ()N1 I?.a'I'ItI ( '!A I . I I ) F-N '1- l -1-1 1i' -S
= '-i a z 1112 ()
.
+ ct)I;'! t) . l 1+tan2 p = scc 0 l+ cllt 0 = coscc 0 .
.
.
z n 2 n 2 y z I 2 n 1 e, 2 y
.
z I 2 1 - 8zl1 vr :
-
2 ctlls Iz :eC lz - vml v = I . cooec l.e - C(): P = 1
. .. ..... . . . >. . . . .....- . .. --.- ......-- .. - -......-...-.-.-.- .- - - - - .- .. . -..-. - - -- . - .- . .-...- ... ..........- ..-- . -- - - .-.- . .- . . ....
.
7 7 ANGIA SIJM FO RM IJIA E PRO DIJCT FO RM ULAE
-. .. - - .,- ...-..- ..-.- ... -. - .... .......L.-..-..y. .--.-....1.....---..-.--..-...-...--..r.....-...--- . ....-....-- ..-..- .- .-
.
.. - - . .. ..--.-.- Z -.-.--'...'- .--.-..-- ' ''--- ' - - ''--'-
SI
- ! I (- A -* l 1) ra sl 1 , A f Nr (!s.. 1. 1- ,...4-.. .
(
..-J 4-,. g.. A..- . .S...I..!! ,1., !. - 2- S.-.I.I..!,A.-.. (.. 7.. (. ?! .1..3.. =.,. .S. . i. 1. 1. (. A,....-b..11 ). -1'SI 11 (A -- 1,1)
Sin A - B) = SiIlA CosB - CosA Sl'nB 2CosA SillB = Sin A + B - Sill A - 13
Cos A + B = CosA CosB - SinA SInB 2CosA CosB = Cos A + B) + Cos(A - B)
-
2SinA SinB = CostA + B) - CostA - 11)
NO TE:
Cos(A - B) = C()sA CosB + SinA SinB ZSInA SiI1B = Cos(A - B) - Cos(A 'I' l3)
SUM FORM UIaAE
-.- . -.... . -.-
'
--.-
tall ./4 .1 tan 12 # 1 /1 ; - 1) t
antz + jj j = .,. --.-------..-- yttg 4. gtnjl = g-gin ... .(j,b. ,-..-.- . 1
. -
tan .4ta11 B 2 1
'- &
t:ul A - tan B zl + 12 ,4 - I j
:ultzl .-. #) = -.-------.---...- .. SinA - Sinn = 2.co, -- - jgjp? --...- $ l
.
p tan W tan B 2 2
- .
.
. .............- -..* . . .... .
,
c t ) t :4 c o t B - 1 ' ,4 - I . B
s u :
4 - I t
gojtx .j. X j J:a -.- .... ..... & V + Cjux = i.tXo ...-.--. uo S
cllt B + cot, 2 2
cot X cot B .1. 1 '. yj 1. B ,4 -.. lt
coltd - #) = -.---- .-.- CoM - CosB = -2.S/a --.- Sjp . .-.
cot B - cot? z 2
N(')'l'l!:
Z -I- 11 1 -''a'1 & M
-
CozB = j.sitl ----..-. Sia ---... --
2 2
DO UBLE ANG LE FO RM ULAE
2ta1X '' ' S1
n M = 2 & zld Co .G = -..---=
l+taned
2 1 - tal, ,4
' . : t
-
, 2 q.. : 4 'a t-l bs 2,4 ' i (
.
3ts ,4 . uin ,4 .: l - ttun ,4 = 260:- # - 1 = -.- -- .v.-
'
1+ tan * X
2tan2 t
lln 2.4 = -,--- - 1
1 - tlul Z
e b RESULTS OF DOUBLK ANGL: FORMUG:
+ (4) , s z z 4
.
: ) . o u g ............. 1- LIMM = 2:/a W ,
.--.- .-...-..-#.--...-.v. - .--.e-..*-......=..*...J.-- .4-.--.- ,k.< .v ' ' '''-= - A . '' .---.'''.''.'- -.--''' '
j- cp4u : j . a
ag . .....-.......- 1+ C- M = ZCw z ,
. . , . , ) '
: -C '.: '''; : l ''; : -::' ''' '''' : : ''' '-- ''''' ----------
VPRICE ANGLE JPORMULAK ..-....-..., . - > v-
SIn3A = 3 KnA - 4 SIn A .
COH A =- CoG i 4 Cos A
'
. . . .
jthmz - tan W t
% 37 = ---u
1 - 1..!-m1 - d , .
.
.
. . .
9 q ' j j . .' , . . , - ,
,:
j ; ;
RESULTS OF THXICE ANGLE: FO U
> - *- .
.
. .N ' *M . . . .'w'. . ' '
.
'
stn'x = -osinA.- &a3z) ; . : . * -(z&o- + (7-12) M
' '-'- '*
- ' '' '' - ''''; 6 ' ' ' - ' 'L2Y' ' ' ' '-*
GE SERAL SOLUTION: QF Tm YOaM#T 'QUATION
Sino = 0 = 8 = nl whvr; n e 1
.- .. - w -
Cos # = 0 r-o 0 = (2a + 1)-,a e 1 2
v - -
tlul 0 '.a 0 co 0 = n > wbet.. n c- l
- ... ..- -v...- .. - - -- ..v ...- - .Q......- - - ..',..=.v ..- - .-- .....
&& 0 = Sina '.'.o # = & x+ U 1/ Js
.
whrr: p 4 I ,'%
Ctu 0 = Coza r> # = 2/ p :k 1, whef p e I --'. .- ' .
tml # = tan c ro 9 = a v + a, wbvren e l ' .
ALLIED ANGLES FORM UI,AF.
Points to be rem embered w hile fotming wKe fe p vll:
(l) QUADIW NT INTERVAIXR:
DIAGRAM ATICAL PRES:NTAION
ON NEXTFM ;:
@
r %
:
--
, 3v - zr v , 3v, 5n', 7v,...., # :
Onk - Vey X - % 1:.
R M v p' @ Jr .
-w
? - -3 ..... - : # - t z- - . .. . . ... - f''I - + ve - $? - !'!( Iq .....y j j ) ) ) . 2
. 1 >. A- > A.
.1.'
.
*
)
#
'r .. . %#w
-
4v,-2:r,0 ,2 zr ,4v , 6n .... , (,11 , .I- ve , x - akis
- .
4 -- - -. 3 ,-. 7 - 1 1 .-- . . . .. .0/2 -v/? M -- a 4'/.
2 2 2 2 2 e
>'
IPIRST QIJA IIItAN'r INTERVAIXN
Y r % #
......................,
(.- 2v .-3..-.-),1.0,--1 ,( 2v , 5-j,(4v, 9 --J,.......
: 2 2 2 2
SECONIS Qt/AIIltAN'F INTERVAM
..............,
( - 3--, - v) ,(.- , v) ,1.5--, 3v1,(9 .-, 5r).........
.
2 2 2 2 .
.
TIIIRD QIJADRANT INTERVAIXS
K a r a e
.............y
(- K p - '--.j y I.e , .z --j , (3c y 2 2 r r 1p )
. I 15 /r . 1 1 . J ,................ 2 r 2
FOURTII QUADRANT INTER#AL
%
'
&
'
............,
1.- -- , 01 ,1.3....- , 2v1 .17- . 4v),I11-j- .6
.
v
,
)..,T..,
a
.
#!#...,.y, , ) 2 2
'
; .
L
.
.
r y..,. jk
',* 'J ..'- F ' 15 i - k y J; ... ! ,t .
. -
(11) SIGNS OF TRIO NOM ETRIC FUNCTION: IN VARIOUS
G NT INTERVAIX: QIJAD
1. AIl trigonolnetric functlons have +ve value on all the angles w hlch lle
in the nrst quadrant intervalg.
2. Slne and Cogl- nt functlon: have e e valua and ra t functlons are
-
ve on all the angleg w hlch lle ln the g/ ond quadrant Intervals
> r
.
<'' -..
,
''k
x fl-?
3. 'fangent and Cotangent functions Ilave +ve values alld rttst I'unctifllls
l're -ve f)kl aIl the angles whicll lie in the tbird quadrant intervals
4. Cosine and secant functions have +ve values snd rest functlons are
-
ve fyfl an the angles whlch lie in the fourth qu>drant hltervals.
,
'
IN G OR'l' W E CAN AW EM BER IT AS KX LOW S .
QJ 2!.1 0114 0. iv
- - - - .
'Y L W E) SISINE AND TITANGENT CICOSINE A(A
l COSECANT AND AND SECANT
+VE AND , COTANGENT +VE AND
REST -VE) +VE AND REST -VE)
REST
-
-
-
VES- l -- ..--.-.
...-,.- .-- .
(111) STEPS TO M M QE AI,LIED ANGLES FORM ULAE
Stepl. lf x :i: # is any aKed angle, where x i! qn integral m uldple of n
) ''1 .: 7 ' ' or aw o4d muluple of L tlleu ; '
g k.$ : j
..
i
'
' > '
' ' 1: an odd muluple of .% a) W e change the trigonometrk funcqon if x
, z !
,
as follows:
cin # 4-+ cose
t@,#.e t9$#
l
,, , coser# e pc:
.
j ,. p j j s j b) There
.
u no
,
change in the trlgpnpp et
,
rljf
,
unuon if x is an integl a
'
t ' ,. . . .. k . . .
.. . 4
' '
.
.
.
.
m uluple of .. , . , , , :
Stepz. After follo< ng steyl we put the sign +ve or -ve according as the
quadrant in whlch the allled angle x d: ? lies.
Example 1 . c.'l secjyf - p1= -secp 2. cw (v + f?)-- cot: etc.
INVERSE TRIGO NOM ETRIC FIJNCTIONS FOR M ULAE:
1.
'
j 1 j .
.,.j 1
S1l1 A = COS'C - COS.D-/ x = S1n -
.
< J X
1 -1 ...1 1. . .21 - l
Ctls .f --. SeC -. Bec .X = (l(1s - -
.' X J
1 -j -1 1 -1 j -1
F e ' v
.
'?kp'j,,jj j mjxj (:*#.0' 'j.j m:bb bli *t , . .
.
'
.
. -, , 171 l$.!'.:?,I..'.,w'1At . ,.' '' . ' - ' . '
.
'
$ , . ..
. d t ,. .
. .
' ' t >
'
1 '
, j . ) /
' ( e!
; '
.
v ' T . ? .
.
.
. . .
. $ .
4 $ ' Ik d h , q ' .. . . ' hk '
8 '.#
'
$. ' ' . . ' l l ' :. l
;/p,7' . '. / . *66,6. . '. ' ;!!j2' ; : i
. . ..
j j . . $../. .% $.' ; .q d '.. j . % j , .. j ., j h !
ljlII .x i (-.llfl .x zc - j tan ' .k -1 t()t ..4 -...-.. .- r ''k , , oser x + eec , x = ' ' .
z ,1 2 . , , ., z
'
e . t i 1 t 7 :'' '' :'1
.
i k - % -- ' .
3. .. .
1 IX ''1 *
..
j . ... j . ..j 2 2 .'f 4 .. 4 gIn x
ui: Bln y = sln (x 1- y + y 1 - x J j i l 1, . . i , .
R ,
3 1 ' . a . 1
-
' : cos--b = cos-llxy # 1v':.k .'1- y I k '- cos x y
8 . k 1
l -1 -1 X -i-
./ tO - x Ttim
.
? = fnn ' !
1 - xy . ,/
,r ,
;. .. j .q . 1
-
1 5 .-j .-1 .' - J tull
.x - tml y = tan -. -
1 + xy
.
&
4. , .'
.
4. ' -
2
z -1 x -: l - x y , '
n-' x = cos-t 21- x = tml = cot 61 2
x 1 - .x A
l . t ' 1
2 -: s j j. i
'
,'
'
1- x , ,) j
,
a -1 . -1 j
-
p m jx -l , = cot- cos .< = Sm
2 7 1- x
Z ' '' ' 2 1 - x 2
.< -1 1- x -1 lx -j
,
-
1 . -1 tsm xcot : 2tan x = sm = cos =
: .k. 2 1+x2 1- x
.
,
lx $ ' 1+x ,jk
.
,. . ,.t $ , i;
k ( ' l '' !; ' $' $ *
h
k
. ..-
1 . . l ''k 't , - ...1 ...1
sm (-x) = -sm x cosec (-x) = -cosec x
Q *1 % -1 V ' ''
0O9 (-X) = r -- ()g x ' :e (-x,) N r - 8@0 5,7 j j , ,
.$
--.
1 .-1 ' ' -j ' pe ' T . -1 ' ' tan (-x) = - tnn x cot, (=: = v - cot g
GRAPIIS OF TRIGONOM ETRIC FUNCTIONS
'
. '
j k
,
'
1. y = sin x . x e (c,2v)
+
PLEASE TURN THE PAG E
T ' '
.
)('' --'
-
h 1 I
e
f
N
xx
X.
N sy v
z v - r z
4) qyzg . ...y
* 2. /
'
y N
w .
l N-w
-
.
,'''
w j -zqvxo
#
. .a .,k,t..
. t = o g > t g z z PJ
1.
*
x -r$ Axo
Tr
.
j'r// Q y / w
/
z?
-N
w
.<.
-
i wx-....v
*
--
A XM
I(Ql9A'I'l()N(S) ()Ii' (>.1 RCI.?I( , 141,1 zl I'SII AH 1) A I'AItAI3III ,A
x
: a (
- 1 ltC I.aI!d
- . - .. y lrquatioll ('jf lt circlc M'itll centre at origin ( 0 , 1) ) aIl(l radills t r' is
2
.
1
,
1 . N
.
+ J 22 I : .
j .. G eptzv p ' x '-4
.
.. ' (1l'tA 1'1 I : - ' ' -.
G 0
Nh
. . *
'
-.
..
''
ELLIPSE
.
'
.
v ( ' l'herm are two dllferent forms of tlle equation of an dli
.
psek lx t a > b
(i) lloeizontal I(lIIpge:
a a
'llquatlon ...X
-y -I- sL- = 1 '
u 13
M aj4yr axis: Equation y = 0 ( x2 mxis) ; Iength = 2a
M inor axis : Equation x = 0 ( y ='axis); length = 2b
Polnts of llltersektioll w1th x - axl: ( :l: a, 0)
.
l>olnt: of intergxtlon witll y - axls (0 , + b) -A@*
DIAGRAM ATICALLY:
$ l
-
% , . n % % >-
4 s
(') Vertical Ellipse:
2 ; 2
'jN jjjjjj .X.- . 4. ..e.. a j ; jepgtjj = ia qqtlll j .
b d
Major axis: Equauon x = 0 ( y- axis
l 'M i!!f!
-
n#.!.-!.-I!' qnetl -ftll.z = 0 ( x - a.#s); lelkgtl.l = 2-b
/ -z
Polntg of Intergectlon witll y - flxl: J,+ bril)
l'ollltg of lllttlrsectloll wltll x - ttxls (0 , + a) (P.T.0.)
DIAGRAM ATICALLY:
. .
s 1 -
q
-
u ta
* '*' #
.
'
0 > - G >4.ao
PARABOI,A
.
' - -
'
'*''''* ''- - '- *'''--'- - ''* -- ''- '
(i) RIGHT W ARD PARAROI.A '
1 , Equatiou
.
/ = 4ax # where a = kl Coelyciewof'x l
Vertex is ( 0 , 0 )
Axis of symmetry is y = 0 ( x - axis )
Focus ( a , 0)
Equation of latus rc tum is x = a
W here latus rectum is the chord passing through focus of the parabola
and perpeudicular to tlle axi: of the parabola
DIAG IG M
wl <-.'* )tj -- h
N .#i,, . t & :)
m .....'.- j-oc kzm ? x p. - F
x v''
# ' ---. 0
v
..
.x
@) LEFT W ARD PAM BOLA
l , Equation
.
y2 = - 4ax
, where a = yj Coemctentofx j
Vertex is ( 0 , B )
Axis of symmetry is y = 0 (
. x - axis )
Focus ( -a y 0)
Equation of latus rectum ig x = -a
W here latus rectum is the chord passing through fx us of the parabola
and p4rp4pdi
.
glar to
.
tlle
-
exls pf th4 parabola
.- .. - ...- - -....- . . . -
&
> I Ii -Nf; li 'Ii l ! Ithl -I- I I 14 PA(-..-;I4 l .z w a .
.
.
I ) I A k ; I l A h l tj -. + yvJ,, . :)
;..y
:
'
.
x->- h ( - t.'n ? a ')
,
6 ' vu
. 1. fi .
(iii ) l y 1' 1' /%. I t 1 1 l 'A- I t A 13( ) l ,A
x 1 1 .
,
. , Ilasjtllkliddl. s = 411y , w'Ilere a = - l S-.oeillt-ielgf?l z I 4
V e1- icp is ( (.) , 4) )
Axis of synlnletry is x = t) ( y - l,xii
.
t
)
Ft/cus ( 1) I'j
liltjllltt if plI 1,f l1, tllg k' ectunl i: y = 1,
.
.
.
;
..
. .
tunl Is tlle clyord passing 'tllrotigll fcts of tlie para' $$1: w here latus rec
and perpendicular to the axls of the parabola #, , ' 2 ' . ,3 ,'
I)IAt';l1A M j - +.T
l , '
f' ckA j o
, , ) '
.
..
: ,' '(. o ? *) ' '..;. 'j .
.
, - . , ( , ,.; f,j ?
'
' 1 # ;
' '
.
1!4.,,6Elkl : '
x'xt>
,
. '
. .
< -
0 kxjk
.
!
(Iv) l)t )5#NW Altl) I3AllAl1()luA .
1 1
= 4ay where a = - -l Coe.mcleiofy' l Equation. x - , 4
Vertex Is ( 0 , 0 )
Axi: of symmetry is x = 0 ( y - axls )
Focus ( 0 , -a) ) . t k
,: ., . . !
Equallon of latus rectum is y = -:
, ' :
. 5 : ' . t' .
.
.
W here latus retum ig the chord passing through focus of th parabola
and perpendicular to the axi: of the parabola
'
, ) k
PIA ASE 'rl;RN TIIE PAGE
. '. ' 1
.
'
'
. $ '
e
7 ! -=
. .

'
. .
j g. . . . .
) e- i
w .-'
e'd
.
.. . ,. ... .. .. ., =...w .. .....u...w .;.. ..z.-. w ' '
- -
tj :,.k. .y y!t J) DIACaRAM k
j- + . q 9 n
..7 .'# ... /> vvo
N
1
(,,-e)
1
CO - ORDINATE GEOM ETRY
(9 If a M e make axgle # e tll tbe + v! #lreqo: pf x - *v1* then It's
'm' I.,w
,
,
p, tail slope b tanp an4 lg denote by
@) Slop: ? f a line pasm-ng irpuj jzsqj ijj lp j#qgtzsts ,(,,x? j? y
,,
1) aad (xJ , p) is
.
.
. .
.'
A
.
jv
-
?a :1 given by > =
.
la - A
l* slope- intercept form of a O e is : y h mx + r
where, m = slope of the llne.A c = y - Inter pt 4f tlle ine. #
# ) Equation of a ne passing through two points (
.
x1 , y1) and (xz , yz) h
iven by: (y - Al) = $2-- X.(x - xI) @
xz - xl
(v) Angle $ () ' between the :na with :lopes mj and nkc is given by:
mj - m, to # = +
-
1 + nb.nh
A4) lntercpt form ot a line is u' + X = l.pehere 'a' h the x - inli cept ank f
.
'
'b' is the y - intercept i-e. tlle llue mets x-axis and y - axis at (a , 0) and
(0 t b) respecuvdy.
(vii) General form of a straight :ne is $ex + by + c = 0'.
(N $ )-1- 1,- :
1 . t 1t 11 /) is 4 ve if ' p ' is nclll e,
2. l lt 11 t) is -ve if ' t) ' is 4)l)I,Ilse.
u.
s No. NAM E AREA PEPIM U ER VOLUM E OIHER
1 'I-IIIAN(IIZE A = li x bage X gltltud: P *'z mlm of 1II - -
'
.
= % produtt of mv two $lde:
glde: x gln I Rngle b/w
tlle two :ldezl
=
s(.s' - t1)(,->)(#- c)
a -p b .I- c
where S = -
2
..'- ' - -x'--- '-- - - ''--''''v'- ''--vv--v' '*''-''* ''e--e'- '-*'* * -'*''-'* *''*- '''*'**'**- **''' -*' '- *' ' *''* '''*
'-N 141
,
f = 3 (glfIa) - a vlllut,w Ia.l ;5
TRIANGLE A = Q dejl
4 - e - 1 T ''F-
B 3 RIGHT ANGLED A -12 X Product of non P * Sum of R!l - 11 RP
ldeg ' Kldeg W llere 11 = GLE
-
lvpotenuge g
h tellllie ypO
13 'rz l'lu:
1* c=
l . P e l T e 1 l ( I l q l I
...
:. 1 r
4 rz'lwl,l-wu-ooRAM A = Base x Altltuds 1: = : xxum of - -
. .eent ,jd: .
5 RHOM BUS A - % Produet of P = 4 x Slde -
6 KZITIM A = % x Slml of plm llel - - ,
gldeg xllgte ce b4tween
th: Rm llel gld..
: 'J*' >
7 IIF-I v. I'ANGIA A - Length x llr:vdtll P = :1 lz 4 D) . I 'fhtlgt 1, i'f t ltf,
dlagollal ,.
4-'-y 4L ,.. z?
8 SQUAKE A - ( .lde) P - 4 x :lde - Lenglh of tlte
dlqgolpql =
4 .
x&
, .
@
9 CIRCLE A = r Clrcumfez- . - Dlmnetpr = 2 x
+ . , x r a dtug
10 SEW CIRTN,V . A - % g Perlmeter - - -
x r + ar
11 Clm om . Cua ed :urfqe. ar.. - I,engtll of tl-
- Ar** of fonr of wwll: V dtlg4ylppl
K .K IL + B) ' 'z= L x B =
T@t.1 Sudace sre. xH a a a
m , .
L + B + S - ztl
.
B + BH + ,) Wh
ere,
L - Length
B = B remdth
H '-
.../ 1 1 1..1 ''*Q ' ' -
12 ClJI)E C.e.A
.
S.- 4s - Len h or the
4
'
14
'
. .
Q 1 1
.
S.A. e= 65 V ''' S f'Il S'gf ,!,$!.1 -
S zm :I4If! ,N -- <l#!f' gr ''': . , .1 s t 4
.,,
v
';
13 CNLI-NDEI1. . C.S .A. <'7, n ,-13 - V m '' .fI l 11
'I-.S.A.. =. 2 % r( r + h)
z .'.7 5. r f' 2 n rI1
.
CO N:' C.S.A. = r rl V =
.
, z g z 1/3
.& r 11 l = r .6- 11
, j m , jjjj jy jjjjj gjjt.
r r= l-ld lug
'
h '= Vortltal
.
lpelgllt.
15 SP E C.SA =. T.S.A. = 4 A V =
4 %
.- .
g r
'
) %
t6 IIEM ISl>IIEPE C.S.A. - 2 r - V =
T.*.A. - a > # 2
. -
n vn
3
t.
# 9 N ' ' ' ' . . ' ' ' ' # 9 N N . .
,. .