Course 11127 - Sustainable Heating and Cooling

Refrigeration
Refrigeration Processes
Cold Vapour Compression
Absorption
Adsorption
Steam Ejector Refrigeration
Cold Gas (Air) Cycle
Peltier Cooling
Magneto-Electric Refrigeration
Evaporation
The Coffee Cup Experiment (1)
thermo-
meter
hot coffee
very thin
plastic film
-32 % cooling
thin layer
of
olive oil
-40 % cooling 100 % cooling
MILD AIRSTREAM
Evaporation
The Coffee Cup Experiment (3)
Time Temperature
min. Oil Surf. Vaporiz.
0 55,0 C 55,0 C
1 54,0 C 53,1 C
2 53,0 C 51,3 C
3 52,0 C 49,5 C
4 51,0 C 47,8 C
5 50,1 C 46,1 C
6 49,1 C 44,5 C
7 48,2 C 43,0 C
8 47,3 C 41,5 C
9 46,4 C 40,1 C
10 45,6 C 38,7 C
11 44,7 C 37,3 C
12 43,9 C 36,1 C
13 43,1 C 34,8 C
14 42,3 C 33,6 C
15 41,5 C 32,4 C
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15
Time / minutes
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

/

C
WITH
Vaporization
WITH
Oil Surface
MILD AIRFLOW
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, R-134a, or
HFC-134a, is a haloalkane refrigerant with
thermodynamic properties similar to R-12
(dichlorodifluoromethane), but with less
ozone depletion potential. It has the
formula CH2FCF3, and a boiling point of
26.3 C
Evaporation
Introductory Remarks
Refrigeration with the commonly used "Cold
Vapour Process" needs basically nothing else
than an apparatus, called the "evaporator".
In this heat exchanger the necessary energy for
evaporating a liquid is supplied by a warmer
environment, which eventually "looses" heat and
becomes colder. That's all. The rest in
refrigeration technology is needed to make
evaporation (continuously) happen.
This means that all the complicated and
expensive gear around the evaporator is a
necessity, but does not make "cooling" any more.
The evaporator is the only and really important
part, the rest is technical "neccessity".
Group discussion
Topic:
How to make the evaporation continuously
happen?
Task:
Make a sketch to show the principle of the
cooling machine you designed.
Vapour compression refrigeration cycle
Condenser
Compressor
Evaporator
Expansion
(Throttling)
Device
Low temperature
Low pressure gas
high temperature
high pressure gas
Low temperature
high pressure liquid
Low temperature
low pressure liquid
Qcool
Qrej.
Vapour compression refrigeration cycle
Condenser
Compressor
Evaporator
Expansion
(Throttling)
Device
Low temperature
Low pressure gas
high temperature
high pressure gas
Low temperature
high pressure liquid
Low temperature
low pressure liquid
Qcool
Qrej.
Replace the compressor
Absorption refrigeration cycle
Two ways of raising pressure
Absorber
Generator
Pump
Low trmp.
low pressure
rich solution
Low temp.
high pressure
rich solution
high temp.
high pressure
poor solution
high temp.
low pressure
poor solution
Qg
Qa
Refrigeration Processes
Compressor
Evaporator
Condenser
Exp.
Device
Compressor
Exp.
Device
Evaporator
Condenser Gascooler
Gasheater
Expansion
Machine
Desorber
"Generator"
Absorber
Solution
Heat Exch.
Solution
Pump
Q
cool
Q
cool
Q
cool
Q
rej.
Q
rej.
Q
rej.
Q
abs
Q
des
Mechanical Vapour
Compression
(Thermal)
Absorption System
Mechanical Cold Gas
Compress./Expansion
el. el. heat
"rich" solution
"poor" solution
Refrigerant
Refrigerant
Steam Ejector Refrigeration (2) ("Thermal Compressor")
Mixed Vapour Q
c
at Condensing
Pressure p
c
Motive
Steam Q
st
p
st
Suction Vapour Q
e
at Evaporating
Pressure p
e
Mixing Pipe Diffusor
Motive Steam Nozzle
p
st
p
c
p
e
p
st
p
c
p
e
Pressure Diagram
Ejector refrigeration cycle
Steam ejector refrigeration cycle
Peltier Cooling
Peltier (and Seebeck) Effect
Material A
Material B
Voltage
Material B
"cold" "warm"
Magnetocaloric effect
Analogy - Cold Gas and Magnetic Refrigeration
Heat Source
OUT
Heat Source
IN
Heat Sink
IN
Heat Sink
OUT
HEATING:
Compression of gas
(air) which heats up
HEAT REJECTION:
Cooling of gas (air) rsp.
gaschamber with a
cooling fluid (e.g.
cooling water)
REFRIGERATION
EFFECT:
Expansion of gas (air)
which is cooled below
ambient temperature
COOLING:
Heating of the - now
"cold" - gas chamber
by a warmer fluid which
is consequently cooled
Col d Gas Ref r i ger at i on (Analogy)
HEATING:
Magnetization of (ferro-
magnetic) heat exchan-
ger which consequently
heats up
HEAT REJECTION:
Cooling of heat
exchan-ger with a
cooling fluid (e.g.
cooling water)
REFRIGERATION
EFFECT:
De-Magnetization of
the heat exchanger
which is cooled below
ambient temperature
COOLING:
Heating of the - now
"cold" - heat exchanger
by a warmer fluid which
is consequently cooled
S
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
Heat Sink
IN
Heat Sink
OUT
Heat Source
IN
Heat Source
OUT
Magnet i c Ref r i ger at i on
Heat Source
OUT
Heat Source
IN
Heat Sink
IN
Heat Sink
OUT
HEATING:
Compression of gas
(air) which heats up
HEAT REJECTION:
Cooling of gas (air) rsp.
gaschamber with a
cooling fluid (e.g.
cooling water)
REFRIGERATION
EFFECT:
Expansion of gas (air)
which is cooled below
ambient temperature
COOLING:
Heating of the - now
"cold" - gas chamber
by a warmer fluid which
is consequently cooled
Col d Gas Ref r i ger at i on (Analogy)
HEATING:
Magnetization of (ferro-
magnetic) heat exchan-
ger which consequently
heats up
HEAT REJECTION:
Cooling of heat
exchan-ger with a
cooling fluid (e.g.
cooling water)
REFRIGERATION
EFFECT:
De-Magnetization of
the heat exchanger
which is cooled below
ambient temperature
COOLING:
Heating of the - now
"cold" - heat exchanger
by a warmer fluid which
is consequently cooled
S
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
Heat Sink
IN
Heat Sink
OUT
Heat Source
IN
Heat Source
OUT
Magnet i c Ref r i ger at i on
The "classic" Cold Vapour
Process
Definitions and Key Figures
Energy performance of a refrigeration system
what you get cooling(refrigeration)
COP
what youspend energydemand
= =
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
Coefficient of Performance
COP
The COP is NOT an "efficiency" BUT an energy
characteristic.
It describes:
"Efficiency" in refrigeration applies for:
- Carnot efficiency (system efficiency), and
- Isentropic efficiency (compressor efficiency)
what you get cooling(refrigeration)
COP
what youspend energydemand
= =
Calculation of COP
the ideal Carnot (Refrigeration) Cycle
W=(Tc-Te)(S1,2-S3,4)
qe=Te(S1,2-S3,4)
COP= qe/W = Te(S1,2-S3,4)/(Tc-Te)(S1,2-S3,4)= Te/(Tc-Te)
W
qe
System Efficiency: COP and "Carnot Efficiency"
Carnot COP
C
is the "benchmark" for cold vapour
compression cycles.
We learnt:
Carnot COPc is a function of Tc and Te only
e e e
C
c e
q Q T
COP
w P T T
= = =

&
Example:
At 0 C evaporation and 35 C condensation, a real refrigerating
systemhas refrigerating capacity of 100 kW and power demand
of 21 kW. What is the COP and the Carnot efficiency of the
refrigerating system?
COPreal = 100/21 = 4,8
Carnot POCc = (0+273)/(35-0) =7.8
Carnot efficiency
real
C
C
COP 4, 8
h 0, 62 62%
COP 7, 8
= = = =
System Efficiency: COP and "Carnot Efficiency"
COP as function of compressor size
Cold Vapour Process
the ideal Carnot process with a "real" fluid
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0
Entropy s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

T
Problem !
Standard vaour compression cycle
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0
Entropy s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

T
l
i
q
u
i
d

(
b
u
b
b
l
e
)

l
i
n
e
v
a
p
o
u
r

(
d
e
w
)

l
i
n
e
Pressure-Enthalpy diagram
Mollier Diagram for Ammonia (R 717)
XXX
Cold Vapour Process
the modified Carnot Cycle ("Plank process") with a "real" fluid
isentropic compression
The standard vapour compression cycle expressed by
p-h and T-s diagram
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
o
g

p
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0
Entropy s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

T
Isentropic and polytropic compression (R 717)
0/35 C
0/35 C
1
2
is
2
poly
4
3
Isentropic Efficiency
Describes the compressor "quality"
Compressor power demand shown as enthalpy
difference between point 1 and 2 (see previous slide).
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
compressor
compressor compressor polytropic
compressor
is
compressor
compressor polytropic
is
is
real is
is
is
real
h h h
h h h h
h
h h
h h h

=
>

= =

Isentropic Efficiency
We can read from the h, log p diagram:
t p h v
C bar kJ/kgK m3/kg
1 0 4,3 1.460 0,29 Qe kW
2
is
80 13,5 1.620 P kW 15 21
2
poly
110 13,5 1.690 Qc kW 115 121
3 35 13,5 360 COP - 6,7 4,8
4 0 4,3 360
is - 100% 70%
From the h, log p - diagram Calculated values
Ammonia R 717, evaporation 0 C, condensation 35 C Refrigerating Capacity: 100 kW
100
isen-
tropic
poly-
tropic
1 3,4
2 1
.( )
e
R
is R
is
poly
is
Q
refrigerant mass flow m
h h
isentropic power demand P m h h
P
polytropic power demand P

=
=
&
&
&
Actual vapor-compression cycle compared with standard cycle
Condenser
Evaporator
Expansion
(Throttling)
Device
Low temperature
Low pressure gas
high temperature
high pressure gas
Low temperature
high pressure liquid
Low temperature
low pressure liquid
Qe
Qc
Absorber
Generator
Pump
Low trmp.
low pressure
rich solution
Low temp.
high pressure
rich solution
high temp.
high pressure
poor solution
high temp.
low pressure
poor solution
Qg
Qa
Absorption refrigeration cycle
Heat-operated refrigeration cycle as combination of a
power cycle and a refirgertion cycle
COP of absorption refrigeration cycle
Example:
What is the COP of an ideal heat-operated refrigeration
system that has a source temperature of heat of 100 C, a
refrigerating temperature of 5 C, and an ambient
temperature of 30 C?
Solution
As Ts increase, the COP increase
As Tr increase, the COP increase
As Ta increase, the COP increase