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Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its relationship to properties of matter. Determine how devices that use energy work: engines, compressors, pumps, heat pumps, etc. Without The Second Law the first law does not provide any guidance on why things work they do.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its relationship to properties of matter. Determine how devices that use energy work: engines, compressors, pumps, heat pumps, etc. Without The Second Law the first law does not provide any guidance on why things work they do.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its relationship to properties of matter. Determine how devices that use energy work: engines, compressors, pumps, heat pumps, etc. Without The Second Law the first law does not provide any guidance on why things work they do.
Georgia Institute of Technology Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering August 20, 2012 1 / 11 Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives Thermodynamics The study of energy and its relationship to Properties of matter Matter: Four kinds: Gas, Liquid, Solid, Plasma Determine the relation between properties: pressure P, density ,Temperature T Determine how devices that use energy work: Engines, Compressors, Pumps, Rocket Motors, heat pumps, etc. Determine the energy eciency, fuel consumption, thrust 2 / 11 Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives Laws of Thermodynamics The Zero-th Law: The concept of Temperature The First Law: Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed Total Energy = Kinetic + thermal + potential Identify the kinds of energy and how they change from one form to other Focus primarily on thermal energy - internal energy Internal energy can be changed by (a) Heat Addition and/or (b) Work Done The rst law does not tell anything about the possibility of the energy change The rst law cannot guide us to determine which process is possible 3 / 11 Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives The Second Law: Entropy Conservation The concept of entropy S The Entropy of the Universe will always increase Tells us what processes are possible and which are impossible (e.g., heat can only go from hot to cold) Processes which destroy entropy are impossible Processes which conserve or create entropy are possible Processes which conserve entropy are ideal will be the most ecient: isentropic process Need to dene the System to which these laws apply The Second Law allows us to determine which process is possible and which is impossible. Without the second law the rst law does not provide any guidance on why things work they do The study and use of First and Second Laws is Thermodynamics 4 / 11 Lecture 1: Introduction and Objectives Compressible Flow Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Internal Energy At high speed ow KE is large and so energy change can be between KE and IE Hypersonic ow when brought to rest becomes hot - conversion of KE into IE (temperature) For ows at high Mach number (e.g., 0.3) the ow is considered compressible (note ow not uid) Compressible ow means the state of the ow can change too (Equation of State) Application to Nozzle, Inlet, Supersonic Flows with shocks and expansions Flows with Heat transfer (combustion) UNITS ARE ESSENTIAL AND MUST BE CONSISTENT 5 / 11 Lecture 2: Denition of a System System is a dened subspace of your particular interest typically a volume that is enclosed by a real (e.g., wall) or imaginary boundary that can be exible, rigid, porous, moving, changing shape etc. Closed System: typically used when we are interested in studying a xed piece of matter. Thus, for closed system NO mass can cross the system boundary - hence also sometimes called Control Mass System. NOTE: Energy can cross the boundary. Open System: More practically relevant for this course and in which a volume is dened (CONTROL VOLUME, CV) with a enclosing surface (CONTROL SURFACE, CS) through which both mass and energy can pass. Isolated System: Nothing (mass or energy can enter or leave) 6 / 11 Lecture 2: Denition of Kinds of Energy Kinetic Energy of the ow is important for Part II of this course Potential Energy (Gravitational, Spring, EM) is ignored Only IE (or thermal energy), a measure of the KE of the molecular motion (as opposed to the KE of ow). We dene IE by symbol U and is considered U = U(T). Translational kinetic energy for both atoms and molecules Rotational kinetic energy only for diatomic and more complex molecules. Note there are only seven diatomic molecules under room temperature (H 2 , O 2 , N 2 , F 2 , Cl 2 , Br 2 , I 2 ) Vibrational excitation Electronic excitation Translational + Rotational KE is typically the internal energy of our interest and is measured by temperature T Vibrational (T vib ) and electronic (T ele ) can also contribute to IE due to dissociation, ionization, recombination processes 7 / 11 Lecture 2: Energy, Force and Work Force can do work into a system or take work out of system Consider a piston of surface area A that encloses a cylinder with rigid walls and is moved into the cylinder with a force F. Pressure will increase (note Pressure is force per unit area; i.e., F = PA) The incremental work for moving a piston a distance dx is W = PAdx = PdV, where dV = the volume of the chamber. Work can be considered energy transferred across a control surface and is equivalent to force acting over a distance. Note: Work per unit time is Power REVIEW UNITS of work, energy, force, pressure, power in both metric and English units Review Conversion factors 8 / 11 Lecture 2: Energy and Heat Transfer Heat can be transferred to change internal energy or temperature Heat Conduction Rate per unit area:
Q/A = dT dx Here is thermal conductivity and is (T) [Joules/sec m K] If Q = 0 or
Q = 0 then the system is Adiabatic or insulated Q and W are NOT properties and occur as the system grows through a process 9 / 11 Lecture 2: Equilibrium and Properties Equilibrium only dened when the system has no tendency to change with time forever Not always same as steady state; System can be unsteady and matter in it can be thermodynamically under equilibrium Dierent types of Equilibrium Thermal Equilibrium: T dened and uniform (Internal Energy) Mechanical Equilibrium: P dened and uniform Chemical Equilibrium: Composition dened and not changing Thermodynamic Equilibrium requires ALL of the above to occur Only when a system or matter is under equilibrium can the properties of the system be dened Properites: T, P, , v = 1/, where v is the specic volume Unique combination of the properties dene the State of the system: e.g., Equation of State (EOS) System can go from one state to another state by a path 10 / 11 Lecture 2: Path and State Path is how a system goes from one state to the other state There can be many paths to go from State 1 to State 2 by work done to (b) the system or heat added (removed) Thus Q and W are path dependent but properties are not Some paths are ecient and some paths are impossible First/Second Laws determine which is possible and why The First Law tells how the state of the system is changing along a path as chosen The Second Law tells if this chosen path is possible or not 11 / 11