List the various techniques used in DNA profiling

Describe the nature of DNA

1
Learning Objectives
Explain how DNA technology is used
in paternity and maternity testing
1
3
Summarize how DNA technology
has facilitated police work
2
4
2
DNA technology
Sex crimes Victim and perpetrator
Only perpetrator left alive Rape-murder
DNA technology Identify the perpetrator
even without witnesses
Cell
3
DNA
Human body contains
about 60 trillion cells
60 000 000 000 000
Except red blood cells
Each cell has a nucleus
4
In the nucleus
Genetic material
Weighs about 7 picograms
Chromosomes,
genes, DNA
The Human Genome
5
DNA
Cannot be found directly at the crime scene
Blood, semen, saliva, skin cells,
hair (sometimes) and body parts
Can find biological materials that contain DNA
Chromosomes in
different organisms
6
In the nucleus
Humans
23 pairs of chromosomes
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Humans
23 pairs of chromosomes
22 pairs autosomal
2 sex determining chromosomes
Genetic information
XY Male
XX Female
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Chromosomes
Different sizes & shapes
Chromosomes
9
Chromosomes
Staining with
fluorescent dyes
Distinctive patterns of
bright & dark bands
Chromosomes
Different chromosomes
contain different genes
10
Pairs of chromosomes
Homologous
Same size
Contain same genetic structure
One from mother; one from father
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Genes
DNA material made up of coding
and non-coding regions
Coding regions Genes
90 to 95% of DNA Non-coding regions
Junk DNA
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Genes
Number of genes in the genome
varies from species to species
Complex organisms More genes
Several 100s to 1000s Bacteria
30 000 Humans
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What are genes made of?
What is DNA made of?
Made of base pairs
A single gene
1000 to 10 000 base pairs
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What is DNA made of?
Sugar
Ribose
2-deoxyribose
Ribose
2-deoxyribose
2-deoxyribose A phosphate ester
of 2-deoxyribose
- H
2
O
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What is DNA made of?
Phosphate ester Nucleotide
Base
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What is DNA made of?
Bases Attached to 2-deoxyribose
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Bases
4 bases
Heterocyclic
Nitrogen containing
Aromatic
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Bases
N
N
N
H
N
NH
2
NH
N
N
H
N
O
NH
2
N
N
H
NH
2
O
NH
N
H
O
O
H
3
C
Adenine Guanine
Cytosine Thymine
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4 possible nucleotides
A G
C
T
N
N
N
N
NH
2
O
H OH
H H
H H
O P
-
O
O
-
O
NH
N
N
O
NH
2
N
O
H
H H
H H
OH
O P
-
O
O
O
-
N
NH
2
O N
O
H OH
H H
H H
O P
-
O
O
-
O
NH
O
O
H
3
C
N
O
H OH
H H
H H
O P
-
O
O
-
O
N
N
N
N
NH
2
O
O
O
NH
N
N
O
NH
2
N
O
O
O
N
NH
2
O N
O
O
O
NH
O
O
H
3
C
N
O
O
P
O
O
P
P
O
O
O
O
O
P
O
O
O
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What is DNA?
4 nucleotides in
polymer chain
The phosphate
links the sugars
A
G
C
T
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What is a double helix?
DNA
Stable under normal conditions
Two chains wound together
Held in place by hydrogen bonds
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Hydrogen bonds
H
O
H
H
O
H
Makes water a liquid
Bases in DNA hydrogen bond together
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Complementary base pairing
A and T
C and G
A
G
C
T
N
N
N
N
N
N N
O
O
CH
3
H H
H
N
N
N
N
O
N
H
N
N
N
O
H
H
H
H
What is a double helix?
Paris japonica
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Human DNA
3 billion base pairs
150 billion base pairs
Paris japonica
What is a double helix?
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Sequence of base pairs
Write the code with A, T, C and G
The genetic code
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-C-C-T-G-A-G-G-A-G-
Code for one amino acid 3 nucleotides
The genetic code
Part of code for a protein
Proline Glutamate
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Part of the gene for hemoglobin
The genetic code
Different amino acid
-proline-glutamate-glutamate-
One wrong letter
Different protein
-proline-valine-glutamate-
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The genetic code
-proline-glutamate-glutamate-
-C-C-T-G-A-G-G-A-G-
-C-C-T-G-T-G-G-A-G-
Disease Sickle cell anemia