A5GHz+ 1 2 8 - b i t Bi nary F l o at i ng - P o i nt Adder fo r t h e

P OWER6P ro cesso r
X i ao Yan Yu , Yi u - Hi ng C h an, Bri an C u rran
Eri c S ch w arz, M i ch ael K el l y
IBM S yst em s and T ech no l o g y Gro u p
P o u g h k eep si e, US A
{ x i anyu , ch anyi u , cu rranb , esch w arz, m rk el l y} @ u s. i b m . co m
Ab st ract - Afast 1 2 8 - b i t end- aro u nd carry adder i s desi g ned
and fab ri cat ed as p art o f t h e P OWER6fl o at i ng - p o i nt u ni t i n a
65nm S OI p ro cess t ech no l o g y. Effi ci ent u se o f st at i c ci rcu i t s
and carefu l b al ance o f t h e l o o k - ah ead t ree enab l e o u r fl o at i ng -
p o i nt desi g n t o o p erat e b eyo nd 5GHz w i t h 1 . 1 V su p p l y.
I. INT RODUC T ION
Addi t i o n i s o ft en t h e t i m i ng cri t i cal p at h o f m o dem
m i cro p ro cesso rs. Anu m b er o f h i g h - p erfo rm ance adders h av e
b een p ro p o sed i n t h e p ast [ 5] , [ 6] , [ 7 ] . Al l o f t h em i m p l em ent
a p aral l el adder st ru ct u re u si ng dynam i c l o g i c i n o rder t o
ach i ev e t h e p erfo rm ance t arg et . T h ese t ech ni q u es al l resu l t i n
si g ni fi cant l y m o re p o w er co nsu m p t i o n. Desi g ni ng so l el y fo r
h i g h er freq u ency w i l l o nl y yi el d a l ess p o w er effi ci ent
desi g n. Desi g n sp ace sh o u l d b e fu l l y ex p l o red b efo re a
desi g n ch o i ce i s m ade.
Recent si l i co n t ech no l o g i es h av e l ed t o t h e i ncrease i n su b -
t h resh o l d l eak ag e. T h i s i s esp eci al l y t ru e fo r l o w - V t
t ransi st o rs w h i ch h av e b een i nt ensi v el y u sed i n h i g h
p erfo rm ance desi g ns. One m u st fu l l y ex p l o i t t h e u se o f h i g h -
V t dev i ces b efo re i nsert i ng l o w - V t dev i ces. As ci rcu i t s
ap p ro ach i ng t h e u l t i m at e p o w er l i m i t , carefu l ci rcu i t and
l ayo u t i m p l em ent at i o ns are req u i red i n o rder t o p ro du ce a
p o w er effi ci ent desi g n. Int erco nnect del ay h as b eco m e m o re
si g ni fi cant i n each g enerat i o n [ 8 ] . C u rrent l y, w i re del ays
co nt ri b u t e l arg e p ercent ag e o f cycl e t i m e. Desi g ns w i t h o f
l o ng w i res w i l l su ffer fro m si g ni fi cant i ncrease i n area, del ay
and p o w er. P erfo rm ance i m p act du e t o p h ysi cal
i m p l em ent at i o n m u st b e anal yzed at desi g n t i m e i n o rder t o
g u arant ee t h e o p t i m al i t y o f a desi g n. As a resu l t , adders w i t h
dense p refi x t rees are no t desi rab l e du e t o t h ei r m assi v e
si g nal co m m u ni cat i o ns.
T h i s p ap er p resent s a fast 1 2 8 - b i t adder i m p l em ent ed i n
st at i c ci rcu i t s u si ng a 65nm S OI t ech no l o g y [ 2 ] w i t h no m i nal
V t dev i ces. T h e adder i s real i zed i n a 7 - cycl e m u l t i p l y- add
p i p el i ne t h at i s a p art o f t h e P OWER6m i cro p ro cesso r [ 1 ] .
S ev eral adders h av e b een p ro p o sed i n t h e p ast t o b e u sed i n
t h e m u l t i p l y- add o p erat i o n [ 1 6] , [ 1 7 ] , [ 1 8 ] , [ 1 9 ] , [ 2 0 ] . T h ey
u t i l i ze v ari o u s adder sch em es b ased o n t h e del ay p ro fi l e o f
Bru ce F l ei sch er
IBM T . J . Wat so n Research C ent er
Yo rk t o w n Hei g h t s, US A
fl ei sch r@ u s. i b m . co m
t h e m u l t i p l y co m p ressi o n t ree. T h ese desi g ns are p o w er
effi ci ent o nl y w h en t h e fi nal addi t i o n i s p erfo rm ed ri g h t aft er
t h e co m p ressi o n t ree and w h en t h e end- aro u nd carry
co m p u t at i o n i s no t needed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Ct a
: res, 2 n~ 3 d
C ycl e
6t h C ycl e
7 t h C ycl e
F i g u re 1 . P OWER6fl o at i ng - p o i nt dat afl o w [ 1 ]
F i g u re 1 sh o w s a b l o ck di ag ram o f o u r fl o at i ng - p o i nt u ni t .
T h e sh aded b o x es i ndi cat e t h e l at ch p o i nt s o f each p i p el i ne
st ag e. Addi t i o n i s p art i t i o ned i nt o t h ree di fferent cycl es i n
o rder t o p ro v i de t h e b est fl o at i ng - p o i nt p erfo rm ance. T h e
g enerat i o n o f b i t - w i se p ro p ag at e and g enerat e t erm s i s do ne
at end o f t h i rd p i p el i ne cycl e. T h e act u al end- aro u nd carry
co m p u t at i o n and t h e g enerat i o n o f 3 2 b g ro u p co ndi t i o nal
su m s are acco m p l i sh ed du ri ng fo u rt h cycl e. T h e fi nal su m s
are sel ect ed p ri o r t o no rm al i zat i o n at b eg i nni ng o f fi ft h cycl e.
T h i s fl o at i ng - p o i nt u ni t req u i res a h i g h p erfo rm ance adder
desi g n si nce t h e carry si g nal i s o n t h e cri t i cal p at h . Ou r adder
i s i m p l em ent ed u si ng a p refi x - 2 K o g g e- S t o ne t ree w h i ch i s
1 - 4 2 4 4 - 0 3 0 3 - 4 / 0 6/ $ 2 0 . 0 0 C 2 0 0 6IEEE. 1 66
descri b ed i n S ect i o n II. T h e ch i p m easu rem ent s dem o nst rat e
t h e o p erat i ng freq u ency b eyo nd 5GHz at l . l V . S t o rag e
el em ent s are cl o ck - g at ed w h en i t i s no t i n u se t o sav e act i v e
p o w er. T h e st ru ct u re i s t u ned u si ng sl ack - b ased t ransi st o r
l ev el t i m i ng m et h o do l o g y. T h i s al l o w s u s t o p ro du ce a p o w er
effi ci ent desi g n.
II. ADDERIM P LEM ENT AT ION
A. P rel i m i nary
T h e descri p t i o ns o f b i nary fl o at i ng - p o i nt u ni t w i t h m u l t i p l y-
add dat afl o w can b e fo u nd i n [ 3 ] and [ 4 ] . T h i s
i m p l em ent at i o n al l o w s t h e real i zat i o n o f fu sed m u l t i p l y- add
o p erat i o n:
T
=
B + Ax C
p erfo rm ance. Wi t h t h i s co nfi g u rat i o n, t h e carry p at h
b eco m es t h e m o st cri t i cal .
, I
S u m se ect i o n
V Wi re fl o w
Di rect i o n o f dat a
C arry and co ndi t i o nal
su m co m u t at i o n
( 1 )
T h e end- aro u nd carry adder p erfo rm s t h e fi nal addi t i o n aft er
t h e m u l t i p l y co u nt er t ree. It s carry ch ai ns are eq u al l eng t h
and w rap s aro u nd fo r effect i v e su b t ract i o n. Assu m i ng t h e
adder i s di v i ded i nt o fo u r g ro u p s, t h e carry fo r each g ro u p
can b e ex p ressed as:
( b ) ( a)
F i g u re 2 . Bi nary fl o at i ng p o i nt u ni t fl o o rp l an [ 1 ]
C o
Go
+
P o G,
+
P o P IG2
+
P o P IP 2 G3
+
P I
P 2 P 3
C l GC +P J G2 +
P l P 2 G3
+
P P 2 P 3 G0
+
P o P IP 2 P 3
( 2 )
C 2 =G2 +P 2 G3 +P 2 P 3 GO
+P 2 P 3 P C Gj
+
P o P IP 2 P 3
C 3 =G3 +P 3 Go
+P 3 P o GC
+
P 3 P o P C G2
+
P I
P 2 P 3
Int erest ed readers can refer t o [ 4 ] fo r m o re det ai l s o n end-
aro u nd carry adder.
B. Ou r Adder S t ru ct u re
In o rder t o m i ni m i ze co m m u ni cat i o n o v erh ead w i t h i n t h e
fl o at i ng p o i nt u ni t , w e creat ed an " O" sh ap ed fl o o rp l an. Dat a
fl o w s cl o ck w i se al o ng t h e ri g h t st ack and t h ro u g h t h e adder
and u p t h e l eft st ack b ack t o t h e reg i st ers sh o w n i n F i g u re
2 ( a) . T h i s fl o o rp l an l i m i t s t h e w i re reso u rces t h at t h e adder
can u se i nt ernal l y. F o r t h i s reaso n, w e deci ded t o u se a no n-
u ni fo rm sp arse adder sch em e. Uni fo rm l y sp arse adder
sch em es w o u l d o ccu p y m u ch m o re w i re t rack s fo r
i nt erm edi at e carri es and i s no t feasi b l e i n o u r case. We u se
denser p refi x t ree fo r b l o ck s w i t h rel at i v el y sh o rt w i res and
sp arser p refi x t ree fo r b l o ck s w i t h l o ng w i res. By do i ng t h i s
w ay, w e are ab l e t o ro u t e o u r cri t i cal si g nal s w i t h b et t er w i re
w i dt h and sp ace w i t h o u t al l o cat i ng dedi cat ed ro u t i ng areas i n
o u r desi g n fo r t h em .
In o rder t o fi t t h e ent i re fl o at i ng p o i nt u ni t i n t h e g i v en area,
t h e adder i s sep arat ed i nt o t w o sect i o ns p l aced si de b y si de.
T h e carry co m p u t at i o n and t h e fi nal su m sel ect i o n area
sh o w n i n F i g u re 2 ( b ) . T h e end- aro u nd carri es and t h e
co ndi t i o nal su m si g nal s are req u i red t o t u rn 1 8 0 b efo re
ent eri ng t h e fi nal su m sel ect i o n b l o ck . Ou r i nt ent i o n i s no t t o
p ro du ce an adder w i t h t h e b est st and- al o ne p erfo rm ance b u t
o ne t h at can p ro v i de t h e b est o v eral l fl o at i ng p o i nt
F i g u re 3 ( a) sh o w s t h e b l o ck di ag ram o f o u r adder. It i s
di v i ded i nt o t h ree di fferent su b - b l o ck s, t h e 3 2 - b i t adder
b l o ck , t h e end- aro u nd carry g enerat i o n b l o ck and t h e fi nal
su m sel ect i o n b l o ck . C i rcu i t b l o ck s are p l aced o p t i m al l y t o
sp eed u p t h e carry p at h s. F i g u re 3 ( b ) sh o w s t h e b l o ck
di ag ram o f t h e 3 2 - b i t adder w i t h cri t i cal p at h l ab el ed w i t h a
t h i ck l i ne. It i s p art i t i o ned i nt o t h ree su b - co m p o nent s. F i rst
su b - co m p o nent i s t h e 8 - b i t p refi x - 2 K o g g e- S t o ne t ree [ 9 ]
w i t h sp arseness o f 2 t h at g enerat es 8 - b i t carry, carry+1 and
p ro p ag at e t erm s as w el l as co ndi t i o nal su m s. T h i s i s needed
l at er fo r su m sel ect i o n. S eco nd su b - co m p o nent i s t h e p refi x -
2 K o g g e- S t o ne t ree w i t h sp arseness o f 8 t h at g enerat es 3 2 - b i t
carry, p ro p ag at e t erm and as w el l as 3 2 - b i t co ndi t i o nal su m s.
C arry+1 t erm i s o nl y p ro p ag at ed w i t h i n t h e 3 2 - b i t g ro u p .
S i nce carry- o u t i s o u r cri t i cal p at h , w e h av e i so l at ed t h i s p at h
so t h at t h e fan- o u t o f each net o n t h i s p at h i s 1 . T h e carry
p at h i s rep l i cat ed i n o rder t o g enerat e i nt erm edi at e carri es.
T h ere are sev eral w ays t o i m p l em ent t h e carry p ro p ag at i o n.
F i rst w ay i s t o p ro p ag at e t h e carry assu m i ng t h e carry- i n o f
t h e g ro u p i s 0 . C arry+1 at i t b i t can t h en b e g enerat ed b y an
ORo p erat i o n:
( C arry+1 ) i
=
C arryi
+
P i ( 3 )
T h i s w ay do es no t req u i re t h e p ro p ag at i o n o f b o t h carry and
carry+1 . C arry+1 si g nal can b e p ro du ced i n an addi t i o nal
st ag e. S eco nd w ay i s t o p ro p ag at e b o t h carry si g nal s and u se
carry+1 as t h e p ro p ag at e t erm si nce P i c ( C arry+l ) i . Du e t o
t h e fact t h at t h e carry si g nal i s cri t i cal i n o u r t i m i ng , w e
deci ded t o ch o o se t h e seco nd sch em e. T h i s req u i res o ne l ess
st ag e o n t h e cri t i cal p at h co m p ari ng t o t h e fi rst sch em e.
Usi ng t h i s t ech ni q u e, w e are ab l e t o m eet t h e t i m i ng
req u i rem ent o f i nt erm edi at e carry p at h s w i t h o u t di st u rb i ng
t h e cri t i cal p at h s. Ou r su m sel ect i o n b l o ck i s i m p l em ent ed
u si ng t ransm i ssi o n g at e m u l t i p l ex ers w i t h b u ffers t o dri v e t h e
1 8 0 w i re t u rn. T h e end- aro u nd carry l o g i c b l o ck i m p l em ent s
1 67
t h e eq u at i o ns ( 2 ) sh o w n i n p rev i o u s sect i o n. T h e carry b l o ck s
are p l aced t o ensu re b al anced w i re del ays at each st ag e. T h e
fi nal su m sel ect i o n i s i m p l em ent ed u si ng si m i l ar st ru ct u re as
t h e su m sel ect i o n i n 3 2 - b adder b l o ck .
nu m b er sh o w s t h e rel at i v e sp eed o f a desi g n i s co m p ared t o
t h e cycl e t i m e t arg et . T h e av erag e p o w er di ssi p at i o n o f a
desi g n at each p erfo rm ance p o i nt i s si m u l at ed u si ng o u r i n-
h o u se p o w er si m u l at o r, C P AM [ 1 4 ] . Each o u t p u t i s l o aded
w i t h eq u i v al ent cap aci t i v e l o ad cal cu l at ed at u ni t l ev el . Al l
sl ack nu m b ers are no rm al i zed t o t h e fano u t - o f- 4 ( F O4 )
i nv ert er del ay, w h i ch i s i ndep endent o f t ech no l o g y and
env i ro nm ent [ 1 5] .
F i g u re 4 ( a) sh o w s t h e p o w er- p erfo rm ance cu rv e o f t h ese
desi g ns w i t h 2 0 % i np u t sw i t ch i ng act i v i t y. Al l desi g ns are
o p t i m i zed u nder sam e rang e o f p o w er- p erfo rm ance t radeo ff
fact o rs.
. -
C N
a)
a)
a)
( a)
- 7 . 0 0 - 6. 0 0 - 5. 0 0 - 4 . 0 0 - 3 . 0 0 - 2 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 0 0
S l ack ( F O4 )
( a)
C ri t i cal
p
g 3 2 , P 3 2
S u m O0 7 S u m
8 - 1 5 S u m O1 62 3 su m 2 4 - 3 1
S u m l 0 S u m 1 8 1 5 S u m 1 1 6- 2 3 S u m 1 2 4 3 1
C arry, 8 i C arry1 6, p 8 p +1 E
G
P 1
C arry8 ( F o r cri t i cal p at h )
8 i
( F o r cri t i cal p at h )
( C arry+1 ) 8 , ( C arry+1 ) 8 ,
C arryC o p y8 i +1
C arryC o p y1 6i ( C arry+l ) 8 , i , Il
( C arry+1
) 1 6i
C arryC o p y8 ( F o r no n- cri t i cal C arryC o p y8 ( F o r no n- cri t i cal
p at h ) p at h )
( b )
F i g u re 3 . ( a) Bl o ck di ag ram o f o u r adder ( b ) Di ag ram o f 3 2 - b b l o ck
a)
a)
a)
- 7 . 0 0 - 6. 0 0 - 5. 0 0 - 4 . 0 0 - 3 . 0 0 - 2 . 0 0 - 1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 . 0 0
S l ack ( F O4 )
( b )
III. C OM P ARIS ON WIT H C ONV ENT IONAL DES IGNS
We h av e co m p ared o u r desi g n ag ai nst t h e Ladner- F i sch er
( LF A) desi g n [ 1 0 ] , [ 1 1 ] and a p refi x - 2 K o g g e- S t o ne adder
w i t h sp arseness o f 8 ( S p arse- 8 ) . T h e LF Adesi g n i s u sed i n
o u r fi rst p ass t est ch i p . It s 8 - b su b - co m p o nent i s
i m p l em ent ed u si ng fu l l Ladner F i sch er t ree. T h e 3 2 - b su b -
co m p o nent i s i m p l em ent ed u si ng t h e sam e p refi x sch em e as
i t s 8 - b su b - co m p o nent w i t h sp arseness o f 8 . Al l desi g ns u se
o nl y no m i nal V t t ransi st o rs. T h e o p t i m i zat i o n p o i nt s o f each
desi g n are o b t ai ned b y v aryi ng p o w er p erfo rm ance t radeo ff
fact o r u si ng o u r i n- h o u se fo rm al st at i c t u ner, Ei nst u ner w i t h
co nst rai ned i np u t si ze [ 1 2 ] . T h e p erfo rm ance o f each p o i nt i s
si m u l at ed u si ng o u r i n- h o u se t ransi st o r l ev el st at i c t i m er,
Ei nsT LT [ 1 3 ] and i s p resent ed as a sl ack nu m b er. T h i s sl ack
F i g u re 4 . ( a) Av erag e P o w er v s. S l ack ( b ) Leak ag e P o w er v s. S l ack
Al l t h ree desi g ns b eh av e si m i l arl y at sl ack t i m e o f
- 6 F 0 4 . Aro u nd t h at sl ack , each t o p o l o g y can b e
i m p l em ent ed t h ro u g h ci rcu i t t u ni ng t o g et t o an effi ci ent
desi g n. We b eg i n t o see di fferences b et w een t h ese t o p o l o g i es
as t h e cycl e t i m e ap p ro ach es o u r t arg et . LF Ah as h i g h est
p erfo rm ance at - 0 . 4 F 0 4 sl ack . T h e p erfo rm ance o f o u r
desi g n and t h e S p arse- 8 desi g n, o n t h e o t h er h and, co nt i nu es
t o i m p ro v e b eyo nd o u r t arg et . Ou r desi g n h as si m i l ar
p erfo rm ance as t h e S p arse- 8 desi g n at each t rade- o ff p o i nt .
Ho w ev er, t h e p o w er- p erfo rm ance cu rv e o f o u r desi g n resi des
b el o w t h at o f t h e S p arse- 8 and cro sses o v er t h e LF Adesi g n.
F i g u re 4 ( b ) sh o w s t h e t rend o f l eak ag e p o w er as a fu nct i o n
1 68
4
1
-
- * - Ou r
Im p l em ent at i o n
- s- LF A
- - Ar-
S p arse
8
1 3 , 1 1
0
I- - , '
2 9 -
2 7 - -
2 - r. , - -
1 1 2 -
-
- 0 - Ou r
Im p l em ent at i o n t
- B- LF A
.
- A-
S p ase- 8
1 0
I
z. '
1 1
' 9 1
4
I
o f p erfo rm ance p ert ai ni ng t o each desi g n. T h e l eak ag e p o w er
cu rv e o f o u r desi g n and t h e LF Adesi g n are co i nci de w i t h
each o t h er. T h e S p arse- 8 desi g n, h o w ev er, i s sh i ft ed u p w ards
ap p ro x i m at el y 2 m W. T h i s sh i ft resu l t s i n redu ct i o n o f p o w er
effi ci ency fo r t h e S p arse- 8 desi g n i n t h e p o w er p erfo rm ance
sp ace. T h erefo re, o u r desi g n i s m o re p o w er effi ci ent t h an t h e
S p arse- 8 desi g n and t h e LF Adesi g n.
At t h e h i g h est p erfo rm ance p o i nt s o f al l desi g ns, carry and
su m p at h s b eco m e eq u al l y cri t i cal . Op t i m i zi ng t h e desi g n
w i t h ev en h i g h er t radeo ff fact o r w i l l see di m i ni sh i ng ret u rn.
S i nce w e are o nl y i nt erest ed at a desi g n p o i nt t h at i s ab l e t o
ach i ev e t h e cycl e t i m e t arg et , t h e p o i nt w h ere i t j u st cro sses 0
sl ack b o u ndary i s desi red. T h i s desi g n p o i nt i s ab o u t 0 . 5 F 0 4
fast er t h an LF Aw i t h o nl y 5% p o w er i ncrease and 6% area
i ncrease. T h i s sh o w s t h at b al anci ng t h e p refi x t ree i n a
desi g n acco rdi ng t o i t s cri t i cal p at h i m p ro v es t h e o v eral l
p erfo rm ance. Ou r adder i s i m p l em ent ed and fab ri cat ed u si ng
a 65nm S OI t ech no l o g y. F i g u re 5 sh o w s a p art o f o u r
fl o at i ng - p o i nt u ni t . Bo x es o n t h e fi g u re i ndi cat e t h e p o si t i o ns
o f o u r adder b l o ck s. T h e ch i p m easu rem ent s sh o w t h at adder
i s fu l l y fu nct i o nal at 5GHz w i t h 1 . 1 V su p p l y v o l t ag e.
F i g u re 5. Adder l ayo u t
IV . C ONC LUS ION
Afast 1 2 8 - b i t fl o at i ng - p o i nt adder i s i m p l em ent ed and
fab ri cat ed as p art o f t h e P OWER6p ro cesso r i n a 65nm S OI
t ech no l o g y [ 2 ] . We u sed no n- u ni fo rm sp arse K o g g e- S t o ne
t ree and carefu l l y b al anced t h e p refi x t ree acco rdi ng t o i t s
cri t i cal p at h . T h i s new desi g n h as m et t h e st ri ng ent t i m i ng
req u i rem ent aft er redu ci ng t h e sl ack t i m e b y 0 . 5 F 0 4
co m p ared t o t h e Ladner F i sch er sch em e, w h i ch w as u sed i n
t h e fi rst t est ch i p . C o m p ared t o Ladner F i sch er desi g n, o u r
desi g n o nl y co nsu m es 6% area o v erh ead and 5% p o w er
i ncrease. T h e m easu rem ent s dem o nst rat e o p erat i o n o f t h i s
adder b eyo nd 5GHz w i t h 1 . IV su p p l y.
AC K NOWLEDGEM ENT
T h e au t h o rs w o u l d l i k e t o t h ank V o j i n Ok l o b dzi j a, K ev i n
No w k a, V i ct o r Z yu b an, M ary J o S accam ang o and M i l ena
V rat o nj i c fo r v al u ab l e di scu ssi o ns and su g g est i o ns.
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