Distribution Overview

1
DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION OVERVIEW

Kevin Damron & Mike Diedesch
Avista Utilities
Presented
March 17
th
, 2014
At the 31
st
Annual
Hands-On Relay School
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington
2
Table of Contents
System Overview .... 3
Distribution (3-30MVA ) Transformer Protection ...... 14
Relay Overcurrent Curves ... 22
Symmetrical Components .... 8
Distribution Fuse Protection .. 24
Conductors ..... 28
Electromechanical Relays used on Distribution Feeders.. 31
Coordinating Time Intervals . 36
Transformer Relay Settings using Electromechanical Relays . 48
IEEE Device Designations... 51
Transformer & Feeder Protection using Microprocessor Relays . 52
Transformer Differential Protection . 61
Moscow 13.8kV Feeder Coordination Example . 64
3
System Overview - Distribution Protection
Objective:
Protect people (company personnel and the public) and equipment by the proper
application of overcurrent protective devices.
Devices include:
Relays operating to trip (open) circuit breakers or circuit switchers, and/or fuses blowing
for the occurrence of electrical faults on the distribution system.
Design tools used:
1 Transformer and conductor damage curves,
2 - Time-current coordination curves (TCCs), fuse curves, and relay overcurrent
elements based on symmetrical components of fault current.
Documentation:
1 - One-line diagrams and Schematics with standardized device designations as defined
by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) keeps everyone on the
same page in understanding how the system works.
2 - TCCs
XFMR
12/16/20MVA
115/13.8kV
115kV SYSTEM
13.8 kV BUS
500A, 13.8kV
FDR #515
DELTA/WYE
LINE RECLOSER P584
3 =5158
SLG =5346
3 =3453
SLG =2762
PT-2B PT-2A
3 =3699
SLG =3060
PT-3B PT-3A PT-4
#4ACSR
1PHASE
#4ACSR #4ACSR
#4ACSR
#2ACSR #4ACSR
2/0ACSR
#2ACSR
3 =1907
SLG =1492
3 =322
SLG =271
3-250KVA
WYE/WYE
PT-8
65T
A-172
MOSCOW
1PHASE
#4ACSR
3 =558
SLG =463
PT-3C
PT-6B PT-6A
PT-6C
HIGH LEAD LOW
3 =1210
SLG =877
PT-1
PT-5
PT-7
FUSE
556ACSR
556ACSR
13.8 kV FDR
#512
500A FDR
4
System Overview Inside the
Substation Fence
Transformer
relays
Feeder relay
5
XFMR
12/16/20MVA
115/13.8kV
115kV SYSTEM
13.8kV BUS
500A, 13.8kV
FDR #515
DELTA/WYE
LINE RECLOSER P584
3 =5158
SLG =5346
3=3453
SLG =2762
PT-2B PT-2A
3=3699
SLG =3060
PT-3B PT-3A PT-4
#4ACSR
1PHASE
#4ACSR #4ACSR
#4ACSR
#2ACSR #4ACSR
2/0ACSR
#2ACSR
3=1907
SLG =1492
3 =322
SLG =271
3-250KVA
WYE/WYE
PT-8
65T
A-172
MOSCOW
1PHASE
#4ACSR
3=558
SLG =463
PT-3C
PT-6B PT-6A
PT-6C
HIGH LEAD LOW
3=1210
SLG =877
PT-1
PT-5
PT-7
FUSE
556ACSR
556ACSR
13.8kV FDR
#512
500A FDR
System Overview Outside the
Substation Fence
Midline
recloser
relay
XFMR
12/16/20MVA
115/13.8kV
115kV SYSTEM
13.8kV BUS
500A, 13.8kV
FDR #515
DELTA/WYE
LINE RECLOSER P584
3 =5158
SLG =5346
3 =3453
SLG =2762
PT-2B PT-2A
3 =3699
SLG =3060
PT-3B PT-3A PT-4
#4ACSR
1PHASE
#4ACSR #4ACSR
#4ACSR
#2ACSR #4ACSR
2/0ACSR
#2ACSR
3 =1907
SLG =1492
3 =322
SLG =271
3-250KVA
WYE/WYE
PT-8
65T
A-172
MOSCOW
1PHASE
#4ACSR
3 =558
SLG =463
PT-3C
PT-6B PT-6A
PT-6C
HIGH LEAD LOW
3 =1210
SLG =877
PT-1
PT-5
PT-7
FUSE
556ACSR
556ACSR
13.8kV FDR
#512
500A FDR
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage13.8kV HORS 2010 By J DH
For Idaho RdFeeder 252inIdaho RdPHASE 12007base.olr No.
Comment At Sub: 3LG=5667A, SLG=5863A, L-L=4909A Date 11-25-2008
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
STATIONVCB 252PROTECTION
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
HI-SIDE CT'S
MIDLINE OCR
MAXIMUM MIDLINE FUSE
Fault I=5665.9A
1
1. IDR A-77751P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
CTR=600/5Pickup=2.A No inst. TP@5=0.3096s
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
2
2. IDR 25251P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
Ia=5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3. IDR 25250G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
4
4. 252140T FUSE stn S&C Link140T
Total clear.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.09s
5
5f
5. Phaseunit of recloser MIDLINE OCR
Fast: ME-341-B Mult=0.2
Slow: ME-305-A Add=1000.
Ia=5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
6
6. T FUSE S&C Link 50T
Minimummelt.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.01s
A
A. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.06710A=556000.0cmils
Conductor AAC
FEEDER 252SMALLEST CONDUCTOR TO PROTECT
B
B. Transf. damage curve. 12.00MVA. Category 3
BaseI=502.00A. Z= 8.2percent.
IDAHO RD12/16/20MVA XFMR
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Bus Fault on: 0IDR 252 13.8kV 3LG
6
System Overview
Each device has at least one curve plotted with current and time values
on the Time Coordination Curve.
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage13.8kV HORS 2010 By J DH
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
HI-SIDE CT'S
MIDLINE OCR
Fault I=5665.9A
1
1. IDR A-77751P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
2
2. IDR 25251P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
Ia=5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3. IDR 25250G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
4
Total clear.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.09s
5
5f
5. Phaseunit of recloser MIDLINE OCR
Ia=5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
6
Minimummelt.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.01s
A
Conductor AAC
B
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
7
System Overview
Damage Curves:
- transformer
- conductor
So, what curve goes where?
What are the types of curves?
Protective Curves:
- relay
- fuse
Damage curves are at the top and to
the right of the TCC.
Protective curves lowest and to the
left on the TCC correspond to those
devices farther from the substation
where the fault current is less.
8
Transformer Protection - Damage Curve ANSI/IEEE C57.109-1985
The main damage curve line shows only the thermal effect
from transformer through-fault currents. It is graphed
from data entered below (MVA, Base Amps, %Z ):
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage By
For No.
Comment Date
1
1. M15
CTR=
A
A. Transf. damage curve. 12.00 MVA. Category3
Base I=502.00 A. Z= 8.2 percent.
The dog leg on the curve is added to allow for additional
thermal and mechanical damage from (typically more
than 5) through-faults over the life of a transformer
serving overhead feeders.
Dog leg curve - 10 times base current at 2 seconds.
Main curve - 25 times base current at 2 seconds.
Time at 50% of the maximum per-unit
through fault current = 8 seconds.
Avista has Category III size (5-30MVA) Distribution Transformers in service per the above standard.
9
Copper Conductor Damage Curves ACSR Conductor Damage Curves
(2/0 damage at 1500A @ 100sec.) (2/0 damage at 900A @ 100sec.)
Conductor Damage Curves
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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TIME-CURRENT CURVES @Voltage13.8kV By DLH
For ACSR Conductor DamageCurves No.
Comment Date 12/13/05
1
1. M15-515PhaseINST INST TD=1.000
CTR=160Pickup=7.ANoinst. TP@5=0.048s
A
Conductor ACSR
336.4ACSR
B
B. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.08620A=167800.0cmils
Conductor ACSR AWGSize4/0
4/0ACSR
C
C. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.08620A=105500.0cmils
2/0ACSR
D
D. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.08620A=83690.0cmils
1/0ACSR
E
E. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.08620A=52630.0cmils
Conductor ACSR AWGSize2
#2ACSR
F
F. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.08620A=33100.0cmils
Conductor ACSR AWGSize4
#4ACSR
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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For Copper Conductor DamageCurves No.
Comment Date 12/13/05
1
1. M15-515PhaseINST INST TD=1.000
CTR=160Pickup=7.ANoinst. TP@5=0.048s
A
Conductor Copper (bare) AWGSize2/0
2/0Copper
B
B. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.14040A=83690.0cmils
Conductor Copper (bare) AWGSize1/0
1/0Copper
C
C. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.14040A=52630.0cmils
Conductor Copper (bare) AWGSize2
#2Copper
D
D. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.14040A=33100.0cmils
#4Copper
E
E. Conductor damagecurve. k=0.14040A=20820.0cmils
#6Copper
10
Conductor Rating
556 730
336.4 530
4/0 340
2/0 270
1/0 230
#2 180
#4 140
ACSR
Ampacity Ratings
Conductor Rating
2/0 360
1/0 310
#2 230
#4 170
#6 120
Copper
Ampacity Ratings
Conductor Ampacities
Conductor at 25C ambient taken from the Westinghouse Transmission & Distribution book.
11
Comparing a 140T fuse versus a
#4 ACSR Damage curve.
The 140T wont protect the
conductor below about
550 amps where the curves cross.
Conductor Protection Graph
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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O
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D
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TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8kV #4ACSR &140T By Protection
For AspenFile: HORS M15EXP.olr No.
Comment Date 3/06
1
1. Moscow515Kear 140T Kearney 140T
Total clear.
A
Conductor ACSR AWG Size 4
12
Transformer Protection using
115 kV Fuses
13
Transformer Protection using
115 kV Fuses
Used at smaller substations up to 7.5 MVA
transformer due to low cost of protection.
Other advantages are:
- Low maintenance
- Panel house & station battery not required
There are also several disadvantages to
using fuses however which are:
Low interrupting rating from 1,200A (for
some older models) up to 10,000A at 115 kV.
By contrast a circuit switcher can have a rating
of 25KAIC and our breakers have normally
40KAIC.
The fuses we generally use are rated to blow
within 5 minutes at twice their nameplate
rating. Thus, a 65 amp fuse will blow at 130
amps. This compromises the amount of
overload we can carry in an emergency and
still provide good sensitivity for faults.
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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O
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TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8KV ROK 451R2 By J DH
For ROK FDR 451, BUS FAULTS: 3LG=3580A, SLG=3782A, L-L=3100A No.
Comment ASPEN FILE: ROK NEW XFMR (2005BASE).OLR Date 2-13-07
STATION TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
FEEDER VCR PROTECTION
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
1
1. LAT RP421150N CO-11 INST TD=1.000
2
2. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065
Minimummelt.
H=8.33
3
3. LAT RP421150P CO-11 INST TD=1.000
CTR=500/5Pickup=3.5A No inst. TP@5=0.048s
4
4. LAT RP421151P CO-11 CO-11 TD=2.000
5
5. LAT RP421151N CO-11 CO-11 TD=4.000
6
6. LAT RP4211FUSE S&C Link 65T
Total clear.
A
A. Transf. damage curve. 7.50MVA. Category 3
Base I=313.78A. Z= 7.3percent.
Rockford 13.8kV - ROCKFORD115 115.kV 1T
14
The fuse time current characteristic (TCC) is fixed (although you can buy a standard, slow
or very slow speed ratio which are different inverse curves).
The sensitivity to detect lo-side SLG faults isnt as good as using a relay on a circuit
switcher or breaker. This is because we use DELTA/WYE connected transformers so the
phase current on the 115 kV is reduced by the 3 as opposed to a three phase fault.
Some fuses can be damaged and then blow later at some high load point.
When only one 115 kV fuse blows, it subjects the customer to low distribution voltages.
For example the phase to neutral distribution voltages on two phases on the 13.8 kV become
50% of normal.
No indication of faulted zone (transformer, bus or feeder).
Transformer Protection using 115 kV Fuses - continued
A
B
C
a
b
c
1.0 PU
0.5 PU 0.5 PU
15
Transformer Protection using a Circuit Switcher
Showing Avistas present standard using Microprocessor relays.
13.8kV 115kV
16
Showing Avistas old standard using Electromechanical relays.
17
Some advantages to this over fuses are:
Higher interrupting.
Relays can be set to operate faster
and with better sensitivity than
fuses.
Three phase operation.
Provide better coordination with
downstream devices.
Some disadvantages would be:
Higher cost.
Higher maintenance.
Requires a substation battery, panel
house and relaying.
Transformer requires CTs.
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8kV IDR FEEDER 251 By J DH
STATION VCB 251PROTECTION
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
HI-SIDE CT'S
LO-SIDE CT'S
MINIMUM FAULT TO DETECT:
3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A
1
1. IDR A-77751P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
H=8.33
2
2. IDR A-77751G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
H=8.33
3
3. IDR A-77751N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.700
4
4. IDR A-77751Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
H=8.33
5
5. IDR A-77751Q 587W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
6
6. IDR 25150P 351S INST TD=1.000
7
7. IDR 25151P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
8
8. IDR 25150G 351S INST TD=1.000
9
9. IDR 25151G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
10
10. IDR 25151Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
11
Total clear.
A
A. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620A=133100.0cmils
Conductor ACSR AWG Size2/0
B
18
Transformer Protection using a Breaker
This is very similar to using a circuit switcher with a couple of advantages such as:
Higher interrupting 40kAIC for the one shown below.
Somewhat faster tripping than a circuit switcher (3 cycles vs. 6 8 cycles).
Possibly less maintenance than a circuit switcher.
The CTs would be located on the breaker so it would interrupt faults on the bus section up to
the transformer plus the transformer high side bushings.
19
SEL Various Relay Overcurrent Curves.
Extremely Inverse steepest
Very Inverse
Inverse
Moderately Inverse
Short Time Inverse least steep
The five curves shown here have the same
pickup settings , but different time dial
settings.
These are basically the same as various E-M
relays.
Avista uses mostly extremely inverse on
feeders to match the fuse curves.
Relay Overcurrent Curves
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
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For No.
Comment Date
1
1. EXTREMELY INVERSE SEL-EI TD=15.000
2
2. INVERSE SEL-I TD=2.000
3
3. MODERATELY INVERSE SEL-2xx-MI TD=1.000
4
4. SHORT TIME INVERSE SEL-STI TD=1.000
5
5. VERY INVERSE SEL-VI TD=6.000
20
Time dial
- at what time delay will the relay operate to
trip the breaker
- the larger time dial means more time delay
- also known as lever from the
electromechanical relay days
- Instantaneous elements have a time dial
of 1 and operate at 0.05 seconds.
- Instantaneous curves are shown as a flat
horizontal line starting at the left at the
pickup value and plotted at 0.05 seconds.
Relay Overcurrent Curves - Pickups & Time Dials
Pickup
- the current at which the relay will operate to trip the breaker.
- also known as tap from the electromechanical relay days
-expressed in terms of the ratio of the current transformer (CTR) that the relay is connected to,
- e.g., a relay with a CTR of 120 and a pickup (or tap) of 4 will operate to trip the breaker at 480
amps
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
MAXIMUMFEEDER FUSE
HI-SIDE CT'S
LO-SIDE CT'S
3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A
1
1. IDR A-77751P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
H=8.33
2
2. IDR A-77751G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
H=8.33
3
3. IDR A-77751N351 SEL-EI TD=5.700
4
4. IDR A-77751Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
H=8.33
5
5. IDR A-77751Q 587W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
6
6. IDR 25150P 351S INST TD=1.000
7
7. IDR 25151P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
8
8. IDR 25150G 351S INST TD=1.000
9
9. IDR 25151G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
10
10. IDR 25151Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
11
Total clear.
A
Conductor ACSR AWG Size 2/0
B
21
Same Time Dial =9
Right curve picks up at 960 Amps
Left curve picks up at 320Amps
Relay Overcurrent Curves - Example of Different Pickup & Time Dial Settings
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For No.
Comment Date
1
1. EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=15.000
2
2. ~EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=12.000
3
4
5
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For No.
Comment Date
1
1. EXT INV 1 SEL-EI TD=9.000
2
3
4
5
Same Pickup =960 Amps
Top curve Time Dial =15
Bottom curve Time Dial =2
22
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8 kV INT 12F1 By J DH
For Indian Trail feeder 12F1 in INT 2007base.olr No.
Comment AT SUB: 3LG=5719A, LL=4951A, SLG=5880A Date 1-29-08
STATION VCB 12F1 PROTECTION
1 1. INT A-742 51P 351 SEL-VI TD=10.000
CTR=600/5 Pickup=0.8A No inst. TP@5=2.5797s
H=8.33
2
2. INT 12F1 51P 351S SEL-VI TD=1.800
CTR=800/5 Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=0.4643s
3
3. INT 12F1 51G 351S SEL-VI TD=0.900
4
4. INT 12F1 51Q351S SEL-VI TD=0.500
5
5. INT A-742 51G 351 SEL-VI TD=5.000
H=8.33
6
6. INT A-742 51Q351 SEL-VI TD=3.000
H=8.33
A
A. Transf. damage curve. 12.00 MVA. Category3
Base I=502.00 A. Z= 8.4 percent.
INDIAN TRAIL 12/16/20 MVA XFMR
B
B. Conductor damage curve. k=0.06710 A=556000.0 cmils
Conductor AAC
556 kCMil AAC
Microprocessor relays have different
types of curves based on the type of
fault current being measured:
51P phase time overcurrent
51N or 51G ground time overcurrent
51Q negative sequence time overcurrent
Transformer relay curves
Feeder relay curves
51P phase time overcurrent
51N or 51G ground time overcurrent
51Q negative sequence time overcurrent
This brings us to a brief discussion of:
23
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering,
J . Lewis Blackburn,
There are three sets of independent components in a three-phase
system: positive, negative and zero for both current and voltage.
Positive sequence voltages (Figure 1) are supplied by generators
within the system and are always present. A second set of balanced
phasors are also equal in magnitude and displaced 120 degrees
apart, but display a counter-clockwise rotation sequence of A-C-B
(Figure 2), which represents a negative sequence. The final set of
balanced phasors is equal in magnitude and in phase with each
other, however since there is no rotation sequence (Figure 3) this is
known as a zero sequence.
24
Symmetrical Components
Three phase (3LG) fault - Positive sequence currents for setting phase elements in relays.
Phase -Phase (L-L) fault - Negativesequence currents for setting negative sequence elements in relays.
Single phase (1LG or SLG) fault - Zerosequence currents for setting ground elements in relays.
Symmetrical Components Notation:
Positive Sequence current =I
+
=I1
Negative Sequence current =I
-
=I2
Zero Sequence current =I
0
=I0
Phase Current notation:
IA High side Amps
Ia Low side Amps
8.33=115/13.8 =transformer Voltage (turns)
ratio
Phasor diagram from Fault-study Software.
Examples of three 13.8kV faults showing the current distribution through a
Delta-Wyehigh-lead-low transformer bank :
25
Symmetrical Components Positive Sequence, 3LG 13.8 kV Fault
You have only positive sequence voltage and current since the system is balanced.
A
B
C
a
b
c
R R
IA =619 -88 Ia=5158 -118
IB =619 152 Ib =5158 122
IC =619 32 Ic=5158 2
Phase current =Sequence current
That is; Ia=I
+
.
Phase currents and voltages for the 115kV side.
IA =Ia/ 8.33 =5158A / 8.33
IA =619A
26
Symmetrical Components Negative Sequence, L-L 13.8 kV Fault
115kV side sequence currents and voltages
13.8kV side sequence currents and voltages
A
B
C
a
b
c
R R
IA =309 -28 Ia =0 0
IB =619 152 Ib =4467 152
IC =309 -28 Ic =4467 -28
3LG 13.8kV fault =5158A,
Ib=Ic=4467 A, 4467/5158 =86.6%=3/2
IB
3LG
=IB
LL
=619A
IA & IC =IB or Ia& Ic=Ib
I
2
=the phase current/3 =4467/3 =2579
Digital relays 50Q/51Q elements set using 3I2.
3I2 =Ib x 3 =4467 x 1.732 =7737,
27
Symmetrical Components Zero Sequence, 1LG 13.8 kV Fault
115kV side sequence currents and voltages
A
B
C
a
b
c
R R
3I0 is the sum of the 3 phase currents and since Ib & Ic
=0, then 3I0 =Ia. This means the phase and ground
overcurrent relays on the feeder breaker see the same
amount of current.
5346/(8.33*3) =370 amps. So the high side phase
current is the 3 less as compared to the 3 fault.
Digital relays ground elements set using 3I0.
13.8kV side sequence currents and voltages
IA =370 -118 Ia=3I0=5346 -118
IB =0 0 Ib =0 0
IC =370 62 Ic=0 0
Ia=3Va/(Z1 +Z2 +Z0)
28
Symmetrical Components - Summary of 13.8 kV Faults
3LG positive sequence current
SLG zero sequence current
L-L negative sequence current
IA =619 Ia=5158
IB =619 Ib =5158
IC =619 Ic=5158
5158 / 8.33 =619 Ia=5158 =I1
5346/(8.33x3) =370 Ia=5346 =3I0
If you have a Delta-Wye transformer bank, and you know the voltage ratio and secondary phase
current values for 13.8kV 3LG (5158) and SLG (5346) faults, you can find the rest:
IA =309 Ia =0
IB =619 Ib =4467
IC =309 Ic =4467
5158 x 3/2 =4467 Ib x 3 =7737 =3I2
4467/(8.33x 3) =309
309 x 2 =619
IA =370 Ia=5346
IB =0 Ib =0
IC =370 Ic=0
29
Symmetrical Components - Summary of 13.8 kV Faults
Youve heard of a Line-to-Line fault, how about an Antler-to-Antler fault?
30
Electromechanical Relays
used on Distribution Feeders
Avistas standard distribution relay
package (until the mid-1990s) included
the following:
3 phase 50/51 CO-11 relays,
1 reclosing relay
1 ground 50/51 CO-11 relay
.
31
Objectives:
Protect the feeder conductor
Detect as low a fault current as
possible (PU =50% EOL fault amps)
Other than 51P, set pickup and time
dial as low as possible and still have
minimum Coordinating Time Interval
(CTI) to next device. CTI is minimum
time between operation of adjacent
devices.
Carry normal maximum load (phase
overcurrent only).
Pickup the feeder in a cold load
condition ( 2 times maximum normal
load) or pickup of the next feeder
load
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8KV By
For No.
Comment Date
FEEDER VCB PROTECTION
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
1
1. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065
Minimummelt.
H=8.33
2
2. LAT42150P CO-9 INST TD=1.000
3
3. LAT42151P CO-9 CO-9 TD=1.900
4
4. LAT42150N CO-9 INST TD=1.000
5
5. LAT42151N CO-9 CO-9 TD=3.000
6
6. LAT421FUSE S&C Link100T
Total clear.
A
A. Transf. damagecurve. 7.50MVA. Category 3
LatahJ ct 13.8kV - LATAHJ CT115 115.kV T
B
B. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620A=105500.0cmils
32
13 kV BUS
MIN FAULT
3LG =2000 A
1LG =1000 A
FEEDER SETTINGS
51P =2000 / 2 =1000 A
51N =1000 / 2 =500 A
Pickup setting criteria of 2/1 ratio of end of line fault duty / pickup
- ensures that the relay will see the fault and operate when needed.
33
13 kV BUS
FAULT at MIDLINE
3LG =2000 A
1LG =1000 A
FEEDER SETTINGS
51P =2000 / 2 =1000 A
51N =1000 / 2 =500 A
MIN FAULT at END OF LINE
3LG =1000 A
1LG =500 A
MIDLINE SETTINGS
51P =1000 / 2 =500 A
51N =500 / 2 =250 A
34
13 kV BUS
500A FEEDER SETTINGS
51P =960 A
51N =480 A
SECTION
LOAD =500 A
35
13 kV BUS
500A FEEDER SETTINGS
51P =960 A
51N =480 A
N.O.
SECTION
LOAD =250 A
SECTION
LOAD =500 A
SECTION
LOAD =250 A
36
Most overhead feeders also use reclosing capability to automatically re-energize the feeder
for temporary faults. Most distribution reclosing relays have the capability of providing up to three
or four recloses.
-- Avista uses either one fast or one fast and one time delayed reclose to lockout.
The reclosing relay also provides a reset time generally adjustable from about 10 seconds to
three minutes. This means if we run through the reclosing sequence and trip again within the reset
time, the reclosing relay will lockout and the breaker will have to be closed by manual means. The
time to reset from the lockout position is 3 to 6 seconds for EM reclosing relays.
-- Avista uses reset times ranging from 90 to 180 seconds.
Lockout only for faults within the protected zone. That is; wont lockout for faults beyond
fuses, line reclosers etc.
Most distribution reclosing relays also have the capability of blocking instantaneous tripping.
-- Avista normally blocks the INST tripping after the first trip to provide for a Fuse Protecting
Scheme.
Reclosing
37
13 kV BUS
RECLOSING SEQUENCE
Closed
Open
0.5" 12" LOCKOUT
RESET =120"
(INST Blocked during Reset Time)
Reclosing Sequence shown for a permanent fault
38
Distribution Fusing Fuse Protection/Saving Scheme
Fault on fused lateral on an overhead feeder:
- Station or midline 51 element back up fuse.
- Station or midline 50 element protects fuse.
During fault:
Trip and clear the fault at the station (or line
recloser) by the instantaneous trip before the fuse
is damaged for a lateral fault.
Reclose the breaker. That way if the fault were
temporary the feeder is completely re-energized
and back to normal.
During the reclose the reclosing relay has to
block the instantaneous trip from tripping again.
That way, if the fault still exists you force the
time delay trip and the fuse will blow before you
trip the feeder again thus isolating the fault and
re-energizing most of the customers.
Of course if the fault were on the main trunk
the breaker will trip to lockout.
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8kV M1551551Nto 140T By Protection
For AspenFile: HORS M15EXP.olr No.
Comment Date 3/06
STATIONFEEDER RELAYING
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
1
1. M15515GNDTIME CO-11 TD=4.000
CTR=160Pickup=3.A No inst. TP@5=1.0192s
2
2. Moscow515Kear 140T Kearney 140T
Total clear.
3
3. M1550NCO-11 INST TD=1.000
CTR=160Pickup=3.A Noinst. TP@5=0.048s
39
Shows the maximum fault current for which
S&C type T fuses can still be protected by a
recloser/breaker instantaneous trip for
temporary faults (minimum melt curve at 0.1
seconds):
6T 120 amps
8T 160 amps
10T 225 amps
12T 300 amps
15T 390 amps
20T 500 amps
25T 640 amps
30T 800 amps
40T 1040 amps
50T 1300 amps
65T 1650 amps
80T 2050 amps
100T 2650 amps
140T 3500 amps
200T 5500 amps
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For No.
Comment Date
1
1. BR1S&C 140T S&C Link140T
Minimummelt.
2
2. ENDTAP S&C 40T S&C Link 40T
Minimummelt.
3
3. M15515S&C 80T S&C Link 80T
Minimummelt.
Distribution Fusing Fuse Protection for Temporary Faults
40
NOTE: These values were taken from the S&C data bulletin 350-170 of March 28, 1988 based on no
preloading and then preloading of the source side fuse link. Preloading is defined as the source side
fuse carrying load amps equal to its rating prior to the fault. This means there was prior heating of
that fuse so it doesnt take as long to blow for a given fault.
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For No.
Comment Date
1
1. T FUSE S&C Link100T
Minimummelt.
2
Total clear.
Distribution Fusing Fuse to Fuse Coordination
41
Typical continuous and 8 hour emergency rating of the S&C T rated silver fuse links plus the 140T
and 200T.
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For No.
Comment Date
1
1. BR1 S&C 140T S&C Link140T
Minimummelt.
Distribution Fusing S&C T-Fuse Current Ratings
General Rule: Fuse Blows at 2X Rating in 5 Minutes
42
Typical Coordinating Time Intervals (CTI)
that Avista generally uses between protective
devices.
Other utilities may use different times.
DEVICES: CTI
(Sec.)
Relay Fuse Total Clear 0.2
Relay Series Trip Recloser 0.4
Relay Relayed Line Recloser 0.3
Lo Side Xfmr Relay Feeder Relay 0.4
Hi Side Xfmr Relay Feeder Relay 0.4
Xfmr Fuse Min Melt Feeder Relay 0.4
Coordinating Time Intervals
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8kV HORS 2010 By J DH
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
HI-SIDE CT'S
MIDLINE OCR
Fault I=5665.9A
1
1. IDR A-77751P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
CTR=600/5Pickup=2.A Noinst. TP@5=0.3096s
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
2
2. IDR 25251P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
Ia=5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3. IDR 25250G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
4
Total clear.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.09s
5
5f
5. Phase unit of recloser MIDLINE OCR
Ia=5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
6
Minimummelt.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.01s
A
Conductor AAC
B
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
43
devices.
DEVICES: CTI
(Sec.)
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8kV HORS 2010 By J DH
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
HI-SIDE CT'S
MIDLINE OCR
Fault I=5665.9A
1
1. IDR A-77751P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
Ia= 679.8A (5.7 sec A) T= 0.78s H=8.33
2
2. IDR 25251P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
Ia=5665.9A (35.4 sec A) T= 0.30s
3. IDR 25250G 351S INST TD=1.000
3Io= 0.0A (0.0 sec A) T=9999s
4
Total clear.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.09s
5
5f
5. Phase unit of recloser MIDLINE OCR
Ia=5665.9A T(Fast)= 0.03s
6
Minimummelt.
Ia=5665.9A T= 0.01s
A
Conductor AAC
B
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @Voltage13.8kV RAT 231MIDC390R By J DH
For Huetterfeeder142(2008)Ratfeeder231(2009+)MidlineRecloserC390R No.
Comment Savedin: HUE142-RAT231MIDC390R 2007base.olr Date 2-25-08
HUETTER FDR 142PROTECTION
RATHDRUMFDR 231PROTECTION
HUE 142MIDC270R PROTECTION
MIDLINE 390R PROTECTION
CALLED"HUE 142LINE"INPOWERBASE
RECLOSE IS 1SEC, 12SEC, LO, 120SEC RESET
RECLOSE IS 1SEC, 12SEC, LO, 180SEC RESET
LARGEST DOWNSTREAMFUSE FROM390R MIDLINE
1
1. C390R MID51P CO-9 CO-9 TD=2.500
2
2. C390R MID50P CO-9 INST TD=1.000
3
3. C390R MID50NCO-9 INST TD=1.000
4
4. C390R MID51NCO-9 CO-9 TD=2.500
5
5. HUE 14250P 251 INST TD=1.000
6
6. HUE 14251P 251 SEL-EI TD=1.500
7
7. HUE ML C270R 50P INST TD=1.000
CTR=400/5Pickup=8.1A Noinst. TP@5=0.048s
8
8. HUE ML C270R 51P CO-11 TD=1.500
9
9. HUE 14250N251 INST TD=1.000
10
10. HUE 14251N251 SEL-EI TD=4.000
11
11. HUE 14251Q251 SEL-EI TD=4.000
CTR=160Pickup=5.2A Noinst. TP@5=1.0858s
12
12. HUE ML C270R 50N INST TD=1.000
13
13. HUE ML C270R 51N CO-11 TD=7.000
14
14. RAT 23150NCO-11 INST TD=1.000
15
15. RAT 23151NCO-11 CO-11 TD=5.000
16
16. RAT 23150P CO-11 INST TD=1.000
17
17. HUE 142 FUSE S&C Link65T
Total clear.
18
18. RAT 231 FUSE S&C Link100T
Total clear.
19
19. RAT 231 51P CO-11 CO-11 TD=1.800
A
A. Conductordamagecurve. k=0.08620A=133100.0cmils
ConductorACSR AWGSize2/0
MIDLINE C390FEDFROMRAT 231- MINIMUMCONDUCTOR TOPROTECT
B
B. Conductordamagecurve. k=0.06710A=556000.0cmils
ConductorAAC
MIDLINE C390FEDFROMHUE 142- MINIMUMCONDUCTOR TOPROTECT
44
devices.
DEVICES: CTI
(Sec.)
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
HI-SIDE CT'S
LO-SIDE CT'S
3LG=2460A, SLG=1833A, L-L=2130A
1
1. IDR A-77751P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
H=8.33
2
2. IDR A-77751G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
H=8.33
3
3. IDR A-77751N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.700
4
4. IDR A-77751Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
H=8.33
5
5. IDR A-77751Q 587W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
6
6. IDR 25150P 351S INST TD=1.000
7
7. IDR 25151P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
8
8. IDR 25150G 351S INST TD=1.000
9
9. IDR 25151G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
10
10. IDR 25151Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
11
Total clear.
A
B
45
devices.
DEVICES: CTI
(Sec.)
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @ Voltage 13.8KV By
For No.
Comment Date
FEEDER VCB PROTECTION
MAXIMUM FEEDER FUSE
1
1. SMD-2B 65E VERY SLOW 176-19-065
Minimummelt.
H=8.33
2
2. LAT42150P CO-9 INST TD=1.000
3
3. LAT42151P CO-9 CO-9 TD=1.900
4
4. LAT42150N CO-9 INST TD=1.000
5
5. LAT42151N CO-9 CO-9 TD=3.000
6
6. LAT421FUSE S&C Link100T
Total clear.
A
A. Transf. damagecurve. 7.50MVA. Category 3
LatahJ ct 13.8kV - LATAHJ CT115 115.kV T
B
B. Conductor damage curve. k=0.08620A=105500.0cmils
46
devices.
DEVICES: CTI
(Sec.)
47
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For M15A-172CS withfdr 515withKearney140T Fuse No.
Comment ThreePhaseFault Date 12/12/05
1
1. Moscow515Kear 140T Kearney140T
Minimummelt.
I=5158.1A T= 0.10s
2
2. M15-515PhaseTime CO-11 TD=1.500
I=5158.1A (32.2 sec A) T= 0.33s
3
3. M15A-172Phase CO- 9 TD=1.500
CTR=120Pickup=2.A Inst=1200A TP@5=0.3605s
I= 619.0A (5.2 sec A) T= 1.03s H=8.33
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Close-InFaulton: 0MoscowCity#213.8kV - 0BUS1TAP 13.8kV 1L 3LG
3LG Fault Coordination
Example:
Top Ckt Swr w/ Phase E-M relay
----- 0.4 sec. ------
Middle - E-M Phase relay for a 500
Amp Feeder
----- 0.2 sec. ------
Bottom 140T Feeder Fuse (Total
Clear)
48
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For MoscowCS withfdr 515with140T fuses No.
Comment SingleLinetoGroundFault Date 12/12/05
1
1. Moscow515 Kear140T Kearney140T
Minimummelt.
I=5346.4A T= 0.09s
2
2. M15515GND TIME CO-11 TD=4.000
I=5346.5A (33.4 sec A) T= 0.29s
3
I=5346.4A (33.4 sec A) T= 0.31s
4
4. M15A-172GND TIME CO-11 TD=4.000
I=5346.5A (22.3 sec A) T= 0.83s
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Close-InFaulton: 0MoscowCity#213.8kV - 0BUS1TAP 13.8kV 1L 1LG Type=A
SLG Fault Coordination
Example:
Top Ckt Swr w/ E-M Phase relay
----- 0.4 sec. ------
Middle - E-M relays (Phase &
Ground) for a 500 Amp Feeder
----- 0.2 sec. ------
Clear)
49
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
For MoscowCS A-172withfdr 515with140T Fuse No.
Comment LinetoLineFault Date
1
1. Moscow515Kear 140T Kearney140T
Minimummelt.
I=4467.0A T= 0.12s
2
I=4467.0A (27.9 sec A) T= 0.43s
3
3. M15A-172Phase CO- 9 TD=1.500
CTR=120Pickup=2.A Inst=1200A TP@5=0.3605s
I= 619.0A (5.2 sec A) T= 1.03s H=8.33
FAULT DESCRIPTION:
Close-InFaulton: 0MoscowCity#213.8kV - 0BUS1TAP 13.8kV 1L LL Type=B-C
L-L Fault Coordination
Example:
Top Ckt Swr w/ E-M relay
----- 0.4 sec. ------
Middle - E-M (Phase) relay for a 500
Amp Feeder
----- 0.2 sec. ------
Clear)
50
The Final Product
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
10 2 3 4 5 7 100 2 3 4 5 7 1000 2 3 4 5 7 10000 2 3 4 5 7
CURRENT (A)
S
E
C
O
N
D
S
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
2
3
4
5
7
10
20
30
40
50
70
100
200
300
400
500
700
1000
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.07
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.7
1
TIME-CURRENT CURVES @Voltage13.8kV INT 12F2&MID 466R By J DH
For IndianTrail feeder 12F2and12F2Midline466R inINT 2007base.olr No.
Comment AT SUB:3LG=5719A,LL=4951A,SLG=5880A Date 1-29-08
STATION VCB12F2PROTECTION
EAST BRANCH - FEEDER MAXIMUMFUSE
FAULT DUTY AT 140T- WHEN FED FROMNORTH (N.O.PT)
12F2MIDLINE466R PROTECTION
WEST OR NORTH BRANCH - FEEDER MAXIMUMFUSE
FAULT DUTY AT 150E;3LG=2318, LL=2008, SLG=1684
3LG=1932, LL=1673, SLG=1388
FAULT DUTY AT 140T- WHEN FED FROMWEST MID 466R
3LG=2093, LL=1813, SLG=1520
9&
15
11
&4
1
1.INT A-74251P 351 SEL-VI TD=1.200
CTR=600/5Pickup=2.ANo inst.TP@5=0.3096s
H=8.33
2
2.INT A-74251G 351 SEL-VI TD=1.000
H=8.33
3
3.INT A-74251N 351 SEL-EI TD=5.600
4
4.INT A-74251Q 351 SEL-EI TD=4.200
CTR=600/5Pickup=1.3ANo inst.TP@5=1.1401s
H=8.33
5
5.INT F2150EFUSE SMU-20_150E
Totalclear.
6
6.INT 12F250P 351S INST TD=1.000
7
7.INT 12F251P 351S SEL-EI TD=1.500
8
8.INT 12F250G 351S INST TD=1.000
9
9.INT 12F251G 351S SEL-EI TD=3.900
10
10.INT 12F251Q 351S SEL-EI TD=3.500
11
11.INT A-74251Q 587W2 SEL-EI TD=4.300
12
12.F2MID 466R 50P 351R INST TD=1.000
13
13.F2MID 466R 51P 351R SEL-EI TD=2.300
14
14.F2MID 466R 50G 351R INST TD=1.000
15
15.F2MID 466R 51G 351R SEL-EI TD=4.200
16
16.F2MID 466R 51Q 351R SEL-EI TD=3.800
17
17.INT F2140TFUSEstn S&C Link140T
Total clear.
A
A.Transf.damagecurve. 12.00MVA.Category 3
BaseI=502.00A. Z=8.4percent.
INDIAN TRAIL 12/16/20MVAXFMR
B
B.Conductor damagecurve. k=0.14040A=52630.0cmils
Conductor Copper (bare) AWG Size2
NORTH BRANCH SMALLEST TRUNKCONDUCTOR
C
C.Conductor damagecurve. k=0.04704A=350000.0cmils
CableXLPE90C/250C
EAST BRANCH SMALLEST TRUNKCONDUCTOR - 350CN15
D
D.Conductor damagecurve. k=0.08620A=105500.0cmils
Conductor ACSR AWG Size2/0
WEST BRANCH SMALLESTTRUNKCONDUCTOR
An example of a completed 13.8kV
Feeder Coordination Study with 20
Time-Current Curves representing:
Instantaneous & Time-Delay Curves
for the:
- Transformer high side protection,
- Transformer low side protection,
- Station feeder breaker protection,
- Midline feeder breaker protection.
Two Fuses
Transformer Damage Curve
Three Conductor Damage Curves
51
2 Time delay relay.
27 Undervoltage relay.
43 Manual transfer or selective device.
We use these for cutting in and out
instantaneous overcurrent relays,
reclosing relays etc.
50 (or 50P) Instantaneous overcurrent
phase relay.
50N (or 50G) Instantaneous overcurrent
ground (or neutral) relay.
50Q Instantaneous Negative Sequence
overcurrent relay.
51 (or 51P) Time delay overcurrent phase
relay.
51N (or 51G) Time delay overcurrent
ground (or neutral) relay.
51Q Time delay Negative Sequence
overcurrent relay.
52 AC circuit breaker.
IEEE Device Designations commonly used in Distribution Protection
Avista sometimes adds letters to these such as F for feeders, T for transformers, B for bus and BF for
breaker failure.
52/a Circuit breaker auxiliary switch closed
when the breaker is closed.
52/b Circuit breaker auxiliary switch closed
when the breaker is open.
59 Overvoltage relay.
62 Time Delay relay
63 Sudden pressure relay.
79 AC Reclosing relay.
81 Frequency relay.
86 Lock out relay which has several contacts.
Avista uses 86T for a transformer lockout,
86B for a bus lockout etc.
87 Differential relay.
94 Auxiliary tripping relay.
Mikes Turn
52
53
Criteria (for outdoor bus arrangement, not switchgear)
Protect the Transformer from thermal damage
- Refer to Damage Curves
Backup feeder protection (as much as possible)
- Sensitivity is limited because load is higher
Coordinate with downstream devices (feeder relays)
Carry normal maximum load (phase only)
Pick up Cold Load after outages
Distribution Transformer
54
Relays:
3 High Side Phase Overcurrent (with time and instantaneous elements)
1 Low Side Ground Overcurrent (with time and instantaneous elements)
Sudden Pressure Relay
Electromechanical Relays - Setting Criteria
55
Phase Overcurrent Settings Current measured on 115kV side
P Pickup (time overcurrent)
Dont trip for load or cold load pickup (use 2.4 * highest MVA rating)
Ends up being higher than the feeder phase element pickup
Example: 12/16/20 MVA unit would use 2.4*20*5 =240 amps (1940A low side)
51P Time Lever (time dial)
Coordinate with feeder relays for maximum fault (close in feeder fault)
CTI is 0.4 seconds
Worst coordination case: - on low side (discrepancy due to delta/wye conn.)
Multiple feeder load can make the transformer relay operate faster
50P Pickup(instantaneous overcurrent)
Must not trip for feeder faults set at 170% of low side bus fault
Accounts for DC offset
56
Ground Overcurrent Settings Current measured on 13.8 kV side
N Pickup (time overcurrent)
Set to same sensitivity as feeder phase relay (in case the feeder ground relay is failed)
This setting is higher than the feeder ground, so we lose some sensitivity for backup
51N Time Lever (time dial)
Coordinate with feeder relays for ground faults
CTI is 0.4 seconds
50N Pickup(instantaneous overcurrent)
DO NOT USE!!!!
57
Distribution Transformer & Feeder Protection
with Microprocessor Relays
Advantages:
More precise TAP settings
More Relay Elements
Programmable Logic / Buttons
Lower burden to CT
Event Reports!!!!!!!!!
Communications
Coordinate with like elements
(faster)
More Settings
MicroprocessorRelay
58
Elements We Set:
51P
50P
50P2 (FTB)
51G
50G (115kV)
51N (13.8kV)
50N1 (FTB)
FTB = Fast Trip Block (feeder relays must be Microprocessor)
59
Transformer Phase Overcurrent Settings - Current measured on 115kV Side
51P - Phase Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set to 240% of nameplate (same as EM relay)
51P Time Dial
Set to coordinate with feeders fastest element for each fault
CTI is still 0.4 seconds
50P1 Phase instantaneous #1 Pickup
Direct Trip
Set to 130% of max 13.8 kV fault (vs. 170% with EM relay)
50P2 Phase instantaneous pickup for Fast Trip Block scheme
Set above transformer inrush
4 Cycle time delay
Blocked if any feeder overcurrent elements are picked up
60
Transformer Ground Overcurrent Settings - Current calculated from 115kV CTs
51G - Ground Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set very low (will not see low side ground faults due to transformer
connection). Usually 120 Amps.
51GTime Dial
Set very low
50G1 Ground Instantaneous #1 Pickup
Set very low. Usually 120 Amps.
Symmetrical
Components!
61
Transformer Neutral Overcurrent Settings - Current measured by neutral CT or
calculated from 13.8kV CTs.
51N - Ground Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set slightly higher than feeder ground pickup (about 1.3 times)
51NTime Dial
Set to coordinate with feeder ground
CTI is 0.4 seconds
50N1 Ground Instantaneous for Fast Trip Block
Set slightly above the feeder ground instantaneous pickup
Time Delay by 4 cycles
Blocked if Feeder overcurrent elements are picked up
62
Inrush The current seen when
energizing a transformer.
Need to account for inrush when using
instantaneous elements (regular or FTB).
Inrush can be approximately 8 times the
nameplate of a transformer.
Note that the microprocessor relay only responds to the 60 HZ fundamental and that this
fundamental portion of inrush current is 60% of the total. So to calculate a setting, we could use
the 8 times rule of thumb along with the 60% value. For a 12/16/20 MVA transformer, the
expected inrush would be 8*12*5*0.6 =288 amps. We set a little above this number (360 Amps).
63
Transformer inrush UNFILTERED
current. The peak current is about 1800
amps.
Transformer inrush FILTERED current
(filtered by digital filters to show
basically only 60 HZ). Peak is about
700 amps.
64
Microprocessor Feeder Relay
Overcurrent
Reclosing
Fast Trip Block Output
Breaker Failure Output
Elements We Set:
51P
50P
51G
50G
51Q
65
Feeder Phase Overcurrent Settings
51P - Phase Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set above load and cold load (960 Amps for 500 Amp feeder)
Same as EM pickup
51P Time Dial
Same as EM relay (coordinate with downstream protection with CTI)
Select a curve
50P Phase instantaneous Pickup
Set the same as the 51P pickup (960 Amps)
66
Feeder Ground Overcurrent Settings
51G - Phase Time Overcurrent Pickup
Same as EM pickup which is 480 Amps
51G Time Dial
Same as EM relay (coordinate with downstream protection)
Select a curve
50G Phase instantaneous Pickup
Set the same as the 51G pickup
67
Feeder Negative Sequence Overcurrent Settings
51Q - Negative Sequence Time Overcurrent Pickup
Set with equivalent sensitivity as the ground element (not affected by load)
Coordinate with downstream protection
51Q Time Dial
Same as EM relay (coordinate with downstream protection)
Select a curve
50Q Negative Sequence instantaneous Pickup
DONT USE!!!!!
Contributions from motors during external faults could trip this
68
The differential relay is connected to both the high and low side transformer BCTs.
EM Differential Relay
Since the distribution transformer is connected delta wye the transformer CTs
have to be set wye delta to compensate for the phase shift.
Transformer Differential Protection
69
87
R1
87
OP
87
R2
PRI I
PRI I
SEC I
SEC I
EXTERNAL FAULT
THE SECONDARY CURRENTS FLOW THROUGH BOTH
RESTRAINT COILS IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND THEN
CIRCULATE BACK THROUGH THE CT'S. THEY DO NOT
FLOW THROUGH THE OPERATE COIL
CURRENT FLOW THROUGH AN E/M 87 DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY FOR AN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FAULT
BCT'S
BCT'S
CT POLARITY MARK
Transformer Differential Protection External Fault
70
87
R1
87
OP
87
R2
PRI I
PRI I
INTERNAL FAULT
THE SECONDARY CURRENTS FLOW THROUGH BOTH
RESTRAINT COILS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, ADD
AND THEN FLOW THROUGH THE OPERATE COIL AND
BACK TO THE RESPECTIVE CT'S
SEC I
SEC I
BCT'S
BCT'S
CT POLARITY MARK
Transformer Differential Protection Internal Fault
71
GRAB YOUR HANDOUT!
MOSCOW FEEDER 515 PROTECTION EXAMPLE
72
The Scenario
A hydraulic midline recloser on a 13.8kV feeder in Moscow, ID is
being replaced by a newer relayed recloser. The recloser is P584
on feeder 515.
The field engineer would like to replace the recloser in the existing
location.
Protection engineer must review the feeder protection and report
back to the field engineer.
NOTE: Avista designs for a fuse saving scheme with one
instantaneous trip. The field engineers decide if they want to
enable or disable the instantaneous tripping.
73
MOSCOW FEEDER 515 PROTECTION EXAMPLE
Where do we start the protection design?
1) Gather Information:
Feeder Rating (expected load)
Protective devices (Breakers, line reclosers, fuses)
Fault Duty (at each protective device)
Conductors to be protected
Project deadline (tomorrow?)
74
How do we proceed?
At each coordination point
Loading
Coordination
What will coordinate with the downstream device
Are we above the fuse rating
Conductor Protection
minimum conductor that can be protected by the feeder settings or
fuse
Fault Detection
Can we detect the fault by our 2:1 margin
Fuse Saving for Temporary faults
What can a fuse be protected up to?
75
Begin at the END
POINT 8: This is a customers load and we are using 3-250 KVA
transformers to serve the load. The full load of this size of bank is 31.4
amps. The Avista transformer fusing standard says to use a 65T on this
transformer so thats what well choose.
76
FUSE - POINT 6B:
What we know:
3 lateral feeding to a 65T at the end
#4 ACSR conductor
Fuse Selection:
Loading Assume the load is all downstream of point 8, so a 65T or higher will
still suffice.
Conductor Protection - From Table 7 we see that #4 ACSR can be protected by a
100T or smaller fuse
Fault Detection - Under the Relay Setting Criteria we want to detect the minimum
line end fault with a 2:1 margin. The SLG is 463 so we calculate the max fuse as
follows:
463/2 (2:1 margin) = 231 amps. T fuses blow at twice their rating so divide
by 2 again, with a result of 115. Fuse must be 100T or less.
Coordination From Table 2, we see that we need an 80T or larger to coordinate
with the downstream 65T fuse (at fault duties <1400A w/preload)
Fuse Saving - From Table 1 we see that an 80T fuse can be protected up to 2,050
amps for temporary faults and the 3 fault is 1,907 amps so we could choose an
80T or higher from that standpoint
77
Point 6B - So what fuse size should we use?
78
POINT 5 Midline Recloser
What we know:
Conductor to protect: #4 ACSR (can carry 140A load)
Max fuse to coordinate with =100T (FUTURE per distribution engineer)
Maximum load (per engineer) =84A
Settings Considerations:
Loading: Cold load would be 84*2 =168 A, but the conductor can carry 140A max. Size for some
load growth by setting at 2*conductor rating. 300 Amp phase pickup setting. NOTE: we dont design
settings to protect for overload.
Conductor Protection: From the table, Avistas 300A feeder settings can protect down to #2 ACSR, so
300A pickup is still acceptable. Review curves to confirm.
Fault Detection: detect the minimum fault with a 2:1 margin. Here the min fault is at point 6
1. The - fault at point 6 is 0.866*1907 =1,651 so our margin to detect that fault would be 1651/300
=5.5:1 so no problem with the 300 amps PU from that standpoint (used - because its the
minimum multi phase fault)
2. The SLG at point 6 is 1,492 so we could set the ground up to 1492/2 =745 amps and still detect the
fault. However, our criteria says to set as low as possible and still coordinate with the largest
downstream device and from above were trying to use a 100T. Based on curves, this is 300 amps
(same as phase, which is unusual).
Coordination: Based on fault study, set the time dial to coordinate with a 100T fuse with 0.2 second
CTI.
Fuse Saving: The fault duty at the recloser is 3453 3PH and 2762 1LG. An instantaneous trip will
protect the 80T fuse if the fault duty is less than 2050 Amps. Some fuse protection is compromised but
there is nothing we can do about it.
79
TRUNK FUSE - POINT 3C:
What we know:
#4 ACSR 3 trunk
Load is 84 Amps
Downstream protection is the midline recloser
Fuse Selection:
Loading Assume the load is the same as at the midline recloser. We set that at
300A, and a 200T can carry 295 A continuous.
Conductor Protection - From Table 7 we see that #4 ACSR can be protected by a
100T or smaller fuse.
Fault Detection - Under the Relay Setting Criteria we want to detect the minimum
line end fault with a 2:1 margin.
SLG at midline is 2762 so even a 200T would provide enough sensitivity.
Coordination PROBLEM! We have coordinated the midline with
a 100T, so the upstream fuse must coordinate with that.
Fuse Saving: As before, some fuse saving is compromised due to higher fault duty.
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TRUNK FUSE Point 3C - Solutions?
81
TRUNK FUSE Point 3C - Solutions?
Move Recloser
Re-conductor
82
FEEDER BREAKER - POINT 1:
What we know:
This is a 500 amp feeder design. The load is 325 amps and cold load 650 per field engineer.
Downstream protection is either the midline recloser or a 140T fuse.
Settings Considerations:
Loading: A standard 500 amp feeder phase pickup setting of 960 A will carry all normal
load and pick up cold load. The ground pickup does not consider load and will be set at
480A.
Conductor Protection : The main trunk is 556 ACSR and from Table 7 a 500 amp feeder
setting of 960 A can protect 1/0 ACSR or higher. Laterals with smaller conductor must be
fused.
Fault Detection:
The - fault at point 5 is 0.866*3453 =2990 so our margin to detect that fault would
be 2990/960 =3.1:1
The SLG at point 5 is 2,762 so our margin to detect that fault is: 2762/480 =5.7:1
Coordination: Use fault study to calculate settings to achieve 0.2 second CTI to fuses and
0.3 second CTI to the recloser.
Fuse Saving We have decided that a 140T fuse is the maximum fuse we will use on the
feeder even though it cant be saved by an instantaneous trip at the maximum fault duties.
83
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