Viking Language 1 Answer Key Les1-15

VIKINGLANGUAGE1
ANSWERKEY
LEARNOLDNORSE,RUNESANDICELANDICSAGAS
(PreliminaryVersion)
JESSEL.BYOCK
JulesWilliamPress
www.vikingnorse.com
Copyright2013,JesseL.Byock
VIKINGLANGUAGE1ANSWERKEY
2
VIKINGLANGUAGE1AnswerKey
LearnOldNorse,Runes,andIcelandicSagas
JesseByock
DearReaders,
HereisapreliminarycopyoftheAnswerKeytoVikingLanguage1.
Ifyoufindanyerrorsorflawspleasedropusashortemailatvikinglanguage@gmail.com
LESSON1ANSWERKEY
1.7.TheImportanceofCase.
A.1)Hewentwithhimtohishouse.2)Shegaveagifttoher.3)Theyaresittingintheir
shipwiththem.3)Shebroughtfoodforhimandme.
B.1)DirectObject;Accusative.2)Subject;Nominative.3)DirectObject;Accusative.4)
IndirectObject;Dative.5)Subject;Nominative.6)Possessor;Genitive.7)DirectObject;
Accusative.8)IndirectObject;Dative.
1.10.Genealogy.
Herjlfr,Brr,orgerr,Bjarni.
1.11.NounsfromGrnlendingaSaga.
1)kona;sonr;HiswifewascalledThorgerd,andtheirson[wascalled]Bjarni.2)mar;A
manwascalledHerjolf,[whowasthe]sonofBard,[whowasthe]sonofHerjolf.3)fair;
BardwasHerjolfsfather.4)var;efniligr;Bjarniwasapromisingman.5)land;Ingolfgave
Herjolfland.
1.12.Vocabulary.
1)mar:man,person.2)kona:woman,wife.3)vkingr:viking.4)fjrr;fjord.5)vk:bay.
6)frndi:kinsman.7)dttir:daughter.8)konungr:king.9)sonr:son.10)land:country,
land.11)landnmsmr:settler.
1.13.Translation.
HerjlfrvarBrarson,Herjlfssonar;hannvarfrndiInglfslandnmsmanns.Inglfrgaf
HerjlfilandmilliVgsokReykjaness.HerjlfrbjfyrstDrepstokki.orgerrhtkona
hans,enBjarnisonreira,okvarefniligrmar.
3
1.14.GenderandMeaningofNouns.
1)saga;f(eminine).2)m(asculine);bay.3)land;n(euter).4)m;kinsman.
5)landnmsmar;m.6)m;man/person.7)m;king.8)n;ship.
1.15.Cases.
1)HaraldrbjDreppstokki.orgerrsHarald.InglfrgafHaraldiland.orgerrht
kona Haralds. 2) Eirkr bj Dreppstrokki. orgerr s Eirk. Inglfr gaf Eirki land.
orgerrhtkonaEirks.
1.16.Apposition.
1)landnmsmanns;HewasIngolftheSettlerskinsman.2)landnmsmanni;Herjolfgave
IngolftheSettlerland.3)landnmsmar;AmanwascalledIngolftheSettler.
4)landnmsmann;ThorgerdsawIngolftheSettler.
1.17.WordFrequency.
1)marman.2)konungrking.3)skipship.4)mikillbig.5)margrmany.6)gr
good.7)veratobe.8)hafahave.9)segjasay.10)tilto.11)in,into.12)
on;onto.
LESSON2ANSWERKEY
2.3.TheReadingSelelctionfromLandnmabk.
1)d.2)e.3)f.4)a.5)g.6)b.7)c.
2.15.Vocabulary.
1)sj:tosee.2)nema:totake/claim.3)heita:tobenamed.4)fara:togo.5)vera:tobe.
6)gefa:togive.7)vera:tobecome.
2.16.Cases.,GenitiveandSagaNames
1)Ljtssaga;VallaLjotsSaga.2)Gsla;GisliSurssonsSaga.3)Gunnlaugs;TheSagaof
GunnlaugSerpentTongue.
2.17.VerbForms.
1)bj;lived.2)went;atfara.3)saw;atsj.4)ht;wascalled.5)took,claimed;atnema.
6)var;was.7)var;became.
2.18.TranslationReview.
HerjlfrhtmarBrarsonHerjlfssonar;hannfrtilGrnlandsmeEirki.Herjlfrnam
HerjlfsfjrokbjHerjlfsnesi.EirkrnamEirksfjrokbjBrattahl,enLeifrsonr
hanseptirhann.
4
2.19.GenderandMeaningofNouns.
1)sonr;m.2)n;headland.3)m;fjord.4)f;hand.5)n;wealth,livestock.6)m;brother.
7)n;land.8)m;day.
2.20.WordFrequency.
1)mlspeech,legalcase,amatterofsomething.2)sonrson.3)hndhand.4)ltill
little.5)illrbad.6)sannrtrue.7)komacome.8)farago,travel.9)munu
will.10)then.11)arthere12)umabout.
2.21.TheDefiniteArticle.
M F
N
M F N
Sgnom inn in it Pl inir inar in
acc inn ina it ina inar in
dat inum inni inu inum inum inum
gen ins innar ins inna inna inna
1)fjrrinn.2)hndin.3)landit.4)sonrinn.5)nesit.6)hlin.7)konungrinn.8)skipit.
9)frndinn.10)konan.
2.22.ProperNouns.
1)Herjlfr;HerjolflivedfirstatDrepstokk.2)Eirk;ThorgerdsawEirik.3)orgeri;Ingolf
gaveThorgerdland.4)Brar;HewasBardskinsman.5)orsteinn;Thorsteinlivedfirst
atDrepstokk.6)Bjarna;ThorgerdsawBjarni.7)Birni;Ingolfgavebjornland.8)yri;He
wasyriskinsman.
LESSON3ANSWERKEY
3.6.RunicScript.
1)kurmR;Gormr.2)urui;yr.3)sina;sna.4)but;bt.5)aft;ept.6)kunukz7)kunu
8)kubl9)usi10)but
3.10.PersonalPronouns:1
st
and2
nd
Persons.
1)ek.2)mik.3).4)r.5)Vit.6)Ek.7)r.
3.12.PersonalPronouns:ThirdPerson.
A.1)hann,mnom/accsg;he/him.2)hennar,fgensg;her/hers.3)at,nnom/accsg;it.
4)r,fnom/accpl;they.5)eim,m/f/ndatpl;them.
B.1)honum;him.2)hennar;her(s).3)eira;their(s).4)v;it.5)r;they/them.6)
henni;her.
5
3.15.TheVerbVera.
A.1)ert;you(sg)are.2)em;Iam.3)eru;you(pl)are.4)er;sheis.5)eru;they(f)are.
6)vrum;we(pl)were.7)vart;you(sg)were.8)vru;you(pl)were.9)var;Iwas.10)
var;itwas.
B.1)er;Sigridisawoman.2)eru;They(m)arekings.3)erum;We(pl)arefromGreenland.
4)er;Heisagoodman.5)eru;You(dual)arefromNorway.6)em;Iamking.7)var;
Sigrid was a woman. 8) vru; They (n) were from Scandinavia. 9) var; she was the
adornment of Denmark. 10) var; He was a good man. 11) vru; You (pl) were from
Noway.12)var;Iwasking.
3.17.SonandDttir.
Answerswillvary.
3.19.TimetableofEarlyDanishHistory.
1)FirstconstructionoftheDanevirkeandHedeby.2)KingGodfredopposesCharlemagnes
northerly expansion. 3) King Gorm the Old reigns at Jelling as the last pagan king of
Denmark.4)HaraldBluetoothbuildsthegreatringfortressesofDenmark.5)TheIcelandic
sagaHrlfssagakrakaiswritten.
3.20.PersonalPronouns.
M F N M F N
Sgnom hann hon at Plnom eir r au
acc hann hana at acc r au
dat honum henni v dat eim eim eim
gen hans hennar ess gen eira eira eira
3.21.VerbConjugation:PresentTenseofVera.
1)em;Iamking.2)erum;We(dual)arekings.3)ert;You(sg)areachieftain.4)eru;You
(pl)areatBrattahlid.5)er;Heisasettler.6)eru;They(m)aresettlers.
3.22.StrongandWeakNouns.
Strong HAUGR NL ML Weak TMI VIKA EYRA
M F N M F N
Sgnom haugr nl ml Sgnom tmi vika eyra
acc haug nl ml acc tma viku eyra
dat haugi nl mli dat tma viku eyra
gen haugs nlar mls gen tma viku eyra
Plnom haugar nlar ml Plnom tmar vikur eyru
acc hauga nlar ml acc tma vikur eyru
dat haugum nlum mlum dat tmum vikum eyrum
gen hauga nla mla gen tma vikna eyrna
6
3.23.Review:GenderandMeaningofNouns.
1)kona;f.2)m;notableperson.3)dttir;f.4)m;amanofaccomplishments.5)n:land.
6)jarl;m.7)m;king.8)n;monument.9)sonr;m.10)f;adornment.
3.24.Verbs.
1)wascalled;heita.2)made;gera.3)was;vera.4)took(claimed);nema.5)married;f.
3.25.LinkingVerbs.(Circledverbsareprintedinbold.)
1) Herjlfr ht mar Brarson Herjlfssonar; hann fr til Grnlands me Eirki.
Herjlfr nam Herjlfsfjr ok bj Herjlfsnesi. Eirkr nam Eirksfjr ok bj
Brattahl,enLeifrsonrhanseptirhann.
Herjolfwasthenameofaman[AmanwascalledHerjolf],thesonofBard,theson
ofHerjolf;hewenttoGreenlandwthEirik[theRed].Herjolftook[claimed]Herjolfs
FjordandlivedatHerjolfsnes.EiriktookEiriksFjordandlivedatBrattahlid,and
Leif,hisson,afterhim.
2) Gormrkonungrgerikumblessieptyrikonusna,Danmarkarbt.
King Gorm made these monuments in memory of Thyri, his wife, Denmarks
adornment.
3) Gormr,sonrHraKnts,varmikillmaroksterkr.Hannvaratgervimar.Enekki
varhannkallarvitrmar.
Gorm, son of HordaKnut, was a big man and strong. He was a man of
accomplishments.Buthewasnotthoughtawiseman.
4) Gormr fekk konu, er yri ht. Hon var dttir Haralds jarls af Jtlandi. Hann var
kallar KlakkHaraldr. yri var fr kona. Hon var mestr skrungr af konum
Norrlndum.HonhtyriDanmarkarbt.
GormmarriedawomanwhowascalledThyri.ShewasthedaughterofEarlHarald
ofJutland,whowascalledKlakkHarald.Thyriwasabeautifulwoman.Shewasthe
most notable of women in Scandinavia. She was called Thyri, Denmarks
Adornment.
3.26.WordFrequency.
1)brirbrother.2)vetrwinter.3)landland.4)frfew.5)daurdead.6)strr
big.7)mlaspeak.8)viljawant.9)takatake.10)skulushall.11)nnow12)
viwith.13)mewith.14)svso,much.
LESSON4ANSWERKEY
7
4.2.TheLargeRunestoneatJelling.
1)Rtt.2)Rtt.3)Rangt.4)Rtt.5)Rangt.
4.5.UUmlaut.
GARPR GARR GATA
Sgnom garpr garr gata
acc garp gar gtu
dat garpi gari gtu
gen garps gars gtu
Plnom garpar garar gtur
acc garpa gara gtur
dat grpum grum gtum
gen garpa gara gatna
4.7.StrongandWeakVerbs.
1)strong;took(claimed).2)weak;called.3)weak;spoke.4)strong;lived.5)strong;went.
6)strong;took.7)weak;raided.8)weak;made.
4.10.WeakVerbsinthePresentTense.
1)mlir;2
nd
;You(sg)speak.2)kalli;1
st
;You(pl)call.3)vkum;4
th
;We(dual)areawake.
4)tel;3
rd
;Icount.5)eggjar;1
st
;Sheincites.6)gera;2
nd
;They(f)make.7)veitir;2
nd
;You
(sg)grant.8)egjum;4
th
;We(pl)aresilent.9)spyrjum;3
rd
;We(dual)ask.10)vil;3
rd
;I
want.11)elska;1
st
;They(m)love.12)leggr;3
rd
;Helays.13)sendi;2
nd
;You(dual)send.
14)setr;3
rd
;Shesets.15)fri;2
nd
;You(pl)bring.16)lofa;1
st
;Ipraise.17)tlum;1
st
;We
(pl)talk.18)segir;2
nd
;You(sg)say.19)hyggr;3
rd
;Hethinks.20)skilja;3
rd
;They(n)part.
4.12.ThePronounSinnandPersonalPronouns.
1)sna.2)hans.3)sinni.4)hennar.5)hans.
4.14.Landnmabk.
1)Rtt.2)Rangt.3)Rtt.4)Rtt.5)Rangt.6)Rangt.7)Rtt.
4.17.UUmlaut.
SAGA GATA KONA
Sgnom saga gata kona
acc sgu gtu konu
dat sgu gtu konu
gen sgu gtu konu
Plnom sgur gtur konur
acc sgur gtur konur
8
dat sgum gtum konum
gen sagna gatna kvenna
Translation:story;path;woman.
4.18.VocabularyReview.
1)T.2)O.3)G.4)C.5)Q.6)D.7)A.8)K.9)P.10)J.11)F.12)S.13)M.14)E.15)
B.16)H.17)L.18)N.19)I.20)R.
4.19.UUmlaut.
1)dlum.2)varg.3)kmbum.4)armi.5)kllum.6)sgu.7)gtur.8)tala.
4.20.PresentTenseofCommonWeakVerbs.
1)geri;Imakeamonument.2)gerir;You(sg)makeasword.3)gerir;Hemakesanaxe.
4)gerum;We(pl)makeaship.5)geri;You(pl)makeaburialmound.6)gera;They(m)
make a house. 7) spyr; I ask a king. 8) spyrr; You (sg) ask Inglf. 9) spyrr; She asks a
merchant/seafarer.10)spyrjum;We(dual)askasettler.11)spyri;You(dual)askher.
12)spyrja;They(n)askawoman.13)kalla;Icall.14)kallar;You(sg)call.15)kallar;He
calls.16)kllum;We(pl)call.17)kalli;You(pl)call.18)kalla;They(f)call.
4.21.TranslationandParsing.
A.SkutadSkeggiwasthenameofanexcellentmaninNorway.HissonwasBjorn.Hewas
called Bjorn FurSkins, because he was a voyager to Holmgard [Novgorod] and a great
merchant.HewenttoIcelandandtookMidfjordandLinakraDale.HissonwasSkeggiof
Midfjord;hewasaveryboldmanandaseafarer.Heraidedintheeast[theBalticregion]
inDenmarkonSjlandandwenttobreakopentheburialmoundofKingHrolfKraki,and
therehetookfromthemoundSkofnung,theswordof Hrolf,andtheaxeofHjalti,and
muchothertreasure.
B.1)3sgpastoftheverbheita,benamed.2)mdatsgofthenounNregr,Norway.3)
mgensgofthe3rdpersonpronounhann,he.4)3sgpastoftheverbvera,be.5)3sg
pastoftheverbnema,take(claim).6)maccsgofthenounhaugr,burialmound.7)m
gensgofthenounkonungr,king.8)naccsgofthenounsver,sword.
4.22.ReadingComprehension.
1)rtt.2)rtt.3)rangt.4)rangt.5)rangt.6)rangt.7)rangt.8)rtt.
4.23.WeakVerbs.
1)svarar;1
st
.2)Vitleitum;1
st
.3)rleggi;3
rd
.4)rskja;2
nd
.5)Honsiglir;2
nd
.
6)Hannsegir;4
th
.7)autala;1
st
.8)Ekveiti;2
nd
.9)eirhyggja;3
rd
.10)atykkr;2
nd
.
4.24.WeakVerbs.
9
1)sendum;We(pl)send.2)senda;They(f)send.3)sendi;Isend.4)senda;They(n)send.
5)sendir;Itsends.6)sendir;Shesends.7)sendir;You(sg)send.8)sendi;You(dual)
send.9)set;Iset.10)setja;They(m)set.11)seti;You(pl)set.12)setr;Hesets.13)setr;
You(sg)set.14)setja;They(n)set.15)setr;Shesets.16)setjum;We(pl)set.17)svarar;
Heanswers.18)svrum;We(pl)answer.19)svarar;You(sg)answer.20)svara;Ianswer.
21) svari; You (pl) answer. 22) svara; They (f) answer. 23) svarar; She answers. 24)
svrum;We(dual)answer.
4.25.TheReflexivePossessivePronounSinn.
A.1)snum;Eirikgavehissonland.2)sn;They(m)maketheirmonuments.3)sinni;She
gavehermotherland.4)sitt;Hrolftookhisswordfromaburialmound.5)sna;Hjaltitook
hisaxefromaburialmound.
B.Sna;KingGormmadethesemonumentsinmemoryofThyri,hiswife.2)hans;Asgerd
livedatDreppstokkwithhisson.3)sinn;KingHaraldaskshiskinsman.4)hennar;Earl
HaraldofJutlandwasherfather.5)eira;HerjolfswifewasnamedAsgerd.Bjornwas
theirson.6)sns;OlafandBjarnigototheirland.
C.1)minn;Ispeakwithmyson.2)nar;Thorsteincarvedyourrunes.3)mnum;Thyri
wenttoNorwaywithmyson.4)inn;KingGormwasyourkinsman.
4.26.VerbsinPastTense.
1)take;taka.2)give;gefa.3)go;fara.4)raid;herja.5)command;bija.6)win;vinna.
7)make;gera.
4.27.WordFrequencyReview.
1)konawoman,wife.2)radvise,plan.3)dagrday.4)frndikinsman.5)gamall
old.6)kyrrquiet.7)fyrriformer.8)varraware.9)gangago,walk.10)gerato
do,make.11)verabecome12)kveaspeak,recite.13)eiginot.14)fyrirfor,
before.15)afof,from.16)ekkinot.
LESSON5ANSWERKEY
5.7.SpecialStemRules.
1)stl;Rule1,rChange.2)sel;N/A.3)hrafn;Rule2,rDrop.4)akr;Rule2,rDrop.5)
karl;Rule2,rDrop.
5.11.StongNouns:Type1Masculine.
VKINGR HESTR JARL
Sgnom vkingr hestr jarl
acc vking hest jarl
dat vkingi hesti jarli
gen vkings hests jarls
10
Plnom vkingar hestar jarlar
acc vkinga hesta jarla
dat vkingum hestum jrlum
gen vkinga hesta jarla
5.13.MarandSonr.
1)mar;AmanwasnamedHerjolf.2)mann;Thorgerdsawaman.3)manni;Shelivedat
Dreppstockwithaman.4)manns;Shemadethisbridgeforamanssoul.5)menn;Men
makethisbridge.6)menn;Thyrisawmen.7)mnnum;Shewaswithmen.8)manna;
They(m)gotomen.9)sonr;HissonwenttoGreenland.10)son;Olafspeakswithhisson.
11)syni;HelivedatDreppstokkwithhisson.12)sonar;Shewasthemotherofhisson.13)
synir;HissonswenttoGreenland.14)sonu;Ingolfspeakswithhissons.15)sonum;He
livedatDreppstokkwithhissons.16)sona;ThemotherofhissonswasnamedAsgerd.
5.15.HafaHave.
1)hafi.2)hfum.3)hafa.4)hefr.5)hefr.6)hefr.7)hfum.8)hafa.9)hafi.10)hafa.
11)hefr.
5.19.Readings.
1)f;nom;sg;Sigrid.2)f;acc;sg;bridge.3)f;nom;sg;mother.4)m;gen;sg;Alreks.5)
f;nom;sg;daughter.6)m;gen;sg;Orms.7)f;acc;sg;soul.8)m;gen;sg;Holmgeirs.9)
m;gen;sg;father.10)m;gen;sg;Sigrods.11)m;gen;sg;husband.
5.20.Readings.
1) Sigrir geri br essa fyrir slu Hlmgeirs. 2) sgerr ht mir orsteins ok var
Bjarnardttir.3)Hannvarauigratfokhfingimikill.4)Engivarhannafreksmarum
vxteaaflsemEgill.
5.21.Readings.
TherewasamannamedThorstein.HewasthesonofEgil,thesonofSkallaGrim,theson
ofKveldUlf,achieftainfromNorway;andThorsteinsmotherwasnamedAsgerdandwas
thedaughterofBjorn.
5.22.SpecialStemRules.
1)hafr;Rule2,rDrop.2)ham;N/A.3)morgin;Rule1,rChange.4)hungr;Rule2,r
Drop.5)vagn;Rule2,rDrop.6)svein;Rule1,rChange.7)sigr;Rule2,rDrop.8)jtun
;Rule1,rChange.9)egn;Rule2,rDrop.10)hag;N/A.11)angr;Rule2,rDrop.
11
5.23.Nouns.
HUNDR FISKR LKNIR HRR
Sgnom hundr fiskr lknir hrr
acc hund fisk lkni hr
dat hundi fiski lkni hrvi
gen hunds fisks lknis hrs
Plnom hundar fiskar lknar hrvar
acc hunda fiska lkna hrva
dat hundum fiskum lknum hrum
gen hunda fiska lkna hrva
5.24.SonrandMar.
1)nomsg.2)gensg.3)nomsg.4)gensg.
5.25.Prepositions.
A.1)Bjarniwentontoaship.2)Asgerdwalkedaboutonaship.
B.1)eptir.2).3)til.4).5)milli.
5.26.Review:Verbs.
1)em.2)ert.3)er.4)erum.5)eru.6)eru.7)hef.8)hefr.9)hefr.10)hfum.11)
hafi.12)hafa.
5.27.Review:Pronouns.
1)hann;hans.2)hann;honum.3)hon;hans.4)hann;hann.
5.28.Geneaology.
Kveldlfr
SkallaGrmrKveldlfsson Bjrn
EgillSkallaGrmsson m sgerrBjarnardttir
orsteinnEgilsson m Jfrr
Helgainfagraorsteinsdttir
5.29.RunicScript.
1) muiR; mir. 2) faur; fur. 3) salu; slu. 4) hulmkirs; Hlmgeirs. 5) buata;
banda/bnda.6)fur;fyr(ir).7)tutiz;dttir.
12
5.30.RunicScript.
Answerswillvary.
LESSON6ANSWERKEY
6.5.StrongNouns:Type1FemininesandNeuters.
MN NL BAK
Sgnom mn nl bak
acc mn nl bak
dat mn nl baki
gen manar nlar baks
Plnom manar nlar bk
acc manar nlar bk
dat mnum nlum bkum
gen mana nla baka
6.10.IdentifyingWeakVerbConjugations.
1)1
st
;intend.2)2
nd
;give.3)1
st
;talk.4)4
th
;have.5)3
rd
;separate,understand.6)4
th
;be
awake.7)3
rd
;set.8)2
nd
;speak.9)1
st
;answer.10)4
th
;say.11)4
th
;dare.12)1
st
;seek.13)
2
nd
;send.14)4
th
;tolike.
6.15.Readings.
1)rangt.2)rtt.3)rtt.4)rtt.5)rtt.6)rtt.7)rtt.
6.16.Readings.
1)r.2)blt.3)haust;yxnum.4)rija.5)sultr;seyra.
6.17.Vocabulary.
Verbs.Hefja:hold;begin;raise.Flytja:carry,move.Taka:take.Blta:sacrifice.Ra:
advise.Heygja:buryinamound.
Nouns.Stalli:altar.Lk:body.Haust:autumn.Fylki:province.Hallri:famine.Sultr
:hunger.Haugr:mound.Atganga:attack.rfer:harvest.
6.18.Nouns.
SKR NL DGG ELFR
Sgnom skr nl dgg elfr
acc skr nl dgg elfi
dat skr nl dgg elfi
gen skarar nlar dggvar elfar
Plnom skarar nlar dggvar elfar
13
acc skarar nlar dggvar elfar
dat skrum nlum dggum elfum
gen skara nla dggva elfa
BARN ING EGG FYLKI
Sgnom barn ing egg fylki
acc barn ing egg fylki
dat barni ingi eggi fylki
gen barns ings eggs fylkis
Plnom brn ing egg fylki
acc brn ing egg fylki
dat brnum ingum eggjum fylkjum
gen barna inga eggja fylkja
6.19.WeakVerbs.
1
ST
CONJ 2
ND
CONJ 3
RD
CONJ 4
TH
CONJ
KALLA MLA TELJA VAKA
ek kallaa mlta talda vakta
kallair mltir taldir vaktir
hann kallai mlti taldi vakti
vr klluum mltum tldum vktum
r klluu mltu tldu vktu
eir klluu mltu tldu vktu
Transl: called spoke counted wereawake
6.20.VowelsandIumlaut.
1)e.2).3)(e).4).5)y.6).7).8)ey.
6.21.IdentifyingWeakVerbConjugations.
1)2
nd
.2)2
nd
.3)4
th
.4)3
rd
5)2
nd
.6)3
rd
.7)4
th
.8)3
rd
.9)1
st
.10)3
rd
.
6.22.WeakVerbs.
1)rsgu;4
th
.2)rherjuu;1
st
.3)Vitgerum;2
nd
.4)Hannbltai;1
st
.5)Hon
svarai;1
st
.6)eirfluttu;3
rd
.7)tlair;1
st
.8)rmlti;2
nd
.
6.23.WeakVerbs.
1)1sgpres;2
nd
.2)3sgpast;1
st
.3)2sgpast;2
nd
.4)3plpast;1
st
.5)1sgpres;3
rd
.6)2pl
(dual)pres;2
nd
.7)3sgpast;3
rd
.8)2pl(dual)past;1
st
.9)1sgpast;2
nd
.10)3plpast;3
rd
.
14
6.24.WeakVerbs.
PRESENT PAST
ek hef hafa
hefr hafir
hann hefr hafi
vr hfum hfum
r hafi hfu
eir hafa hfu
6.25.Voice.
1)middle.2)active.3)passive.4)middle.5)active.6)passive.7)middle.8)passive.
LESSON7ANSWERKEY
7.5.ReflexivePronouns.
1)b.2)a.3)b.
7.7.Type2StrongNouns.
HUGR SVANR KK HLL
Sgnom hugr svanr kk hll
acc hug svan kk hll
dat hug svani kk hllu
gen hugar svans akkar hallar
Plnom hugir svanir akkir hallir
acc hugi svani akkir hallir
dat hugum svnum kkum hllum
gen huga svana akka halla
7.9.WeakNouns.
BARDAGI GATA EISTA
Sgnom bardagi gata eista
acc bardaga gtu eista
dat bardaga gtu eista
gen bardaga gtu eista
Plnom bardagar gtur eistu
acc bardaga gtur eistu
dat brdugum gtum eistum
gen bardaga gatna eistna
15
1)rtt.2)rangt.3)rtt.4)rtt.5)rtt.6)rangt.7)rtt.8)rangt.9)rangt.10)rangt.
1)n;acc;sg.2)m;nom;pl.3)m;acc;sg.4)f;acc;pl.5)m;nom;sg.6)n;acc;sg.
7.17.ReflexivePronouns.
1)sik.2)hann.3)sr.4)honum.
7.18.Infinitives.
1)segja.2)hafa.3)flytja.4)vera.5)gera.6)fara.7)nema.8)heita.9)hyggja.10)vilja.
11)koma.12)ra.
HEIMR FR LAND
Sgnom heimr fr land
acc heim fr land
dat heimi fr landi
gen heims farar lands
Plnom heimar farar lnd
acc heima farar lnd
dat heimum frum lndum
gen heima fara landa
FUNDR FER
Sgnom fundr fer
acc fund fer
dat fund fer
gen fundar ferar
Plnom fundir ferir
acc fundi ferir
dat fundum ferum
gen funda fera
7.21.WeakNouns.
GOI SAGA HJARTA
Sgnom goi saga hjarta
acc goa sgu hjarta
dat goa sgu hjarta
16
gen goa sgu hjarta
Plnom goar sgur hjrtu
acc goa sgur hjrtu
dat goum sgum hjrtum
gen goa sagna hjartna
7.22.Verbs.
1)Vrhorfumskip.2)rgerubrar~brr~brr.3)rkallaatmnnum.4)Vkingar
herjuulnd.5)Vrmltumvir.6)Mennhuguatkonungum.
7.23.SentenceCompletion.
1)segir.2)viljum.3)hfu.4)var;hfingi.5)geri;br;slu.6)fr;til;me.
7.24.SpecialStemRules:Review.
1)vin;N/A.2)otr;Rule2,rDrop.3)jkul;Rule1,rChange.4)fugl;Rule2,rDrop.5)
hvl;Rule1,rChange.6)ofn;Rule2,rDrop.7)s;Rule1,rChange.8)hafr;Rule2,r
Drop.9)fund;N/A.10)kjl;Rule1,rChange.11)flein;Rule1,rChange.12)gsl;Rule
2,rDrop.
7.25.Prepositions.
1)skip;Hewent/walkedoutontoaship.2)jarli;Sigridlivedwithanearl.3)Nregs;King
HaraldwenttoNorway.4)Vgs;Reykjaness;IngolflivedbetweenVagandReykjanes.5)
Englandi;AlfredtheGreatwasakinginEngland.6)dri;Bodvarwentagainstabeast.
LESSON8ANSWERKEY
8.3.TranslatingfromHaraldssagaSigurssonar.(Circledverbsareprintedinbold.)
1)rfyrirGriklandiZedrttninginrka;
At that time Queen/Empress Zoe the Powerful ruled over Greece [the Byzantine
Empire];ra.
2)okmehenniMichaelKtalakts;
andMichaelKatalaktuswithher;ra.
3)EnerHaraldrkomtilMiklagarsokfunddrttningar;
ButwhenHaraldcametoConstantinopleandtoameetingwiththeempress.
4)gekkhannarmla;
thenheenteredintomilitaryservice;adverb.
5)okfr[hann]egarumhaustitgaleirmehermnnumeim;
17
andhewentthatveryautumnontothegalleyswithhiswarriors(literallyandhewent
immediatelyduringtheautumnontogalleyswiththosewarriors);Threeprepositional
phrases.
*ReadingTranslations.(AtthispointinVikingLanguage1,thetranslationsofthereading
sections end, and students are asked to make their own translations. The translations
offered in the coming lessons of the Answer Key are purposely literal. Students and
teachersareinvitedtoimproveonthesetranslations.Foradditionalandlongerreadings,
withvocabularyandnotes,thestudentisdirectedtoVikingLanguage2:TheOldNorse
Reader.
The full passage in 8.3 reads: At that time Empress Zoe the Powerful ruled over the
ByzantineEmpirewithMichaelKatalaktus.WhenHaraldcametoConstantinopleandmet
withtheempress,heentered,thenandthere,intoherservice,andwentthatveryautumn
onto the galleys with his warriors. They went out onto the Aegean Sea. Harald held
commandoverhistroops.TheleaderofthearmywasnamedGyrgir.Hewastheempresss
kinsman. Harald was only in the army for a short time, and all the Varangians began
assemblingasagroupwhentheybattled,andithappenedthatHaraldbecametheleader
overalltheVarangians.GyrgirandhismentraveledwidelyamongtheGreekIslandsand
wongreatbattlesagainstthecorsairs.
8.9.PrincipalPartsofStrongVerbs.
1)gfu.2)kominn.3)gekk.4)htu.5)hef.6)drgum.7)rr.8)uru.9)nem.10)
haldi.
8.11.ThePastTenseEndingtofStrongVerbs.
1)bindr,batt,bundu,bundinn;bazt.2)rr,r,ru,rinn;rtt.3)verr,var,uru,
orinn;vart.4)heldr,hlt,hldu,haldinn;hlt.5)lstr,laust,lustu,lostinn;laust.6)sr,
s,s(u),snn;stt.
8.12.ReadingTranslation.
KingHaraldwasapowerfulandambitiousmanwithinthecountry.Hewassoextremely
intelligent[agreatsageinwit]thatthegeneralconsensuswasthattherehadneverbeen
suchachieftainintheNorthernLandswhowasequallyresourceful[deepwitted]orwise
incounselasHarald.Hewasagreatwarriorandthemostfearlessinbattle.Hewasstrong
andbetterskilledwithweaponsthanothermen,aswaswrittenearlier.
Hewasthegreatestfriend,upuntilnow,toallourcountrymen.Whentherewasa
greatfamineinIceland,KingHaraldgavefourshipspermissiontosailwithmeal[flour]to
Iceland.
18
8.18.ReadingOldNorse.(Circledverbsareprintedinbold.)
1)eirfrutGriklandshaf; TheywentoutontotheAegeanSea.
2)HltHaraldrsveitafsnummnnum;Haraldheldcommandoveratroopofhisownmen.
3)HfingiyfirherinumhtGyrgir;TheleaderofthearmywasnamedGyrgir.
4)Hannvarfrndidrttningar;Hewastheempressskinsman.
5)Haraldrvarltlahrherinum;Haraldwasinthearmyforashorttime.
6)...okallirVringjarfrusaman,...;beforealltheVarangiansassembledasagroup.
7)...egarerbardagarvru;whenevertherewerebattles.
8)Kom[at]sv,...;Itsohappenedthat.
9) at Haraldr var hfingi yfir llum Vringjum; Harald became the leader of all the
Varangians.
8.19.IUmlaut.
1)dregr;drag.2)heldr;hold.3)stendr;stand.4)kmr~kemr;come.5)ltr;let.6)fr;
get.7)flgr;fly.8)br;live/prepare.
8.20.ThePresentTenseofStrongVerbsandIUmlaut.
A.1)ra.2)taka.3)f.4)koma.5)halda.6)fljga.7)ba.8)draga.
B.1)hleypr.2)krpr.3)rr.4)snr.5)spr.6)slr.7)grefr.8)grr.9)ekr.10)eykr.
C.1)gefr.2)liggr.3)nemr.4)verr.5)rr.6)sitr.
8.21.PastTenseofStrongVerbs.
1)gekkskip;Youwentontoaship.2)HthanneigiHaraldrkonungr?;Washenot
calledKingHarald?3)Vrkmum~kvmumangat;We(pl)camethere.4)rs~su
sonhans;You(pl)sawhisson.5)augengutilhans;Theywent[walked]tohim.
8.22.StrongVerbs.
A.Vera
PRESENT PAST
Sgek ver Sgek var
verr vart
hann verr hann var
Plvr verum Plvr urum
r veri r uru
eir vera eir uru
PastParticiple:orinn.
B.Taka
PRESENT PAST
Sgek tek Sgek tk
19
tekr tkt
hann tekr hann tk
Plvr tkum Plvr tkum
r taki r tku
eir taka eir tku
PastParticiple:tekinn.
C.Fara
PRESENT PAST
Sgek fer Sgek fr
ferr frt
hann ferr hann fr
Plvr frum Plvr frum
r fari r fru
eir fara eir fru
PastParticiple:farinn.
8.23.PastTenseofStrongVerbs.
1)koma;kemr.2)ganga;gengr.3)fara;ferr.4)fara;fara.5)halda;heldr.6)heita;heitr.
7)vera;verr.8)vinna;vinna.
8.24.StrongVerbs.
1)bj.2)gengum.3)s~su.4)kmu~kvmu.5)ht.6)kmt.7)bjuggu.8)s.9)
ht.10)fr.
8.25.WeakandStrongVerbs.
1)nema;strong.2)vinna;strong.3)ra;strong.4)herja;weak.5)blta;weak.6)mla;
weak.7)ra;strong.8)batna;weak.9)standa;strong.10)svara;weak.
8.26.StrongVerbs.
1)ltr,lt,ltu,ltinn;ltt.2)rr,r,ru,rinn;rtt.3)dregr,dr,drgu,dreginn;
drtt.4)bindr,batt,bundu,bundinn;bazt.5)br,bau,buu,boinn;bautt.6)br,bj,
bjuggu,binn;bjtt.7)heitr,ht,htu,heitinn;htt.
8.27.ReadingRunes.
Ragnvald had these runes carved, who in Greece [the Byzantine Empire] was the
commanderofatroop[anofficer].
20
8.28.ImperativeMood:StrongVerbs.
1)drag.2)far.3)statt.4)gef.5)hgg.6)gakk.
8.29.ImperativeMood:WeakVerbs.
1)2
nd
conjug;ger.2)3
rd
conjug;spyr.3)1
st
conjug;svara.4)2
nd
conjug;veit.5)1
st
conjug;
tala.6)4
th
conjug;egi~egiu
8.30.SubjunctiveMood:PresentTense.
1)leit.2)drag.3)kom.4)horf.5)skilj.6)hggv.
LEITA DRAGA KOMA HORFA SKILJA HGGVA
Sgek leita draga koma horfa skilja hggva
leitir dragir komir horfir skilir hggvir
hann leiti dragi komi horfi skili hggvi
Plvr leitim dragim komim horfim skilim hggvim
r leiti dragi komi horfi skili hggvi
eir leiti dragi komi horfi skili hggvi
Lesson9ANSWERKEY
AmanwasnamedOnund.HewasthesonofOfeigClumsyFoot,[whowas]thesonofIvar
HorsePrick.OnundwasthebrotherofGudbjorg,themotherofGudbrandHunchback,who
wasthefatherofAsta,themotherofKingOlaftheSaint.OnhismotherssideOnundwas
anUplander,buthisfatherskinsmenmostlycamefromRogalandandHordaland.Onund
wasagreatVikingandraidedintheWestacrossthesea.WithhiminraidingwereBalki,son
of Blaeing from Sotanes, and Orm the Wealthy. Hallvard was the name of their third
companion.Theyhadfiveships.
TheyraidedintheHebrides,andwhentheycametotheBarraIsles,thatkingwasthere
whowascalledKjarval.Hetoohadfiveships.Theyengagedhiminbattleanditbecamea
hardfight;Onundsmenwerefierce.Manyfellonbothsides,anditendedwiththeking
fleeingwithonlyoneship.Onundandhismentooktherebothshipsandgreatwealthand
stayedthereduringthewinter.ThreesummerstheyraidedinIrelandandScotland.Then
theywenttoNorway.
9.2.ReadingExercise:Grettissaga.
1)rtt.2)rangt.3)rangt.4)rtt.5)rangt.6)rtt.7)rangt.8)rtt.9)rtt.
9.9.MainandDependentClauses.
1)dependent.2)independent.3)dependent.4)independent.
21
9.11.Exercise:PastSubjunctive:WeakVerbs.
TALA HAFA GJALDA KOMA
Sgek talaa hefa gylda kma
talair hefir gyldir kmir
hann talai hefi gyldi kmi
Plvr talaim hefim gyldim kmim
r talai hefi gyldi kmi
eir talai hefi gyldi kmi
ThatautumnGrimtheHersirkilledOndottCrowbecausehe[Grim]hadnotbeenableto
collectthekingspayment[thekingstax].Immediatelythatsamenight,Signy,Ondotts
wife,loadedontoashipalltheirmovablepossessionsandwentwithhersons,Asmundand
Asgrim,toherfatherSighvat.AlittlelatershesenthersonstoHedin,herfosterfather,in
Soknadal.Buttheybecamedissatisfiedafteronlyashorttimeandwantedtoreturntotheir
mother.ThentheyleftandcametoIngjaldtheTrueatHvinatYuletide.Hereceivedthem
attheurgingofGyda,hiswife.Theystayedthereoverthewinter.
9.15.DefiniteArticle.
DVERGR+INN KONA+IN LAND+IT
Sgnom dvergrinn konan landit
acc dverginn konuna landit
dat dverginum konunni landinu
gen dvergsins konunnar landsins
Plnom dvergarnir konurnar lndin
acc dvergana konurnar lndin
dat dvergunum konunum lndunum
gen dverganna kvennanna landanna
9.16.DemonstrativePronouns.
M F N M F N
Sgnom essi~sj essi~sj etta s s at
acc enna essa etta ann at
dat essum essar(r)i~
essi
essu eim eir(r)i v
gen essa essar(r)ar~
essar
essa ess eir(r)ar ess
Plnom essir essar essi eir r au
22
acc essa essar essi r au
dat essum essum essum eim eim eim
gen essa~
essar(r)a
essa~
essar(r)a
essa~
essar(r)a
eira eira eira
9.17.DemonstrativePronouns.
1)etta.2)at.3)ess.4)essar(r)i~essi.5).6)etta.7)ann.8)s.
9.18.StrongVerbs.
A.Bera
PRESENT PAST
Sgek ber Sgek bar
berr bart
hann berr hann bar
Plvr berum Plvr brum
r beri r bru
eir bera eir bru
B. 1) 2pl past of halda hold. 2) 1/3sg past of ganga go, walk. 3) 1sg pres of vera
become.4)2plpresofheitabenamed.5)1/3sgpastofberacarry.6)1plpastofra
counsel;rule.7)pastparticipleofhefjalift;begin.8)1plpresofdragadrag.
C.1)kemr.2)unnu.3)hft.4)r.5)nmum.6)f.7)draga.8)frum.
9.19.Verbs.
INFINITIVE PRESSG PASTSG PASTPL PASTPARTICIPLE
koma kemr kom kmu kominn
heita heitir ht htu heitinn
vera verr var uru orinn
falla fellr fll fllu fallinn
lka lkr lauk luku lokinn
taka tekr tk tku tekinn
sitja sitr sat stu setinn
fara ferr fr fru farinn
9.20.StrongNouns:Type3.
VLLR KTTR FJRR
Sgnom vllr kttr fjrr
acc vll ktt fjr
dat velli ketti firi
23
gen vallar kattar fjarar
Plnom vellir kettir firir
acc vllu kttu fjru
dat vllum kttum fjrum
gen valla katta fjara
9.21.StrongNouns:Type4.
FTR VETR BK
Sgnom ftr vetr bk
acc ft vetr bk
dat fti vetri bk
gen ftar vetrar bkar
Plnom ftr vetr bkr
acc ftr vetr bkr
dat ftum vetrum bkum
gen fta vetra bka
9.22.Er:Conjunction,RelativeParticle,andVerb.
1)SkeggiofSkutadwasthenameofanexcellentmaninNorway.HissonwasBjorn,who
wascalledBjorntheSkinner.
2)TheyraidedacrosstheHebrides,andwhentheycametotheBarraIsles,thatkingwas
there,whowascalledKjarvalr.
3)[Ithappened]Oneday,whenThorolfandBjornwalkeddowntotheship.
4)WhenHaraldcametoConstantinopleandtoameetingwiththeempress,heentered
intoherservicethenandthere.
5)HaraldwasinthearmyforashorttimebeforealltheVarangiansassembledasagroup
wheneverabattlebegan.
9.23.SubjunctiveMood:PastTenseofWeakVerbs.
1)send;2
nd
;send.2)count;3
rd
;tald.3)grant;2
nd
;veitt.4)have;3
rd
;haf.5)talk;1
st
;
tala.6)tala;tala.7)send;send.8)tald;teld.9)haf;hef.
9.24.SubjunctiveMood:PastTenseofStrongVerbs.
1)break;brtr,braut,brutu,brotinn;brut.2)become;verr,var,uru,orinn;ur.3)
look;ltr,leit,litu,litinn;lit.4)come;kemr,kom,kmu,kominn;km.5)take;tekr,tk,
tku,tekinn;tk.6)brut;bryt.7)ur;yr.8)lit;lit.9)km;km.10)tk;tk.
BRJTA VERA LTA KOMA TAKA
Sgek bryta yra lita kma tka
brytir yrir litir kmir tkir
hann bryti yri liti kmi tki
24
Plvr brytim yrim litim kmim tkim
r bryti yri liti kmi tki
eir bryti yri liti kmi tki
9.25.ReadingRunes.
GoodfarmerHolmgaut had[thisstone]raisedinmemoryofOdindis,hiswife.Abetter
housewifewillnotcometoHasvimyri,shewhomanagesthefarm.RaudBallicarvedthese
runes.OdindiswasSigmundsgoodsister.
LESSON10ANSWERKEY
AtthattimeagreatfaminecametoIceland,suchthatnoneasserioushasevercomeagain.
Almostallofthecatchoftheseaanddriftageceased.Thissituationcontinuedformany
years.
Oneautumn,merchantsweredriventhereoffcourseinanoceangoingshipandwere
shipwreckedthereinVik.Flosireceivedfourorfiveofthem.Steinwasthenameoftheman
whowastheirleader.Duringthespringagreatstormcamefromthenorth.Itlastednearly
awholeweek.Afterthestorm,mencheckedtheirdriftage.
AmanwasnamedThorstein,wholivedonReykjanes.Hefoundawhaledrivenashore
furthestoutontheheadland,whereitiscalledRifsker.Thewhalewasalargerorqual.He
[Thorstein]immediatelysentonemantoFlosiinVikandanothertothenextfarm.Flosi
arrivedfirstalongwiththemenfromVik.Theyimmediatelybeganflensingthewhale,and
thosepieceswhichwereslicedoffweredraggedupontotheshore.
AtthatmomentthemenofKaldbakarrivedinfourships.Thorgrimlaidclaimtothe
whaleandforbadethemenofViktherighttocut,divide,ortakeawayanypiecesofthe
whale.....
Thenashiprowedinfromacrossthefjords.Themenwerehardattheiroars,andthey
arrivedswiftly.ItwasSvanfromHolinBjarnarfjord,togetherwithhisfarmhands.Assoon
ashearrived,hetoldThorgrimnottolethimselfberobbed.Theywerepreviouslystrong
friends[allies].Svannowofferedhim[Thorgrim]hissupport.
10.3.ReadingExercise:Grettissaga.
1)rtt.2)rtt.3)rtt.4)rangt.5)rangt.6)rtt.
10.5.NounswithStrongAdjectives.
UNGRMAR UNGKONA UNGTBARN
Sgnom ungrmar ungkona ungtbarn
acc unganmann ungakonu ungtbarn
25
dat ungummanni ungrikonu ungubarni
gen ungsmanns ungrarkonu ungsbarns
Plnom ungirmenn ungarkonur ungbrn
acc ungamenn ungarkonur ungbrn
dat ungummnnum ungumkonum ungumbrnum
gen ungramanna ungrakvenna ungrabarna
10.8.StrongAdjectives.
SPAKR MIKILL
Sgnom spakr mikill
acc spakan mikinn
dat spkum miklum
gen spaks mikils
Plnom spakir miklir
acc spaka mikla
dat spkum miklum
gen spakra mikilla
ThorgeirFlaskBackwasthefirsttogoupontothewhaleandattackFlosismen.Thorfinn
wasforwardontheheadofthewhalestandinginthefootstepshehadmade[cut]for
himself.
Thorgeirsaid,Ibringyouyouraxe.Thenhestruckthemansnecksuchthathetook
theheadoff.
Flosiwasuponthegravelshorewhenhesawthis.Heurgedhismentocounterattack.
ThentheyfoughtforalongtimeandtheKaldbakmenhadthebetterofit.Fewmenhad
weaponsthere[withthem]exceptforthoseaxesandbladeswithwhichtheywerecutting
thewhale.TheVikmenretreatedfromthewhaleontothebeach.TheNorwegianshad
weaponswiththemandweredangerous.Steintheshipscaptaincutoffafootfromunder
Ivar Kolbeinsson, but Leif, Ivars brother, used a whale rib to send one of Steins
companionstoHel.Menfellthereonbothsides.
10.14.Grettissaga.
1)framvihfuithvalsins.2)arfriekr.3)hlsinn,svataftk.4)rtt.5)rangt.
6)rtt.
10.17.ReadingRunes.
Alihadthisstoneraisedinmemoryofhimself.HetookKingCanutespaymentinEngland.
MayGodhelphisspirit.
26
10.18.StrongVerbs.
A.Taka
PRESENT PAST
Sgek tek Sgek tk
tekr tkt
hann tekr hann tk
Plvr tkum Plvr tkum
r taki r tku
eir taka eir tku
B.1)1/3sgpastofltalet.2)2plpastofliggjalie.3)3plpastofraride.4)2plpresof
sjsee.5)1sgpresoffinnafind.6)1/3sgpastofbawait.7)1plpresofsitjasit.8)2sg
pastofdrepakill.
C. 1) fellr fall. 2) lgu lie. 3) br wait. 4) kvum say. 5) bjuggu live (at a place);
prepare.6)battbind.7)ststand.8)bijumask;command.
M F N
Sgnom langr lng langt
acc langan langa langt
dat lngum langri lngu
gen langs langrar langs
Plnom langir langar lng
acc langa langar lng
dat lngum lngum lngum
gen langra langra langra
M F N
Sgnom auigr auig auigt
acc augan auga auigt
dat augum auigri augu
gen auigs auigrar auigs
Plnom augir augar auig
acc auga augar auig
dat augum augum augum
gen auigra auigra auigra
27
10.21.PastParticiples.
1)koma.2)reka.3)draga;skera.4)gera.
10.22.Verbs.
1)stendr;standa.2)mlir,mla.3)hggr;hggva.4)tekr;taka.5)sr;sj.6)eggjar;
eggja.
10.23.PassiveandPastPerfectConstructions.
1)ThatkingwhoiscalledHognihadadaughternamedHild;presentpassive.2)Theship
wasfullypaintedabovethewaterline;pastpassive.3)Hedinwaspreparedtofight;past
perfect.
10.24.StrongFormsoftheAdjectivesmikillandltill.
MIKILLMAR MIKILKONA MIKITBARN
Sgnom mikillmar mikilkona mikitbarn
acc mikinnmann miklakonu mikitbarn
dat miklummanni mikillikonu miklubarni
gen mikilsmanns mikillarkonu mikilsbarns
Plnom miklirmenn miklarkonur mikilbrn
acc miklamenn miklarkonur mikilbrn
dat miklummnnum miklumkonum miklumbrnum
gen mikillamanna mikillakvenna mikillabarna
LTILLMAR LTILKONA LTITBARN
Sgnom ltillmar ltilkona ltitbarn
acc ltinnmann litlakonu ltitbarn
dat litlummanni ltillikonu litlubarni
gen ltilsmanns ltillarkonu ltilsbarns
Plnom litlirmenn litlarkonur ltilbrn
acc litlamenn litlarkonur ltilbrn
dat litlummnnum litlumkonum litlumbrnum
gen ltillamanna ltillakvenna ltillabarna
10.25.ReadingRunes.
Thorir, Thorstein, and Thorfast. These brothers raised this stone for [in memory of]
Gunnfus,theirfather.MayGodhelphissoul.
28
LESSON11ANSWERKEY
Thatking[whois]namedHognihadadaughter[,whowas]calledHild.Thatkingwhowas
calledHedinHjarrandasontookherasbooty.AtthattimeKingHognihadgonetoameeting
ofkings.Whenheheardthattherehadbeenraidinginhiskingdomandthathisdaughter
hadbeentakenaway,[then]hesetout[went]withhismentosearchforHedin.Helearned
thatHedinhadsailednorthalongthecoast.
ButwhenKingHognicametoNorway,heheardthatHedinhadsailedwestoverthe
sea.ThenHognisailedafterhimallthewaytotheOrkneyIslands,andwhenhearrivedat
theplace[whichis]calledHoy,Hedinwastherewithhismen.ThenHildwenttomeether
fatherandofferedhimanecklaceasreconciliationonbehalfofHedin.Atthesametime,
shesaidthatHedinwaspreparedtofight,andthatHognihadnohopeofmercyfromhim
[nohopeofvictory].Hogniansweredhisdaughterharshly.WhenshemetHedin,shesaid
tohimthatHognididnotwantareconciliationandtoldhimtoprepareforbattle.Both
sidesdidso.Theywentupontotheislandanddrewupinbattlearray.
11.2.CloseReading.
A.1)accsgoffempronounhonshe.2)tk(3sgpastoftakatake).3)konungrs.4)ht
(3sgpastofheitabecalled).5)Hinn.
B.1)adverb.2)var(3sgpastofverabe).3)Hognikonungr.4)konungastefnu.
C.1)spuri(3sgpastofspyrjaask;learn).2)hann.
D.1)prepositionalphrase.2)var(3sgpastofverabe).3)dttir.4)wastaken.
E.1)fr(3sgpastoffarago).2)hann.3)genitive,whichisgovernedbytheverbleita.
F.1)havenewsof[sb],learnof[sb].2)Hgni.
G.1)Hinn.2)hafi(3sgpastofhafahave).3)pastperfect.
11.4.NounswiththeDefiniteArticleandWeakAdjectives.
INNUNGIMAR INUNGAKONA ITUNGABARN
Sgnom innungimar inungakona itungabarn
acc innungamann inaungukonu itungabarn
dat inumungamanni inniungukonu inuungabarni
gen insungamanns innarungukonu insungabarns
Plnom inirungumenn inarungukonur inungubrn
acc inaungumenn inarungukonur inungubrn
dat inumungummnnum inumungumkonum inumungumbrnum
gen innaungumanna innaungukvenna innaungubarna
11.8.StrongVerbs:ClassesIandII.
1)ClassI,pass(timepasses).2)ClassI,shine.3)ClassII,lie.
4)ClassII,enjoy.5)ClassI,step.6)ClassII,bow.
29
11.10.VerbsTakingDativeorGenitiveObjects.
1)spjtinu;Odinthrustswiththespear.2)mnnum;Haraldforbidsthementogo.3)
hennar;Thorolfasksforher[inmarriage].4)eim;Sheinvitesthemtocome.5)konu;He
misseshiswife.6)mnnumeim;Thechieftainthanksthosemen.7)steini;Lokithrows
astone.
ThenHedincallstoHogni,hisfatherinlaw,offeringhimasettlementandmuchgoldas
atonement.ThenHognianswers:Toolateyouofferthis,ifyouwantustobereconciled,
becausenowIhavedrawnDainsleif.Thedwarvesmadeit,anditmustbethedeathofa
maneachtimeitisunsheathed.Itneverfailstostrike,andnowoundfromitheals.
ThenHedinanswers:Youboastaboutyoursword,butnotaboutvictory.Thenthey
hadthatbattle,whichiscalledtheFightoftheHjadnings,andtheyfoughtallthroughthat
day.Atnightfallthekingswenttotheirships.ButduringthenightHildwenttotheslainand
withmagicwokeupallthedead.Ontheseconddaythekingswenttothebattlefieldand
theyfoughteachother,asdidallthosewhohadfallenonthepreviousday.Thebattlewent
thiswaydayafterday.Allthosewhofell,aswellastheweaponsandshieldswhichlayon
thebattlefield,turnedtostone.Butatthedawnofthenewday,allthedeadmenstoodup
andfought,andalltheirweaponswerelikenew.ItissaidinthepoetrythattheHjadnings
willinthiswayawaitRagnarok.
11.19.Review:DefiniteArticle.
SVEINN+INN LEI+IN BAK+IT
Sgnom sveinninn leiin bakit
acc sveininn leiina bakit
dat sveininum leiinni bakinu
gen sveinsins leiarinnar baksins
Plnom sveinarnir leiirnar bkin
acc sveinana leiirnar bkin
dat sveinunum leiunum bkunum
gen sveinanna leianna bakanna
11.20.DefiniteArticle.
1)konungrinn.2)konunginn.3)konunginum.4)konungsins.5)hersirinn.6)hersinn.7)
hersinum.8)hersisins.
30
11.21.WeakAdjectives.
M F N
Sgnom langi langa langa
acc langa lngu langa
dat langa lngu langa
gen langa lngu langa
Plnom lngu lngu lngu
acc lngu lngu lngu
dat lngum lngum lngum
gen lngu lngu lngu
M F N
Sgnom hagi vna fagra
acc haga vnu fagra
dat haga vnu fagra
gen haga vnu fagra
Plnom hgu vnu fgru
acc hgu vnu fgru
dat hgum vnum fgrum
gen hgu vnu fgru
1)rki;AlrekthePowerfulwashandsome[orpromising].2)ga;Thisgooddaughterof
Holmgeirbuiltabridge.3)stra;Thorsteinwasthebigchild.4)fri;Thatmanwhowrote
TheBookofTheIcelanderswasnamedAritheWise,sonofThorgils.5)grna;Helgilived
in the green valley, which is called Helgadal. 6) ungu; Olaf sent men after the young
woman.
11.24.ProperNouns.
EIRKRINNRAUI HELGAINFAGRA
Sgnom Eirkrinnraui Helgainfagra
acc Eirkinnraua Helguinafgru
dat Eirkiinumraua Helguinnifgru
gen Eirksinsraua Helguinnarfgru
11.25.Adverbs.
1)hr.2)angat.3)hvaan.4)hvert.5)ar.6)hingat.7)aan.8)hvar.9)han.
31
11.26.StrongVerbs:ClassI.
PRESENT PAST
Sgek klf Sgek kleif
klfr kleift
hann klfr hann kleif
Plvr klfum Plvr klifum
r klfi r klifu
eir klfa eir klifu
1)drfr,dreif,drifu,drifinn.2)rfr,reif,rifu,rifinn.3)skrr,skrei,skriu,skriinn.
4)ltr,leit,litu,litinn.5)grpr,greip,gripu,gripinn.6)rstr,reist,ristu,ristinn.7)gna.8)
ba.9)la.10)rsa.11)skna.12)sva.13)bitu.14)risum.15)kleif.16)reift.17)
drfum.18)greip.
11.27.StrongVerbs:ClassII.
PRESENT PAST
Sgek strk Sgek strauk
strkr straukt
hann strkr hann strauk
Plvr strjkum Plvr strukum
r strjki r struku
eir strjka eir struku
1)drpr,draup,drupu,dropinn.2)sktr,skaut,skutu,skotinn.3)krpr,kraup, krupu,
kropinn.4)br,bau,buu,boinn.5)lstr,laust,lustu,lostinn.6)klfr,klauf,klufu,
klofinn.7)bja.8)krjpa.9)kjsa.10)ljsta.11)njta.12)brjta.13)krupu.14)
rr.15)klauft.16)gaus.17)drjpum.18)laust.
11.28.WeakFormsoftheAdjectivesmikillandltill.
INNMIKLIMAR INMIKLAKONA ITMIKLABARN
Sgnom innmiklimar inmiklakona itmiklabarn
acc innmiklamann inamiklukonu itmiklabarn
dat inummiklamanni innimiklukonu inumiklabarni
gen insmiklamanns innarmiklukonu insmiklabarns
Plnom inirmiklumenn inarmiklukonur inmiklubrn
acc inamiklumenn inarmiklukonur inmiklubrn
dat inummiklummnnum inummiklumkonum inummiklumbrnum
gen innamiklumanna innamiklukvenna innamiklubarna
32
INNLITLIMAR INLITLAKONA ITLITLABARN
Sgnom innlitlimar inlitlakona itlitlabarn
acc innlitlamann inalitlukonu itlitlabarn
dat inumlitlamanni innilitlukonu inulitlabarni
gen inslitlamanns innarlitlukonu inslitlabarns
Plnom inirlitlumenn inarlitlukonur inlitlubrn
acc inalitlumenn inarlitlukonur inlitlubrn
dat inumlitlummnnum inumlitlumkonum inumlitlumbrnum
gen innalitlumanna innalitlukvenna innalitlubarna
LESSON12ANSWERKEY
Webeginthisstory,whenthatmanlivedatHofinVapnafjordwhowasnamedHelgi.He
wasthesonofThorgils,whowasthesonofThorstein,whowasthesonofOlvir,whowas
the son of Asvald, who was the son of OxenThorir. Olvir was a landed man in Norway
duringthedaysofEarlHakonGrjotgardsson.
ThorsteintheWhitewasthefirstofthatlineagetocomeouttoIceland.Helivedat
ToptavelliroutbeyondSireksstadir.ButSteinbjorn,sonofReftheRed,livedatHof.But
whenhe[Steinbjorn]squanderedhiswealthonaccountofhisgenerosity,thenThorstein
boughttheHofestate,andhelivedthereforsixtywinters.HewasmarriedtoIngibjorg,
daughterofHrodgeirtheWhite.
Thorgils was BroddHelgis father. He took over Thorsteins farmstead. Thorkel and
HedinkilledThorgils,BroddHelgisfather,andThorsteintheWhiteonceagaintookoverthe
farmsteadandraisedHelgi,hisgrandson.
Helgiwasabigstrongman.Hewasprecocious,handsomeandimposing.Inchildhood
hewasnottalkative,andatayoungagehewasalreadyquarrelsomeandharsh.Hewas
cleverandunpredictable[capricious].
ItissaidthatonedayatHofwhenthecattlewereinthemilkingpen,abullownedby
thosekinsmen[ThorsteinandHelgi]wasinthepenwhenanotherbullcameintothepen,
andthebullsfoughteachother.TheboyHelgiwasoutsideandsawthattheir bullwas
getting the worst of it and was giving way. He takes a spike and binds it on the bulls
forehead,andfromthatpointforward,itwentbetterfortheirbull.Becauseofthisincident,
hewascalledBroddHelgi.
Hewasthemostaccomplishedofallthosemenwhogrewupinthedistrict.
AmannamedSvartcameouthere[toIceland]andbuiltafarminVapnafjord.Thatman
livednexttohim,whowascalledSkidi.Hewaspoor.Svartwasabigmanandextremely
strong.Hewasagoodfighterandabigtroublemaker.SvartandSkididisagreedovergrazing
rights, and it ended such that Svart killed Skidi. BroddHelgi prosecuted the slaying and
33
madeSvartanoutlaw.BroddHelgiwasthentwelvewintersold.
After that Svart stayed up on the heath, which we call Butter Water Heath
[Smjorvatnsheidi],ashortdistancefromSunnudal.Hepreyeduponthelivestockofthe
Hofsmen[peopleofHof]doingmuchmoredamagethanwasnecessary.
TheshepherdatHofcamebacktothefarmoneevening.HeenteredThorsteinsbed
closet,wheretheoldmanlayblind.Thorsteinasked:Howhavethingsgonetoday,friend?
Asbadaspossible,saystheother.Yourbestwetherhasdisappeared,theshepherd
added,andthreeothers.
Theywillhavemixedthemselvesinwithotherpeoplessheep,saidThorstein,and
theywillcomeback.
No,no,repliedtheshepherd,Theywillnevercomeback.
Speaksuchthingswithmeasyoulike,saysThorstein,butdonttellsuchthingsto
BroddHelgi.
12.12.ReadingExercise.
1)adv,already.2)pronoun,ndatsgofatthis,it.3)noun(placename),ndatsgofHof
Hof.4)noun,nnomplofnautcattle,oxen.5)noun,mdatsgofstullmilkingpen.6)
noun,mdatsgwithdefarticleofstullmilkingpen.7)preposition,into.8)pronoun,
mgenplofeirthey(m).9)verb,3sgpresofdugado,showprowess.10)verb,3sgpres
offarago.11)adv,better.
12.13.PresentandPastTenseofStrongVerbs.
1)br;bau.2)strkr;strauk.3)kemr;kom.4)gengr,gekk.5)btr;beit.6)gngum;
gengum.7)lti;litu.
12.14.StrongVerbs:ClassesIIII.
1)III.2)II.3)I.4)II.5)III.6)I.7)III.8)III.
12.15.StrongVerbs:ClassesIIII.
1)III;fundu.2)III;verum.III)I;lta.4)II;lautt.5)I;sveik.6)II;lustum.7)III;gall.8)
I;rr.9)III;springi.10)II;flugu.11)III;skkvi.12)III;sungum.
12.16.ThePronounsHverrandEinnhverr.
HVERRPENNINGR EITTHVERTSKIP
Sgnom hverrpenningr eitthvertskip
acc hvernpenning eitthvertskip
dat hverjumpenningi einhverjuskipi
gen hverspennings einhversskips
Plnom hverirpenningar einhverskip
acc hverjapenninga einhverskip
dat hverjumpenningum einhverjumskipum
34
gen hverrapenninga einhverraskipa
12.17.StrongandWeakVerbs.
1)fru.2)gerir.3)kom.4)herjuu.5)gekk.6)veri.
12.18.StrongVerbs:ClassIII.
PRESENT PAST
Sgek slepp Sgek slapp
sleppr slappt
hann sleppr hann slapp
Plvr sleppum Plvr sluppum
r sleppi r sluppu
eir sleppa eir sluppu
1)snertr,snart,snurtu,snortinn.2)bergr,barg,burgu,borginn.3)spinnr,spann,spunnu,
spunninn. 4) helpr, halp, hulpu, holpinn. 5) brestr, brast, brustu, brostinn. 6) brennr,
brann,brunnu,brunninn.7)verr,var,uru,orinn.8)vinnr, vann, unnu,unni.9)
verpr,varp,urpu,orpinn.10)verr,varr,urru,orrinn.11)sprakk.12)galt.13)vatt.
14) vera. 15) spinna. 16) detta. 17) finna. 18) drekka. 19) vera. 20) burgu. 21)
spinnum.22)svimma.23)gallt.24)brast.25)snurtum.26)var.27)helpr.
12.19.ReadingRunes.
Ginnlaug,Holmgeirsdaughter,thesisterofSigrodandthoseofGaut[hissiblings],shehad
thisbridgebuiltandraisedthisstoneafter[inmemoryof]Assur,herhusband,[whowas]
thesonofEarlHakon.Thatone[hewho]wastheVikingWarden[commanderoftheguard
againstvikings]withGaetir.MayGodnowhelphisspiritandsoul.
LESSON13ANSWERKEY
Thedayafter,BroddHelgiaskedtheshepherdhowthingsweregoingwanderingabout
[with the sheep]. And he [Helgi] received the same reply as had Thorstein. BroddHelgi
pretendedhedidnothearandwenttobedintheevening.Andwhentheotherpeoplehad
fallenasleep,hegotupandtakinghisshield,hethenwentout.
Itismentioned,thathepickedupalargeandthinflagstone[flatstone].Heputoneend
intohispants,andtheotheroverhischest.Hehadinhishandalargebroadaxewithalong
shaft. Next he walked until he came to the sheep pen, and from there he followed the
tracks,becausetherewassnowontheground.
HearriveduponSmjorvatnsheidiaboveSunnudal.Svarthadgoneoutside.Hesawthat
avigorousmanhadcomeandaskedwhomightbethere.BroddHelginamedhimself.You
35
probablyintendtocomefindme,andnotwithoutareason,hesays.
Svartleptathimthrustingwithalargebroadbladedspear.ButBroddHelgiparried
withhisshieldand[thespearpoint]landedontheouteredgeoftheshield.Itstruckagainst
thestone,andglancedofftheflagstonesohardthathe(Svart)fellforwardfollowingthe
blow.BroddHelginowhewedattheleg,cuttingitoff.
ThenSvartsaid:Nowthedifferenceinluckforeachofusisdetermined,hesays,and
you will become my slayer, but that family calamity will come to pass on your kin
henceforth,thatwilllastforalltimewhilethelandisinhabited.AfterthatHelgistruckhim
hisdeathblow.
NowoldThorsteinwakesathomeatHofandwalksfromhisbedandtouchesBrodd
Helgisbed.Ithadbecomecold.Hewakesuphisfarmhandsandtellsthemtogoandsearch
forBroddHelgi.Andwhentheycameout,theyfollowedhistracksallthewayandfound
himattheplacewhereSvartlaydead.
AfterwardstheycoveredSvartscorpseandrecoveredeverythingwhichwasvaluable.
BroddHelgibecamewidelyrenownedandmuchpraisedbythepublicforthiscourageous
deed,whichhehadaccomplishedasyoungashestillwasatthatage.
13.6.PreteritePresentVerbs.
1).2)m.3)arft.4)mun.5)skalt.6)kann.7)skal.8)m.
13.11.ComparativeandSuperlativeAdjectives.
1) black; svartari; blacker; svartastr; blackest. 2) bright; bjartari; brighter; bjartastr;
brightest. 3) long; lengri; longer; lengstr; longest. 4) young; yngri; younger; yngstr;
youngest.5)high;hri;higher;hstr;highest.6)good;betri;better;beztr;best.7)bad;
verri;worse;verstr;worst.8)little;minni;less/littler;minnstr;least/littlest.9)many;fleiri;
more;flestr;most.10)much/great;meiri;more/greater;mestr;most/greatest.
13.13.ReadingTranslation(thefirstthreeparagraphs).
Atthattime,whenThorsteintheWhitelivedatHofandBroddHelgigrewupwithhim,a
mannamedlytinglivedatKrossaviktheOuter.HewasthesonofAsbjorn,thesonofOlaf
Longneck.Hewasawisemanandextremelywealthy.
LytingwasmarriedtoawomannamedThordis,whowasthedaughterofHerluBjarni,
thesonofArnfinn.Twooftheirsonsappearinthissaga.OnewascalledGeitirandthe
otherBlaeng.HallawasthenameofLytingsdaughter,andanotherwasnamedRannveig.
ShewasmarriedouttoKlifshagiinOxafjordtothatmanwhowasnamedOlaf.
ThebrothersandBroddHelgiweremuchthesameage,andtherewasgreatfriendship
betweenthem.BroddHelgimarriedHallaLytingsdottir,thesisterofthosebrothers.Their
daughterwasThordisTodda,whomarriedHelgiAsbjarnason.Bjarniwasthenameoftheir
youngersonandLytingtheolder.BjarniwasfosteredatKrossavikwithGeitir.Blaengwas
very strong but somewhat lame when walking. Geitir was married to Hallkatla
Thidrandadottir,theauntofthesonsofDroplaug.
36
The friendship between BroddHelgi and Geitir was so good that they played every
game together and made all plans in common. They met nearly every day, and people
commentedonhowstrongtheirfriendshipwas.
Atthistime,therelivedinSunnudalamannamedThormod.HewascalledStikublig.
HewasthesonofSteinbjorntheStockyandthebrotherofReftheRedfromRefsstadirand
Egil from Egilsstadir. Egils children were Thorarin, Hallbjorn, Throst, and Hallfrid, who
marriedThorkelGeitisson.ThormodssonswereThorsteinandEyvind,andRefssonswere
SteinandHreidar.TheywereallGeitirsthingmen.Hewasanextremelywiseman.
HallaandBroddHelgisrelationshipwasgood.LytingwasfosteredinOxafjordwith
ThorgilstheSkinner.BroddHelgiwaswealthy.
13.14.StrongVerbs.
PRESENT PAST
Sgek gef Sgek gaf
gefr gaft
hann gefr hann gaf
Plvr gefum Plvr gfum
r gefi r gfu
eir gefa eir gfu
1)skerr,skar,skru,skorinn.2)lekr,lak,lku,lekinn.3)getr,gat,gtu,getinn.4)metr,
mat,mtu,metinn.5)drepr,drap,drpu,drepinn.6)stelr,stal,stlu,stolinn.7)sitr,sat,
stu,setinn.8)kver,kva,kvu,kveinn.9)liggr,l,lgu,leginn.10)iggr,,gu,
eginn.11)kvu.12)lak.13)getum.14)nmum.15)skart.16)l.
13.15.StrongVerbs.
1)5.2)4.3)2.4)3.5)5.6)3.7)2.8)3.9)5.10)2.11)4.12)1.
1)YoumustgotoNorway;eiga.2)Weoughttomakeale;skulu.3)Youcan/knowhowto
ridehorses;kunna.4)They(f)neededtoaskthechieftain;urfa.5)Imayspeakwiththe
king;mega.6)Youwillbecomeakinsman;munu.7)Onegrovestoodveryclosetothehall,
whichthekingowned;eiga.8)Imyselfshallgototheislandfirstthinginthemorning;
skulu.9)Svipdagspokesoloudlythatallcouldhear;mega.10)ButKingHrolfownedthat
hawkwhichiscalledHabrok;eiga.
1)urfa;1plpres;weneed.2)munu;2sgpres;you(sg)will.3)mega;2sgpres;you(sg)
may.4)skulu;1/3sgpres;I/he/sheshall/ought.5)mega;2plpres;you(pl)may.6)kunna;
1/3sgpres;I/he/shecan/know(s)howto.7)skulu;2plpres;you(pl)shall/ought.8)vita;
37
2sgpres;you(sg)know.
13.18.ComparativeAdjectives.
M F N
Sgnom sterkari sterkari sterkara
acc sterkara sterkari sterkara
dat sterkara sterkari sterkara
gen sterkara sterkari sterkara
Plnom sterkari sterkari sterkari
acc sterkari sterkari sterkari
dat sterkurum sterkurum sterkurum
gen sterkari sterkari sterkari
13.19.SuperlativeAdjectives.
Strong M F N
Sgnom rkastr rkust rkast
acc rkastan rkasta rkast
dat rkustum rkastri rkustu
gen rkasts rkastrar rkasts
Plnom rkastir rkastar rkust
acc rkasta rkastar rkust
dat rkustum rkustum rkustum
gen rkastra rkastra rkastra
Weak M F N
Sgnom rkasti rkasta rkasta
acc rkasta rkustu rkasta
dat rkasta rkustu rkasta
gen rkasta rkustu rkasta
Plnom rkustu rkustu rkustu
acc rkustu rkustu rkustu
dat rkustum rkustum rkustum
gen rkustu rkustu rkustu
13.20.Reading.
Cattle die, kinsmen die, the self dies the same; I know one thing that never dies: the
judgmentofeachdeadperson.
38
LESSON14ANSWERKEY
Highanswered,ItisattheashYggdrasil.Thereeachdaythegodsholdtheircourts.
ThenGangleriasked,Whatistheretotellaboutthatplace?
ThenJustasHighsaid,Theashisthelargestandthebestofalltrees.Itsbranches
spreadthemselvesoveralltheworld,anditstandsoverthesky.Threerootssupportthe
treeandtheyarespreadveryfarapart.Oneisamongthesir.Asecondisamongthefrost
giantswhereGinnungagaponcewas.ThethirdreachesdowntoNiflheim,andunderthis
rootisthewellHvergelmir;butNidhogg[HatefulStriker]gnawsatthisrootfrombelow.
Under the root that goes to the frost giants, is the Well of Mimir. Wisdom and
intelligence are hidden there, and Mimir is the name of the wells owner. He is full of
wisdombecausehedrinksofthewellfromtheGjallarhorn.AllFatherwentthereandasked
for one drink from the well, but he did not get this until he gave one of his eyes as a
pledge....
Thethirdrootoftheashisinheaven,andunderthatrootistheveryholywellcalled
theWellofUrd.Therethegodshavetheirplaceofjudgment.Everydaythesirrideup
overBifrost,whichisalsocalledAsbru[Bridgeofthesir].
ThenGanglerisaid:Whatmoreofimportancecanbesaidabouttheash?
Highreplied,Thereismuchtobetold.Aneaglesitsinthebranchesoftheash,andit
hasknowledgeofmanythings.BetweenitseyessitsthehawkcalledVedrfolnir.Thesquirrel
called Ratatosk [Drill Tooth] runs up and down the ash. He tells slanderous gossip,
provoking the eagle and Nidhogg. Four stags
1
move about in the branches of the ash,
devouringthetreesfoliage.
2
InHvergelmirtherearesomanyserpentswithNidhoggthat
notonguecancountthem....
ItisalsosaidthatthosenornswholivebesideUrdsWelldrawwatereverydayfrom
thespringandthattheysplashthis,mixedwiththemudthatliesbesidethewell,overthe
ashsothatitsbrancheswillnotwitherordecay.Thatwaterisso sacredthatallthings
whichcomeintothespringbecomeaswhiteasthemembranecalledskjall[skin]whichlies
ontheinsideoftheeggshell....
Peoplecallthedew,whichfallstotheearth,honeydew,andbeesfeedonit.Twobirds
nourishthemselvesintheWellofUrd.Thesearecalledswans,andfromthemcomesthe
speciesofbirdwiththatname.
1
Dain,Dvalin,DuneyrandDurathror
2
Thislinehasoftenbeenmistranslated,leadingtothewrongassumptionthattheWorldAshwasaconifer.
Thetextusesthewordsbtabarr.Btameanstobite,ripwiththeteeth,oreat.Barrmeansthefoliageof
atree,whetherleaforpineneedle,althoughfrequentlyitreferstojustpineneedles.Together,btabarr
meanstoeatthefoliageoffatree,wordssuitableforbothanashtreeandapine.
39
ReadingTranslation,Baldr.
ThenGanglerisaid:Iwouldliketohearabouttheothersir.
Highsaid,OdinssecondsonisBaldr,andthereismuchgoodtotellabouthim.Heis
thebest,andallpraisehim.Heissobeautifulandsobrightthatlightshinesfromhim.One
plantissowhitethatitislikenedtoBaldrsbrow.
3
Itisthewhitestofallplants,andfrom
thisyoucanjudgethebeautyofbothhishairandhisbody.Heisthewisestofthegods.He
isalsothemostbeautifullyspokenandthemostmerciful,butoneofhischaracteristicsis
that none of his decisions is effective. He lives at the place called Breidablik. It is in
heaven...
ThefiveSuperlatives:Beztr,hvtast,vitrastr,fegrst,lknsamastr.
14.10.VowelLossinTwoSyllableNouns.
APTANN UMALL HFU
Sgnom aptann umall hfu
acc aptan umal hfu
dat aptni umli hfi
gen aptans umals hfus
Plnom aptnar umlar hfu
acc aptna umla hfu
dat aptnum umlum hfum
gen aptna umla hfa
14.11.ReadingPassageReview,AskrYggdrasils.
Helgistarinn;svarar;dma;beztr;heim;himni;afar;breitt;forum;rija;rt;gnagar;
ar;brunninn;vsindum;horninu;drykkjar;auga;himni;heilagr;goin;hvern;dag.
14.12.ReadingPassageandDemonstrativePronounReview.
1)s.2)s.3)r;ann.4)at;eir;s.5)s.6)eim.
14.13.StrongVerbsClassVI.
PRESENT PAST
Sgek fer Sgek fr
ferr frt
hann ferr hann fr
Plvr frum Plvr frum
r fari r fru
eir fara eir fru
3
TheIcelandicplantBaldrsbrismatricariamaritima.
40
1)skepr,skp,skpu,skapinn.2)ekr,k,ku,ekinn.3)melr,ml,mlu,malinn.4)grefr,
grf,grfu,grafinn.5)hefr,hf,hfu,hafinn.6)skekr,skk,skku,skekinn.7)ver,,
u,vainn.8)sverr,sr,sru,svarinn.9)lu.10)stndum.11)skpt.12)hf.13)
grfum.14)sver.
14.14.Verbs:ActiveandMiddleVoice.
GERA GEFA
Present ACTIVE MIDDLE ACTIVE MIDDLE
Sgek geri gerumk Sgek gef gefumk
gerir gerisk

gefr gefsk
hann gerir gerisk hann gefr gefsk
Plvr gerum gerum(s)k Plvr gefum gefum(s)k
r geri gerizk r gefi gefizk
eir gera gerask eir gefa gefask
Past
Sgek gera gerumk Sgek gaf gafumk
gerir gerisk gaft gafzk
hann geri gerisk hann gaf gafsk
Plvr gerum gerum(s)k Plvr gfum gfum(s)k
r
geru geruzk
r
gfu gfuzk
eir geru gerusk eir gfu gfusk
14.15.Review:IUmlaut.
A.1)y.2).3)/e.4).5)e.6).7).8).9)ey.10).
B.1)grr.2)stendr.3)nemr.4)eykr.5)lstr.6)sitr.7)hggr.8)lkr.
14.16.ReadingRunes.
Vefast,Folkad,GudmarhadthisstoneraisedaftertheirfatherHolmfast[and]Arnfast.Both
fatherandsonburned.ButtheyBalliandFroystein,followersofHlifstein,carved.
LESSON15ANSWERKEY
After this, Bodvar continued on his way to Hleidargard. Arriving at the kings royal
residence,heimmediatelystabledhishorseinthestallwiththekingsbestmountswithout
askinganyonespermission.Thenheenteredthehall,wheretherewereonlyafewmen.
Hesatdownneartheentrance,and,afterhehadbeenthereforashorttime,heheard
anoisecomingfromaplaceinthecorner.Bodvarlookedinthatdirectionandsawamans
41
handcomingupfromalargepileofboneslyingthere.Thehandwasveryblack.
Bodvar walked over to there and asked who might be in the bone pile. He was
answered,thoughtimidly,Hott,Iamcalledkindsir.
Whyareyouhere?askedBodvar.Orwhatareyoudoing?
Hottreplied,Iammakingmyselfashieldwall,kindsir.
Youandyourshieldwallarepathetic,saidBodvar.Hegrabbedholdofthemanand
yankedhimoutofthebonepile.
Hott screamed loudly and then said, You seem to want to kill me. Dont do that,
becauseIhavepreparedmydefensessowell.Butnowyouhavebrokenmyshieldwallinto
pieceseventhoughIhadbuiltitsohigharoundmethatitprotectedmeagainstallyour
blows.Noblowhasreachedmenowforsometime,yetthewallwasnotascompleteasI
hadintendedittobe.
Bodvarsaid,Youwillnolongergettobuildyourshieldwall.
Hottreplied,Areyougoingtokillmenow,kindsir?
Bodvar,toldHotttobequiet.Nexthepickedhimupandcarriedhimfromthehallto
anearbylake.Fewpaidattentiontothis.BodvarwashedHottcompletely.Thenhereturned
tothesameplaceonthebenchwherehehadsatpreviously.HeledHottthereandsathim
downbesidehimself.Hottwassoscaredthatallhislimbsandjointstrembled,althoughhe
seemedtounderstandthatthismanwantedtohelphim.
Laterintheeveningmenbegandrifingintothehall.HrolfschampionssawthatHott
hadbeenseatedononeofthebenches,anditseemedtothemthatthemanwhohad
undertakentodothatwasindeedbrave.Whenhesawthem,Hottcastafearfulglaceinthe
directionofhisoldacquaintances,forhehadreceivedonlyharmfromthem.Afraidforhis
life,hetriedtogetbacktohisbonepile,butBodvarheldontoHott,andhewasunableto
getaway.Hottthoughtthathewouldnotbesoexposedtothemensblows,ifhecould
managetogetfromwherehenowbacktotheboneheap.
Thekingsmennowtookuptheiroldhabits.Atfirsttheythrewsmallbonesacrossthe
flooratBodvarandHott.Bodvaractedasifhesawnothing.Hottwassofrightenedthathe
tookneitherfoodnordrink,expectingtobestruckatanymoment.
ThenHottsaidtoBodvar,Kindsir,herecomesatyoualargeknucklebone,whichis
intendedtodousharm.
BodvartoldHotttobequiet.Hecuppedhishandandcaughttheknucklebone,which
includedtheattachedlegbone.Bodvarthrewtheknuckleback,anditsmashedwithsuch
forceintothemanwhohadthrownitthathewaskilled.
1
Thekingsmenwerestruckwith
fear.
15.10OrdinalNumbers.
Annar;rii;fjri;fimmti,stti;sjaundi;tti;ttundi;nundi;tundi;ellifti.
AsYuletimedrewnear,gloomsettledoverthemen.BodvaraskedHottwhatwasthecause
42
[oftheirdejection].Hotttoldhimthatahuge,monsterousbeasthadcometherethepast
twowinters.Thecreaturehaswingsonitsbackandfliescontinually.Fortwoautumnsnow
it has come here, causing much damage. No weapon can bite into it, and the kings
champions,eventhebestamongthem,donotreturnhome.
Bodvarsaid,ThehallisnotsowellmannedasIhadthought,ifoneanimalalonecould
destroythekingslandsandhislivestock.
Hottsaid,Itisnotananimal,ratheritisthegreatestoftrolls....
Bodvar stole away in the night and took Hott with him. Hott went only after being
forcedtodoso,declaringthathewasbeingsteeredstraighttowarddeath.
Bodvarsaid,Thingswillturnoutforthebetter.
Theyleftthehallbehindthem,andBodvarhadtocarryHott;suchwashisfright.They
sawthecreature,andimmediatelyHottstartedtoscreamasloudlyashecould,sayingthat
thebeastwouldswallowhim.Bodvartoldthedog[Hott]tobequietandthrewhimdown
onthemoor.Andtherehelay,notalittlescared.Atthesametime,hedarednotleave.
Bodvar now went against the beast... The sword came out of the sheath, and
immediatelyhethrustitupunderthebeastsshoulder.Hestrucksohardandfastthatthe
bladereachedintotheheart.Thenthebeastfelldeadtotheground.
AkinginDenmarkisnamedHrolfKraki.ApoorlittleboynamedVoggcameintoKingHrolfs
hall.Atthetime,thekingwasyoungandslenderinbuild.
VoggwentbeforeHrolfandstaredupathim.Thenthekingsaid:Whatdoyouwant
tosay,boy,sinceyouarestaringatme?
Voggreplied,WhenIwasathomeIhearditsaidthatKingHrolfatHleidrawasthe
greatestmaninthenorthernlands,butnowtheresitsbeforemeonthethroneathinpole
[kraki]ofaman;andyoucallhimyourking!
4
Inreplythekingsaid,You,boy,havegivenmeaname.IshallbecalledHrolfKraki.
15.15.GrammarReview.
1)noun,mdatpl,hestr,horse.2)verb,3sgpresreflexive(middlevoice),setja,set.3)verb,
2sgpres,sj,see.4)adj,fdatsg,mikill,large.5)comparativeadv,heldr,rather.6)verb,2sg
preswithencliticpronoun,vera,be.7)verb,2sgimperative,gera(gra),do.8)verb,
ppartreflexive,ba,prepare.9)verb,3sgpastsubj,skulu,shall.10)noun,faccsgwithdef
article,skjaldborg,shieldwall.
15.16.EncliticPronouns.
1)ert.2)vill.3)munt.4)skalt.5)vill.6)heyraek.
4
According to the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, writing about 1200, kraki refers to a tree trunk
trimmedsothatitcanbeusedasaladder.
43
15.17.StrongVerbs:ClassVII.
PRESENT PAST
Sgek r Sgek r
rr rtt
hann rr hann r
Plvr rum Plvr rum
r ri r ru
eir ra eir ru
1)aukinn.2)grtinn.3)leikinn.4)bltinn.5)fallinn.6)hlaupinn.7)jku;auka.8)grtu;
grta.9)lku;leika.10)bltu;blta.11)fllu;falla.12)hljpu;hlaupa.13)gekk.14)hlt.
15.18.StrongVerbs:ClassesIVII.
1)5;gefa.2)7;htu.3)3;verum.4)1;lta.5)6;dr.6)2;bautt.7)7;haldi.8)1;
sveik.
15.19.SubjunctiveMood:ActiveandMiddleVoice.
GERA BRJTA
Present ACTIVE MIDDLE ACTIVE MIDDLE
Sgek gera gerumk Sgek brjta brjtumk
gerir gerisk brjtir brjtisk
hann geri gerisk hann brjti brjtisk
Plvr gerim gerim(s)k Plvr brjtim brjtim(s)k
r geri gerizk r brjti brjtizk
eir geri gerisk eir brjti brjtisk
GERA BRJTA
Past ACTIVE MIDDLE ACTIVE MIDDLE
Sgek gera gerumk Sgek bryta brytumk
gerir gerisk brytir brytisk
hann geri gerisk hann bryti brytisk
Plvr gerim gerim(s)k Plvr brytim brytim(s)k
r geri gerizk r bryti brytizk
eir geri gerisk eir bryti brytisk
15.20.SubjunctiveofWeakVerbs.
1)2plpastsubj.2)1sgpressubj.3)3sg/plpastsubj.4)2sgpressubj.5)2plpastmidsubj.
6)1sgpastsubj.
44
1.AccordingtoSaxosHistory,thisepisodetookplaceattheweddingofHrolfssisterto
AgnarIngjaldsson.
15.21.SubjunctiveofStrongVerbs.
1)1plpressubj.2)2plpastsubj.3)1sgpastsubj.4)3sg/plpastsubj.5)1sgpresmidsubj.
6)3sg/plpastsubj.
15.22.Review:Prepositions,Pronouns,andCaseEndings.
;Hrlfr;kraki;ftkr;Vggr;;konungs;konungrinn;ungr;grannligr;Vggr;hann;
hann;konungrinn;sveinn;;konungr;at;mestr;;;ltill;konungr;Hrlfr;kraki.

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