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Pre-Stressed Concrete
Structures
Basic Concepts
1
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
Loaded member
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
•
Deflection issue
22
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Deflection at Midspan 3
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
First Cracks Appear, End of Elastic beam behavior. The principles learned during the
Mechanical of Material Courses are not longer useful.
P0
!
Response of member
First Cracks
4
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
P1
Steel Reinforcement Pu
Comb teeth’s
66
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
At ultimate load ( Pu ) The resisting moment can't be computed using the principles
of mechanics of materials due that the section has suffer a considerable inelastic
deformation. For this case the resisting moment shall be computed using equilibrium
principles. Or in other words the resisting moment can easily computed at any
section “ i ” as the value of “C” or “T” multiplied by “z”
T
i 7
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
8
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Example
Given the beam section illustrated below, and assuming that the beam is simple supported and
has a span of 50 ft, find the maximum live load that can be applied to this beam when the beam
is reinforced with the balanced reinforcement and when it is reinforced with the limit steel
reinforcement that correspond to the tension-Controlled Sections .
fy = 60 ksi
fʹ′c = 5 ksi
28”
As
12”
9
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
d a
h d–
As 2
εs > εy
T
bw
10
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
a a
Mn = (C or T) (d – ) = As fy (d – )
2 2
0.5As fy
Mn = As fy (d – )
0.85fʹ′c b
11 11
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
dt ab
h dt –
Asb 2
εs = εy = fy/Es T
bw
12 12
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
cb 0.003 εs = εy = fy/Es
= εs = εy = .00207 ;fy = 60 ksi
dt 0.003 + εy
cb = 0.592dt
As = 0.503β1fʹ′cbdt / fy
ρb = 0.503β1fʹ′c / fy
0.5 ρb dt fy
Mnb = ρb b dt fy ( dt – )
0.85 fʹ′c
13
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Tension-Controlled Sections
0.003 0.85fʹ′c
Ct
at = β1ct
ct
dt at
h dt –
As 2
εt = 0.005 T
bw
14 14
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Tension-Controlled Sections
ct = 0.375dt
As = 0.319β1fʹ′cbdt / fy
ρt = 0.319β1fʹ′c / fy
0.5 ρt dt fy
Mnt = ρt b dt fy (dt – )
0.85fʹ′c
15 15
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
16
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
0.5 ρt dt fy
Mnt = ρt b dt fy (dt – )
0.85fʹ′c
0.5*0.213*25.5*60
Mnt= 0.213 12*25.5*60 ( 25.5 – )
0.85*5
Mnt = 8472 k-in = 706 k-ft ; Mu = φ Mnt = 0.9*706 = 635.5 k-ft
17
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Live loads
wDL=b*h*γ=(12”*28”)/144*.15 k/ft3 = 0.336 k/ft WSup-Imp=0.560 k/ft
Mu ={(1.2*(wDL + wSup-Imp) +1.6wLL) * L2}/8
Result Discussions
wDL=b*h*γ=(12”*38”)/144*.15 k/ft3 = 0.475 k/ft WSup-Imp=0.560 k/ft
Mu ={(1.2*(wDL + wSup-Imp) +1.6wLL) * L2}/8
12”
12”
20
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Result Discussions
Clearly here we have a problem. If I want to
maximize the capacity of the structure to
sustain very heavy Live Loads Like in bridges,
I need to reduce the effect of the dead load.
But If I reduce the size of the elements the
deflections will increase and I will obtain
deflections values that will be greater than the
values prescribed by the code. Let me see if
pre-stressing the structure I solve the problem.
46'
2' 5' 1.5' 36' 1.5'
Dr. Wendy
3.50' 5.75' 5.75' 5.75' 5.75' 5.75' 5.75' 5.75' 2.25'
21 21
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Effects
22
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
23
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
24
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
25
25
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
26
26
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
27
27
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
28
28
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
29
29
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
30
30
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
31
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
32
32
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
33
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs• .
34
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
35
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
36
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
37
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
38
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
39
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
40
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
41
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
42
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
43
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Slabs
44
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Beams
45
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Beams
46
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Beams
47
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Beams
48
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Beams
49
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Beams
50
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Beams
51
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-Stressed Columns
52
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Beams
53
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Beams
54
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Beams
55
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Beams
56
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Beams
57
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Beams
58
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Beams
59
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Anchorages
60
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Anchorages
61
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Anchorages
62
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Post-Tensioned Bars
63
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
64
64
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
65
65
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
66 66
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Presentation- References
67 67
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
• Compressive strength
6ʺ″
ASTM C 31
12ʺ″
ASTM C 39
68
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
fʹ′c
Ec = wc1.533√fʹ′c
Strain
6969
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
70 70
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
• Tensile strength
– Varies between 8% and 15% of the compressive
strength
71 71
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
6M
fr =
bh2
72 72
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
73 73
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
ℓ"
74
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
P
• Split cylinder test
ℓ"
2P
fct =
πℓd
75 75
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
76 76
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
77 77
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
78 78
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
• Shrinkage
• Creep
• Thermal expansion
79 79
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Shrinkage
• Shrinkage
– Shortening of concrete during hardening and
drying under constant temperature
• Moisture diffuses out of the concrete
• Exterior shrinks more than the interior
• Tensile stresses in the outer layer and
compressive stresses in the interior
80 80
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Shrinkage
• Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Strain
Time
81
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Shrinkage
• Shrinkage
– When not adequately controlled, can cause:
• Unsightly or harmful cracks
• Large and harmful stresses
• Partial loss of initial prestress
– Reinforcement restrains the development of
shrinkage
82 82
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Creep
• Creep
Load removed
Time 83
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Creep
84
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Thermal Expansion
• Thermal expansion
– Coefficient of thermal expansion or
contraction
• Affected by:
– Composition of the concrete
– Moisture content of the concrete
– Age of the concrete
85
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Thermal Expansion
• Thermal expansion
– Coefficient of thermal expansion or contraction
• Normal weight concrete
– Siliceous aggregate: 5 to 7 x 10-6 strain/°F
– Limestone/calcareous aggregate: 3.5 to 7 x 10-6 strain/°F
• Lightweight concrete
– 3.6 to 6.2 x 10-6 strain/°F
• A value of 5.5 x 10-6 strain/°F is satisfactory
86 86
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Reinforcing Steels
87 87
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
88 88
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
89 89
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
fs = f y
fs = Esεs
9090
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
No. 3 0.11
Minimum yield0.376 0.375
Ultimate strength
Steel Grade
No. 4 stress, fy (ksi)0.668
0.20 (ksi) 0.500
No. 5 0.31 1.043 0.625
No.40
6 0.44 40 1.502 70 0.750
No. 7 0.60 2.044 0.875
50
No. 8 0.79
50 2.670
80 1.000
No. 9 1.00 3.400 1.128
60 60 90
No. 10 1.27 4.303 1.270
No. 75
11 1.56 75 5.313 100 1.410
No. 14 2.25 7.650 1.693
No. 18 4.00 13.600 2.257
91
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-stressing Steel
• Strands
– Seven-wire
– Three- and Four-wire
• Wire
• Bars
– Plain
– Deformed
92 92
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-stressing Steel
94
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
95
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Prestressing Steel
Nominal Diameter
Area (in.2) Weight (plf)
(in.)
Prestressing Steel
Prestressing Steel
9898
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Prestressing Steel
9999
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Losses in Pre-stressed
Concrete
100
100
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-stressed Losses
The fraction of the jacking force (Pj) that is eventually transferred to the
concrete after releasing the temporary anchor or withdrawal of the
hydraulic jack is the Pi.
This force also keeps on decreasing with time due to time-dependent
response of constituent materials; steel and concrete and reduced to a
final value known as effective pre-stressing force, βPi.
101
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-stressed Losses
102
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Topics Addressed
• Pre-stressed Losses
– Elastic Shortening
– Creep of Concrete
– Shrinkage of Concrete
– Steel Relaxation
103 103
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-stressed Losses
Essentially, the reduction in the pre-stressing force can be grouped into
two categories:
Immediate elastic loss during the fabrication or construction process,
including elastic shortening of the concrete, anchorage losses, and
frictional losses.
Pre-stressed Losses
105
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
NOTATION
NOTATION (Cont.)
fg = stress in concrete at center of gravity of prestressing steel due to weight of
structure at time prestress is applied
fpi = stress in prestressing steel due to Ppi = Ppi/Aps
fpu = specifi ed tensile strength of prestressing steel, psi
Md = bending moment due to dead weight of member being prestressed and to any
other permanent loads in place at time of prestressing
Mds = bending moment due to all superimposed permanent dead loads that are applied
to the member after it has been prestressed
Ppi = prestressing force in tendons at critical location on span after reduction for
losses due to friction and seating loss at anchorages but before reduction for ES,
CR, SH, and RE
107
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
109
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
TABLE 1
112
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
where the values of Kre, J, and C are taken from Tables 2 and 3.
TABLE 2
113
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
114
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
115
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
116
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
117
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
118
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
119
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Pre-stressed Losses
120 120
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
EXAMPLE
For the simply supported double-tee shown below, estimate loss of
prestress using the procedures as outlined earlier under “Computation of
Losses.” Assume the unit is manufactured in Green Bay, WI.
121
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
EXAMPLE
122
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
EXAMPLE
123
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
124
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
EXAMPLE
125
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
EXAMPLE
126
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
EXAMPLE
Table 2
Table 2
Table 3
127
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
128
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
129
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
131
131
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
There are three basic concepts may be applied to design the prestressed
concrete member using, as follows:
132
132
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Loading Stages
Pre-stressed concrete design must consider all the loading stages
started from the initial pre-stressing force until the limit state of
failure. For each loading stage the actual stress must be checked and
compare with the allowable stress defined by the code. At the
ultimate stage the flexural capacity must be compared with the
ultimate bending moment or shear. For serviceability limit state
design the two loading stages may governs the design, as follows :
Loading Stages
Complete loading stages for Serviceability limit state design of
prestressed concrete member are as follows :
Initial Loading
a. Initial Prestressing Force.
b. Self Weight (DL)
1. The pre-stressing force is maximum because the losses has not yet
occurred.
2. The acting external loading is minimum.
3. The concrete strength is minimum as the concrete is still young. 135
135
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Service load stage is a loading stage where the pre-stress long term loss
already taken. The pre-stress long term loss already taken is the creep
loss, shrinkage loss and steel relaxation loss. The external loading at this
stage is the full service load these are self weight (DL), superimposed
dead load (SDL) and live load (LL).
This stage is critical because of as follows :
1. The pre stressing force is minimum because all the losses already
taken.
2. The applied loading is maximum because all the service loads already
applied.
3.The pre stressing force at this loading stage is designated as Pe.
136
136
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Mxz + σx
Mxz
x
(+) e (-) y
0 b - σx
( + ) M ( + ) yt
σ top ( +) =
I
( + ) M ( − ) yt
σ bot ( −) =
I “Sad” Beam is (-) “Happy” Beam is (+)
137 137
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Mxz=Bending Moment
+ σx
Mxz Mxz
- σx
139
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress Diagram
The following figure shows the stress diagram for each loading stage, as
follows :
Initial Service
Pre-Stress Self -Weight Losses Sup- Imp + Live Load
140
140
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Loading- Stresses
Initial Loading – Stress Expression
i P P (e ) y M y
t t
σ top =
i
− i 0
+ DL
=σ
A I I ti
i P P (e ) y M y
σ bot =
i
+ i 0 b
− DL b
=σ
A I I ci
Central Kern
Central kern is a region which is an axial
compressive force of any magnitude will not
produce any tension at this section.!
The central kern is depends to the cross
section. The central kern is independent to
the applied compressive force and allowable
stress.!
143
143
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Basic Concepts
Initial Loading – Stress Expression
Geometry
i P P
(e )
y M y Related
t t
σ top =
i
− i 0
+ DL
=σ Code
A I I ti
Related
i P P
(e )
y M y Geometry
σ bot =
i
+ i 0 b
− DL b
=σ Limits
A I I ci
Final Service Loading - Stress Expression
s P Pe (e0 ) y t M DL y t M SDL y t M LL y t
σ top = − e
+ + + =σ
A I I I I cs
s P Pe (e 0 ) y b M DL y b M SDL y b M LL y b
σ bot = + e
− − − =σ 144
A I I I I ts
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
i P Pi (e0 ) y t M DL y t P e M
σ top = −
i
+ = σ = × [1 − ( 0 )] + DL ≥ σ Allow
i
A I I ti A k S t
ti
b Be Careful !!!!!
i P Pi (e0 ) y b M DL y b P e M
σ bot = +
i
− = σ = × [1 + ( 0 )] − DL ≤ σ Allow
i
A I I ci A ( −)k S t
ci
t
145 145
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
The sign convention for bending moment due to pre-stressing eccentricity is as follows :
1. The bending moment is positive (+) if the eccentricity goes up ward / above the neutral axis.
2. The bending moment is negative (-) if the eccentricity goes down ward / below the neutral
axis.
The sign convention for pre stressing force is as follows :
1. The pre-stressing force is always in plus (+) sign.
kb t t t
P (e ) y M y M y M y
σsbot = AP
+ e 0 b − DL b − SDL b − LL b = σts
I
e
I I I
s P e M M M LL
σ bot = σts = A × [1 + ( 0
)] −
e
S
DL
−
S
SDL
−
S
≥ σtsAllow
( −) k t
b b b
ti A k S t
ti
b
i F e M
σ =σ =
i
× [1 + ( 0
)] − min ≤ σ Allow
bot
ci A ( −)k S t
ci
t
Final Service Loading - Stress Expression
s η× F e M
σ =σ = × [1 − ( )] + i max ≤ σcs
Allow
0
top
cs A k S
b t
s η× F e M
σ bot =σ = i
× [1 + ( 0 )] − max ≥ σ Allow
ts A ( −)k S
ts148 148
t b
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
F i
min ci b
Final Service Loading - Excentricity Expression
1
e0 ≥ k + (
b ) × (M − σ Allow × S t )
ηF max
i
cs
1 Allow
e0 ≥ k + ( ) × (M +σ ×S )
t
ηF max
i
ts b 149 149
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
F = ( M − σ Allow × S t ) /(e0 − k )
i b
min ti Allow
F = (M + σ
i × S ) /( e 0 − k )
b t
min ci
ηF = ( M
i −σ Allow
t ) /(e0 − k )
×S b
max csAllow
ηF = ( M +σ × S ) /( e 0 − k )
i
max ts b t
150 150
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Fi
min ti
1
= (e0 − k ) /( M + σ Allow × Sb )
t
Fi
min ci
1 Allow
= (e 0 − k ) /( M t +σ ×S )
b 151
ηF i
max ts 151
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
152
152
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
154
154
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
ECCENTRIC PRESTRESSING
The figure below shows the stress history of the eccentric pre-stressing
system. Two stress conditions are used to determine the minimum
section modulus. For eccentric pre-stressing the minimum section is
controlled by maximum eccentricity at mid span. 155 155
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress History
156
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress History
The followings are the explanation of the stress history, as
follows :
The actual stress due to pre-stressing and external load is shown
with dashed line. Due to initial pre-stressing the stress will be
tension in the top fiber (must be less than allowable tensile stress
fti ) and compression in the bottom fiber (must be less than
allowable compressive stress fci ).Due to effective pre-stressing
the stress will be compression in the top fiber (must be less than
allowable compressive stress fc ) and tension in the bottom fiber
(must be less than allowable tensile stress ft ).The top fiber is
controlled by the initial allowable tensile stress fti and allowable
compressive stress fc. The bottom fiber is controlled by the
initial allowable compressive stress fci and allowable tensile
stress ft . 157 157
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress History
158 158
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress History
As previously explained the top fiber is controlled by the initial
allowable tensile stress fti and allowable compressive stress fc. So the
section modulus for the top fiber St will be derived based on the two
allowable stresses above.
ti A k St ti
b
Final Service Loading - Stress Expression
s η× F e M
σ top = σ = i
× [1 − ( )] + max 0
≤ σcs
Allow
cs A k S
b t 159 159
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress History
Assuming that all pre-stressed losses have occurred leads to a
loading for which:
η× F e M
i
× [1 − ( 0
)] + min = σ1
A k S
b t
Which can also be written as :
η× F e M M M
[
η
i
× [1 − (
k
0
)] + min
S
]− η min − min = σ1
S
S
A
b t t t
P e M
but: [ i
× [1 − (
k
0
)] + min
] = σti Allow
A
b
St
Therefore:
M
min
ησ Allow
+ (1 − η) = σ
ti St 1 160
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress History
Now if we add a moment of amplitude ΔM to the section the
corresponding additional stress on the top fiber will be :
ΔM
Δσtop =
St
And the resulting stress due to the initial stress at the top plus the
additional stress due to the moment ΔM must be less than or equal to
the allowable compressive stress
Allow
σ + Δσtop ≤ σcs
1
St S 161
t 161
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Preliminary Sizing
The previous equation can be expressed as:
M (1 − η) + ΔM
St = min
σcsAllow − ησ Allow
ti
By similarly examining the state of stress on the bottom fibber, it
can be shown that:
M (1 − η) + ΔM
S = min
b
ησ Allow − σ ts Allow
ci
Note that:
M max = M min + ΔM 162 162
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
163 163
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
164 164
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
165 165
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
i P Pi (e0 ) y t M DL y t P e M
σ top = −
i
+ = σ = × [1 − ( 0 )] + DL ≥ σ Allow
i
A I I ti A k S t
ti
b Be Careful !!!!!
i P Pi (e0 ) y b M DL y b P e M
σ bot = +
i
− = σ = × [1 + ( 0 )] − DL ≤ σ Allow
i
A I I ci A ( −)k S t
ci
t
166 166
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
top = + + +
A I I I I cs
s P e M M M Allow
σ =σ SDL
≤ σcs
e
0 DL LL
top = × [1 − ( )] + + +
cs A k S t S t S t
b
Be Careful !!!!!
s P Pe (e 0 ) y b M DL y b M SDL y b M LL y b
σ bot =
e
+ − − − =σ
A I I I I ts
s P e M M M
σ bot =σ = × [1 + ( 0 )] − DL − SDL − LL ≥ σ Allow
e
ts A ( −)k S S S ts b b b
t 167 167
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
169
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
170
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
171
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
172
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
173
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
174
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
175
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Load Combinations
• U = 1.4 (D + F)
• U = 1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)
• U = 1.2D + 1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
• U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
• U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
• U= 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
• U= 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
177
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Strength Design
φMn ≥ Mu
178
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
179
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
180
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
5
1
181 3 4
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
182
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
A s ⋅ fy − A 's ⋅ f 'y
a=
.85 ⋅ f 'c ⋅ b
Assumes
compression
Where: steel yields
As is the area of tension steel
A’s is the area of compression steel
fy is the mild steel yield strength
183
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Flanged Sections
Checked to verify that the compression block is truly rectangular
2
184
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
= =
A comp = a ⋅ b
185
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
A f = (b − b w ) ⋅ hf
A w = A comp − A f
to find “a” Aw
a=
bw
186
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
c = a / β1
187
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
c > 3⋅ d '
Compression Comments
189
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Moment Capacity
• 2 equations
– rectangular stress block in the flange section
– rectangular stress block in flange and stem section
4
190
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
5
1
191 3 4
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress in Strand
fse - stress in the strand after losses
fpu - is the ultimate strength of the strand
fps - stress in the strand at nominal strength
ρp = (Aps)/( bdp) Pre-stressed Reinforcement
This portion of the flowchart is dedicated to determining the stress in the prestress reinforcement
192
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress in Strand
193
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress in Strand
fpu - is the ultimate strength of the strand
fps - stress in the strand at nominal strength
ω = (As*fy)/( bdf’c) Non Pre-stressed Reinforcement
ω’ = (A’s*f’y)/( bdf’c) Non Pre-stressed Reinforcement
ρp = (Aps)/( bdp) Pre-stressed Reinforcement
This portion of the flowchart is dedicated to determining the stress in the prestress reinforcement
194
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Stress in Strand
• Prestressed Bonded reinforcement
⎛ γ p ⎡ fpu d ⎤ ⎞
fps = fpu ⋅ ⎜1 −
⎜⎝
⎢
β1 ⎢
ρp ⋅ +
f 'c dp
(
ω − ω' )
⎥ ⎟
⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
⎣
195
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Prestress component
Where
Aps - area of prestressing steel
fps - prestressing steel strength
196
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
197
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Transition Zone
φ = 0.57 + 67(ε) or
φ = 0.48 + 83(ε) with spiral
ties
φ = 0.37 +0.20/(c/dt) or
φ = 0.23 +0.25/(c/dt)
φ with stirrups
199
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
φ =0.75
200
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Limits of Reinforcement
201
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
Limits of Reinforcement
Critical Sections
203
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
204 204
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
205 205
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SEMINAR
By: Dr. Daniel A. Wendichansky Bard
206 206