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Module 1: Introduction
Lecture 2: Rate of strain, Non-Newtonian fluid


Rate of strain or strain rate or deformation rate
Revert to Newton's' 1
st
Law of viscosity
NonNewtonian fluid (Introduction)














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Module 1: Introduction
Lecture 2: Rate of strain, Non-Newtonian fluid


Rat e of st r ai n or st r ai n r at e or def or mat i on r at e
Consider the flow of a fluid between two solid plates under the influence/application of a force
in X-direction on the top plate.
The bottom plate is stationary. The top surface of the fluid has a constant velocity,
It has been experimentally demonstrated that in such case no slip' condition exists. The
fluid layer in contact with the bottom solid surface will be stationary, whereas the layer in
contact with the top solid surface will move at the velocity, . The velocity profiles between
the plates will be linear.


(Fi g. 2a)

As shown in figure 2a, the fluid element of length at time becomes at time,
. Difference in the displacements of Q and P to , respectively, is because of different
velocity at














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Module 1: Introduction
Lecture 2: Rate of strain, Non-Newtonian fluid


Therefore,
Difference in the length of the segments

elongation


















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Module 1: Introduction
Lecture 2: Rate of strain, Non-Newtonian fluid


Rever t t o New t on' s' 1
st
Law of vi sc osi t y
It has been shown that
in general.
For Newtonian fluid (water, air, glycerin, etc): . For liquids, viscosity increases with
temperature. For gases, viscosity decreases with temperature.
For Non -New t oni an f l ui d: . Examples are sugar solution and polymers.
Therefore, General expression for shear stress
where, m is the flow consistency and n is the flow behaviour index.
Also known as powerLaw model
also known as apparent viscosity















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Module 1: Introduction
Lecture 2: Rate of strain, Non-Newtonian fluid


Non New t oni an f l ui d (I nt r oduc t i on)
(Fi g 2b)
New t oni an: : air, water, glycerin
Bi ngham Pl ast i c : : toothpaste
(Fluid does not move or deform till there is a critical stress)
Di l at ant : : starch or sand suspension
or shear thickening fluid
(Fluid starts thickening' with increase in its apparent viscosity)
Pseudo pl ast i c : : paint or shear thinning fluid
(Fluid starts thinning' with decrease in its apparent viscosity)
Not e:
1. For some non-Newtonians fluids, viscosity or apparent viscosity may be time- dependent.
Such fluids are also called Memory' fluids.
2. Rheology is a science of studying flow and behavior of polymeric fluids.