GLOSSAliy.

1245
cerning the placing of the pulpit, I shall observe,
a moderate voice may he heard fifty
feet distant before the preacher, thir'y fnet on each side, and twenty behind the pul-
pit; and not this, unless the pronunciation be distinct and equal, -n-ithout losing the
voice at the last word of the sentence, which is commonly emphatical, and if obscured
spoils
the Avhole sense. A Frenchman is heard farther than an English preacher,
because he raises his voice, and not sinks his last M'ords." Speaking of the dimen-
sions of a church, Wren, a'ter stating that a proposed church may be 60 feet broad, and
90 feet long, "besides a chancel atone end, and the belfry and portico at the other."
says: "
These proportions may le varied; but to build more room than that every
person may conveniently hear and see, is to create noise and coijfusi< n. A church
should not be so filled with pews but that the pnor may have room enough to stand and
sit in the alleys,
for to them equally is the gospel preached. It were to be wished
there were to be no pews but benches ; but there is vo stemmivg the tide
of profit, and
the advantage of pswkeepers
;
especially, too, sin^e by pews in the chapels of ease the
mini>ter is chiefly supported."

''As to the situation of the churches, I i-hould pro-

pose they be brought as forward as possible into the larger and more open streets, not
in obscure lanes, nor where coaches will be much obstructed in the passage. Nor are
we, I think, too n-icely to observe east or west in ihe position, unless it falls out
properly
: .such fronts as shall happen to lie most open in view should be adorned
with porticoes, both for beauty and convenience
;
whicli, together with handsome spires
or lanterns, rising in good proportion above the neighbouring houses (of which I have
givAn
several examples in the city, of different forms), may be of sufficient ornament
to the town, without a great expense for enriching the cutward walls of the churches,
in which plainness and duration ought principally, if not wholly, to be studied."
Churches are usually constructed on the plan of a Greek crobs, which is that wherein
the length of the transverse part, or transept, is equal to that of the nave ; of a Latin
cross, 'vherein the nave is longer than the transept; of a Lorraive cross, where
there is a transept given to the long choir, as in a cathedral; in rotondo, where the
plan is a circle ; simple, where the church has only a nave and choir ; with aisles, when a
subdivision occurs on each side of the nave ; and those with aisles may have more than
one of such aisles on each side of tlie nave.
The church be'ng a building in which to do work, the work to be done in one is to
carry out the distinctive worship of the body to which it belongs. Hence the church
of every communion, if true to its nature, must vary as the worship of that com-
munion varies. As the English Eeforniatiun involved no breach of continuity, the
ancient churches of this land have in the main served well for present use. Eut the
aim of that Reformation was to reduce the m:tny services of the oWer ritual into an
order at once simple and congregational, and tlie modern English church ought there-
fore to be simple in its
j:
Ian and congregational in its working arrangements, absorbing
as many of the people into the more active work of worship as possible. Therefore with
a great town congregation the building should be broad and high, as well as long, and
solid and dignified in every part. It mttst be broad in proportion to the number for
which it is intended, for if the nave be narrow many will not see or hear sufficiently.
Might not the nave be sometimes polygonal or circular, as at the Temple Church, and
the decagon of St. Gereon at Cologne?

era wi''c nave with proportionately narrow

aisles, serving rather as passages than omitted altogether ? Chairs or benches are both
good in their respective ways. The bapMstery should be emphasized. The choir or
chancel
proper ought not to bo much elevated above the nave; practically tlie raising
will be found inconvenient, and artistically many steps at the chancel arch can seldom
be successfully managed. The great rise might be between the chancel and the sanctuary
leading up to the table. The elevation compensates for the necessary distance, and places
the table in full sight of the whole church. The choir or chancel screen is claimed as
'
distinctly and emphatically Anglican.' A low screen of stone or with metal rails is
frequently introduced in place of it. The EccJtsiologist journal, 1845,
p.
135, contains
an elaborate paper on the division of a church into nave, chancel, and sacrarium.
The chancel shruld also be broad; usually one or
perhaps two rows of seat^ or
stalls on each side are provided ; but might not three, and four rows even, be appro-
priately introduced for the necessary choir, and made without encroaching on the
gangway in the middle? A
useful paper on the Choral Arrangements
of
Chitrehes
was read at the Northampton Architectural Society, in Oct. 1870. In a large town
church the usual three sedilia sometimes provided may be found too few; a stone bench
on either side may suit better. An apse or a square end to the chancel must depend on
the circumstances of the case. It is now the fashion to place the
"
organ chamber"
in the north or south side of the chancel, hiding away the instrument and muffling the
sound. With a large choir and a lofty chancel, it might with advantage project over
the stalls on one or both sides. It has been proposed to place the Litany desk,
made capable of containing two or three clerks, in a space left free of sittings at the
easternmost bay of the nave, or in the central crossing where there are transepts. The