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Now the specific heat at constant pressure for a system is most easily defined in
terms of a property called ENTHALPY. The specific enthalpy is itself defined as
h =u +pv.
You may easily prove this relationship using entries from the steam tables (the little red
booklet by Rogers and Mayhew). We will discuss specific heats at constant pressure and
at constant volume at some other juncture. The point to be made here is that this property,
enthalpy, permits us to simplify the Steady Flow Energy Equation to
. gz
2
c
h
m
W Q
2
|
.
|
\
|
+ + A =
The above expression for the steady flow energy equation was derived using a unit
mass of 1 kg (m =1 kg). In other words we derived the equation on the basis that an
amount of heat energy Q gives rise to an amount of work W in the time that it takes for 1
kg of working fluid to flow through the open system. Another way to write the equation is in
33
terms of rates of heat energy, rates of work and rates of mass flow. So instead of an
amount Q (kJ ) of energy leaving the system, due to it cooling, we think in terms of the
amount of heat energy per second Q
is measured in kW.
The same thing applies to the work, W. We can think of the amount of work done by the
system per second as the rate of work, W
\
|
+ + A =
These last two equations are the two most usual forms of the Steady Flow Energy
Equation (SFEE).
Applications Of the Steady Flow Energy Equation
Example 1. Suppose that from measurements together with reference to the steam tables
we are able to obtain the following information about the triple-expansion steam engine
shown in the diagram on page 31.
p
1
=1.0 x 10
6
N/m
2
p
2
=0.015 x 10
6
N/m
2
T
1
=200
o
c T
2
=54.0
o
c
v
1
=0.206 m
3
/kg v
2
=8.930 m
3
/kg
c
1
=20 m/s c
2
=120 m/s
z
1
=3.2 m z
2
=0.5 m
u
1
=? u
2
=2206 kJ /kg
h
1
=? h
2
=?
kg/s 2.1 m=
W 10 750 W
3
=
? Q =
Note that W
is called the "shaft power" whereas W is called the shaft work. We wish to
find the heat transfer rate from the engine casing, Q
\
|
+ + = |
.
|
\
|
+ + A =
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
gz gz
2
c
2
c
h h gz
2
c
h
m
W Q
where
h =u +pv.
Looking at the table of data we see that the only unknowns are u
1
and the two enthalpy
values, h
1
and h
2
. We can assume that the steam at the inlet is superheated so that the
steam tables give u
1
=2623 kj/kg. Thus h
1
=2623 +1.0 x 10
3
x 0.206 =2829 kJ /kg.
Similarly we can get h
2
directly from the values in the table h
2
=2206 +0.015 x 10
3
x 8.930
=2340 kJ /kg. Putting all of these values into the S.F.E.E. gives
34
. 3.2 9.81 0.5 9.81
2
20
2
120
10 2829 10 2340
2.1
10 750
2.1
Q
2 2
3 3
3
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
Rearranging to make Q
Remarks
(i) This is negative as the heat transfer is from the engine to the surroundings.
(ii) If we worked out the individual A terms then we would see that the gravitational
potential energy terms are small in comparison to the other terms.
(iii) What is the "quality" of the steam as it leaves the triple expansion steam engine?
(N.B. quality means dryness fraction).