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GLOSSARY.
parts, all in the same plane ; the middle and the two extreme parts being parallel.
The two extreme parts are in the same
straight line, one of them having a brass end
with a socket for containing
the bit, which,
when fixed, falls into the same stniight line
with the other end of the stock ; the further end has a knob attached, so as to remain
stationary, while all the other parts of the
apparatus may be turned round by means of
the projecting part of the handle.
There are various
kinds of bits; as shell hit, used for boring wood, and having an
interior cyiindric
concavity for containing the core; c.ntre bit, used to form a large
ylindric hoi.e or excavation ;
coimtersink bit, for widening the upper part of a hole in
wood or iron, to take in the head of a screw or pin, so that it may not appear above the
surface of the wood ; rimer bit, for widening a hole
;
and taper shell bit, used also fur
tlie last-named
purpose.
BiTt;.MEN. A mineral pitch used in former ages instead of mortar. The bricks of the
walls of Babylon are said to have been cemented together with it.
Blade.
(Sax. Blset).) A name sometimes given to the principal rafter of a roof.
Blade of a Chiskl. The iron or steel part of it as distinguished from the wooden
handle.
Blade of a Saw. The thin steel part on the edge of which the teeth are cut. The
chief properties of a good saw are, that it should be stiff and yet bend equally into a
regular curve, well tempered, equally thick on the cutting edge, and thinner towards
the back edge.
Blank Door. A door either shut to prevent a passage, or one placed in the back of a
recess, where there is no entrance, having, nevertheless, the appearance of a real door.
Blank Wi.ndow. One which has the appearance of a real window, but is merely formed
in the recess of the wall. When it is necessary to introduce blank windows for the
sake of uniformity, it is much better to build the apertures like the other and real
windows, provided no flues or funnels interfere ; and instead of representing the sashes
by painting, real sashes should be introduced with the panes of glass painted black
on the back.
Blind. The ordinary white linen material for draw-down blinds, now also made
buff, blue, or red in colour. Also quadrangular forms of wood or metal, covered with
an opaque substance, stretched between the framing, so as to cover eitlier the whole or
part of the sa.shes of a window. They are used for the purpose of diminisjiing the
intense effects of the sun's rays, or of preventing persons from seeing into the in-
terior of an apartment. Helioscene. Venetian.
Block (Teutonic) of Wood. A piece of wood cut into some prescribed form for a par-
ticular purpose.
Block of Stone ok IVIarble. A piece rough from the quarry before it has received any
form from the hand of the workman.
Blocking or Blocking Course. In masonry, a course of stones placed on the top of a
cornice and forming the crown of a wall.
Blockings. Small pieces of wood fitted in and glued to the interior angle of two boards,
or other pieces, for the purpose of giving additional strength to the joint. In gluing
up columns the staves are glued up successively and strengthened by blockings
;
as also
the risers and treads of stairs and all other joints that demand more strength than their
own joints afford. Blockings are always concealed from the eye.
Board. (Sax. Bofib.) A piece of timber of undefined length, more than four inches in
breadth, and not more than two inches and a half in thickness. When boards are of a
trapezoidal section, that is, thinner on one edge than the other, they are called feather-
edged boards. Boards when wider than nine inches are called ^j^awA'5. The fir boards,
called deal (because they are dealt or divided out in thicknesses) are generally imported
into England ready sawn, being thus prepared cheaper by saw mills abroad than they
can be here. Fir boards of this sort, one inch and a quarter thick, are called whole deal,
and those a full half inch thick, slit deal. See Batten.
Board for Valleys or Valley Board. A board fixed on the valley rafters, or a piece
for the leaden gutter of the valley to rest on.
Boarded Floor. A floor covered with floor-boards. The laying of floors usually com-
mences when the windows are in and the plaster dry. The boards should be planed on
their best face and set uj) to season, till the natural sap is expelled. They are then to
be planed smooth, shot, and squared on the edge. The opposite edges are brought to a
breadth by drawing, with a flooring gauge, a line on the face parallel to the other edge.
After this they are gauged to a thickne-s, and rebated down on the back to the
lines
drawn by the gauge. The next thing is to try whether the joists be level, and if not.
either the boards must be cut on the under side to meet the inequality, or the joists
must h&fiirnd up by pieces to bring the boards, when laid, to a level. The boards em-
ployed in flooring are either battens or deals of greater breadth. The quality of battens,
is divided into three sorts. The best is that free from knots, shakes, sap wood, or cross-
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