SOLAF SPS 2014

VOLUME 1




1
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
Using information from observations to
make reasonable early conclusions.
Making various possible interpretations from
single observation
Using inferences as a tool to determine the
appropriate additional observations.
Testing the accuracy of inferences through
additional observations.
Give reason to an observation or making an
earlier conclusion from what have been observed.
The Inferences
Logical inference any reason as long as it is logic.
Comparing any logical reason but the answer must be in
a form of comparing.
Controlled/exact only one specific reason is accepted.
(based on only one specific observation
!elate to the science facts or "nowledge. (based on the
topics you have learnt
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SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
Ways of making inference:
Identify and relate the uestion with the topic or the science facts for
e!ample basic need or heat or phases of the moon and so on.
"etermine the observation
#ind the cause $reason% for the thing to happen $observation%
#orm the sentence
The Sentence
&!ample '
A group of pupils arrange the models as shown in the diagram below to investigate
the stability of the structures.
When the cardboard is inclined slowly, the pupils have recorded their observation
as follows:
i. Model Z toppled over first followed by model Y
ii. Model Y toppled over first followed by model X
Note: The topic is factor that affects stability i.e the height
Question1: What can you say about the time taken for the models to topple over?
observation
he observation shows that ! toppled over first followed by " than followed by #.

he answer: ! toppled over first followed by " than #

3
models of polystyrene
cardboard
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
Question $: %tate an inference from the observation above.
Accepted answers: ! has the least stability
# has the most stability
! is less stable than " and #
# is more stable than " and !
Note: Answer is given base on t!e s"ien"e #a"ts $ %now&ege #ro' t!e to(i"
stability )t!e'e * +ear *, - ./!e lesser t!e stability, t!e faster it wi&& topple over.

Question &: %tate another observation for the answer given above.
Accepted answers: ! is the tallest model
! is the highest model
# is the shortest model
! is taller than " and #
# is shorter than " and !
Note: /!e first observation is based on the statement given as the answer in Question 1
t!ere#ore another observation based on the diagram.
(uestion samples:
a' %tate two reasons based on the observation above.
b' %tate an inference for the condition of the fish in the a(uarium.
", )ive a reason for the answer given in *a'
d' Why is the distance of the moving trolley decreasing?
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SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
EXERCISES
1. 0iagra' be&ow s!ows t!e sa'e t+(e o# (&ants P1 21 3 an S (&ante in t!e sa'e si4e o# (ot.
/+(e o# soi& 5se is t!e sa'e. /!e (&ants were &e#t in t!e o(en #or #o5r a+s.



Observation: 1. P&ant 3 grows we&&.
2. P&ants P1 2 an S wi&t.

a, 6ive one in#eren"e #or t!e "onition o# (&ant S:
77777777777777777777777777777777777
77777777777777777777777777777777777..
2. Five sees are (&a"e in ea"! o# t!e bea%ers 81 L an M as s!own in
0iagra' 1. A&& bea%ers are (&a"e 5ner a tab&e #or #o5r a+s.
0iagra' 1
a. State one observation base on t!e iagra' given.
77777777777777777777777777777777777
b. Fro' +o5r observation 1 state one in#eren"e.
*
r+
soi&
wet
soi&
wet
soi&
bo9
Leaves "overe
wit! oi&

Q R
S
s5n&ig!t
s5n&ig!t
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
7777777777777777777777777777777777...
77777777777777777777777777777777777
3. :a&'i "arrie o5t a #air test abo5t t!e re&ations!i( between t!e &engt! o# string an t!e
n5'ber o# swings o# a (en5&5' in 1 'in5te. ;e 5se t!ree i##erent &engt!s o# string. /!e
observation is re"ore in /ab&e 1.
/ab&e 1
a, Fro' t!e tab&e given 1 write own +o5r observation .
77777777777777777777777777777777777.
77777777777777777777777777777777777
b, Fro' +o5r observation 1 state one in#eren"e.
77777777777777777777777777777777777.
77777777777777777777777777777777777
4. A #air test on t!e abi&it+ o# absor(tion b+ i##erent s(onges was "arrie o5t b+ 2i5e. Fo5r
s(onges o# i##erent t!i"%ness1 81 L1 M an N are i''erse in #o5r bea%ers "ontaine t!e
sa'e vo&5'e o# water. A#ter * 'in5tes1 t!e s(onges were ta%en o5t an t!e vo&5'e o# water
&e#t in t!e bea%er is 'eas5re an re"ore in t!e /ab&e 2 be&ow.
S(onges 8 L M N
/!i"%ness o# s(onge )"', 2 4 < =
Vo&5'e o# water &e#t )ml, 200 1*0 100 *0
/ab&e 2
a, State two observation1 base #ro' t!e tab&e given above.:
i, 7777.77777777777777777777777777777

ii, .77777777777777777777777777777777.

b, Fro' +o5r observation in a, state one in#eren"e.
<
Pen5&5' Lengt! o# string )"',
N5'ber o# swings o# a (en5&5'
in 1 'in5te
P
2
3
*
>
?
*0
40
30
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
7777777777777777777777777777777777
7777777777777777777777777777777777
*. 0iagra' 2 be&ow s!ows t!e istan"es o# t!e (&anets in a So&ar s+ste'.
0iagra' 2

An astrona5t "arrie o5t an investigation abo5t t!e te'(erat5re o# 20 ml o# water bro5g!t b+
!i' at t!ree i##erent (&anets. ;e re"ore t!e res5&ts in t!e /ab&e 3 be&ow.
P&anet Ven5s Mars Sat5rn
/e'(erat5re o# 20 ml o#
water )) @,
>0 2= 10
/ab&e 3
a, Fro' t!e tab&e given above1 state one observation

777 777777777777777777777777777777..

7777777777777777777777777777777777..
b, Fro' +o5r observation 1 state one in#eren"e
77777777777777777777777777777777777.
<. P5(i& A an (5(i& A "o'(ete wit! ea"! ot!er b+ tr+ing to "o'(&ete 20 s5's given b+ t!eir
tea"!er in 10 'in5tes. /!e res5&ts obtaine are re"ore in t!e /ab&e 4 be&ow.

P5(i&s N5'ber o# s5's "o'(&ete in 10 'in5tes.
A <
A 14
/ab&e 4
>
!enus
"ars
Saturn
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
a, B!at "an +o5 in#er #ro' t!e tab&e above.
77777777777777777777777777777777777..
777777777777777777.7777777777777777.....
>. /!e iagra' 3 be&ow s!ows t!ree si'i&ar !an%er"!ie#s being !5ng in i##erent wa+s.


P 2 3
0iagra' 3
a, Aase on t!e a"tivities above 1 w!at is +o5r observation.
77777777777777777777777777777777777
77777777777777777777777777777777777
b, Fro' +o5r observation1 state one in#eren"e.
77777777777777777777777777777777777
77777777777777777777777777777777777
=. Ma+a "arr+ o5t a #air test. /wo 'i"e are %e(t se(arate&+ in two "ontainers as s!own in
0iagra' 4. Aot! "ontainers are &e#t #or a wee%.
0iagra' 4
a, B!at is +o5r observationC
777777777777777777777777777777777.
=
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
b,
Fro' +o5r observation 1 state one in#eren"e.
77777777777777777777777777777..7777
777777777777777777777777777777777..
?. A st5ent "arries o5t an e9(eri'ent to s!ow t!at s5n&ig!t is a basi" nee o# (&ants.
a, Aase #ro' t!e e9(eri'ent above 1 state +o5r observation.
7777777777777777777777777777777.
b, Fro' +o5r observation 1 state one in#eren"e.
777777777777777777777777777777777..
777777777777777777777777777777777..
10. A gro5( o# (5(i&s arrange t!ree 'oe&s as s!own in t!e iagra' < be&ow
to investigate t!e stabi&it+ o# t!e 'oe&s.

0iagra' <
B!en t!e "arboar was in"&ine s&ow&+1 t!e (5(i&s re"ore t!eir observations as #o&&ows:
iii. Moe& : to((&e over #irst1 #o&&owe b+ 'oe& D.
iv. Moe& D to((&e over #irst1 #o&&owe b+ 'oe& E.
a, Fro' t!e investigation above1 state one observation.
77777777777777777777777777777777777
?
"arboar
'oe&s o# (o&+st+rene
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
b, Fro' +o5r observation 1 state one in#eren"e.
77777777777777777777777777777777777
77777777777777777777777777777777777
11. /aFFi55in an !is #riens are "arr+ing o5t an investigation.
0iagra' > )i, s!ows /aFFi55in is tr+ing to 'ove a &oa b+ 5sing a &ever. ;e #ins it is
i##i"5&t to 'ove t!e &oa.

0iagra' > )i,
/aFFi55in 'oves t!e #5&"r5' "&oser to t!e &oa as s!own in 0iagra' > )ii,.
/!en !e #ins t!at it is easier to 'ove t!e &oa.

0iagra' > )ii,
a, Fro' +o5r observation above1 state one in#eren"e.
777777777777777777777777777777
777777777777777777777777777777.
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SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
12. 0iagra' ? s!ows an investigation "arrie o5t b+ a gro5( o# (5(i&s.

P 2

)a,
)b,
State one observation #ro' t!e investigation above.
777777777777777777777777777777777
Brite one in#eren"e #or +o5r observation above.
777777777777777777777777777777777
13. Nonie (o5rs 100 '& o# 'i&% an 100 '& o# s!a'(oo in to two bea%ers res(e"tive&+. S!e
re"ors t!e ti'e ta%en #or ea"! &iF5i to #&ow "o'(&ete&+.
a, B!at is +o5r observation #ro' t!e investigation above.
11
+o5ng
(&ants
#&ower (ot
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
7777777777777777777777777777777777
b, State one in#eren"e #ro' +o5r observation given in a,
777777777777777777777777777777777
777777777777777777777777777777777.
14. A gro5( o# (eo(&e are as%e to "onstr5"t t!ree tower 'oe&s o# eF5a& !eig!t 5sing 'ani&a
"ars. /!e t!ree 'oe&s "onstr5"te b+ t!e gro5( are s!own in tab&e be&ow.
Ea"! 'oe&
is (&a"e on an in"&ine (&ane to investigate its stabi&it+. /!e res5&ts o# t!e
st5+ is s!own be&ow .
a, State one observation base #ro' t!e investigation above.
7777777777777777777777777777777777
b, Fro' +o5r observation 1 state one in#eren"e.
7777777777777777777777777777777777
7777777777777777777777777777777777
1*. Gn an investigation1 a gro5( o# (5(i&s 5se a s(ringH(owere to+ "ar.
/!e tab&e be&ow s!ows t!eir observations
#umber of times the
spring is wound
$istan%ed traveled
&%m'
(ime ta)en
&se%ond'
3 40 10
* 40 =
> 40 <

Model X Model Y Model Z
12
Moe& D is t!e #irst to to((&e1 #o&&owe b+ 'oe& E. Moe& : oes not to((&e
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
a, State one observation base on t!e tab&e given.
7777777777777777777777777777777777
b, Fro' +o5r observation give one in#eren"e.
7777777777777777777777777777777777
777777777777777777777777777777777.
1< 0iagra' be&ow s!ows an investigation "arrie o5t b+ a gro5( o# (5(i&s.
a, State one observation 1 base #ro' t!e e9(eri'ent above.
77777777777777777777777777777777..
77777777777777777777777777777777..
b, Fro' +o5r observation1 state one in#eren"e.
77777777777777777777777777777777..
77777777777777777777777777777777..
1>. 0iagra' be&ow s!ows a res5&t #ro' an e9(eri'ent.


E D
a, State one reason )in#eren"e, base on t!e "onition o# ba&&oon E .
13
tor"!
tab&e
tennis ba&&
g&obe
s!aow
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
77777777777777777777777777777777..
77777777777777777777777777777777.
b, State one reason )in#eren"e, base on t!e "onition o# ba&&oon D.
77777777777777777777777777777777..
77777777777777777777777777777777.
1=. /!e sa'e t+(e o# (&ants P an 2 were (&ante b+ a Pa% A&i in t!e sa'e si4e o# (ots.
/!e (&ants were &e#t #or one wee% an t!e res5&t is as s!own in iagra' be&ow.

P 2
a, State two reasons )in#eren"es, base on t!e "onition o# (&ant 2 a#ter a wee%.
i,77777777777777777777777777777777..
ii,77777777777777777777777777777777..
b, Gn anot!er sit5ation t!e sa'e e9(eri'ent were "arrie o5t b+ a gro5( o# (5(i&s b5t
t!e (&ant in (ot 2 was (5t in t!e ar% roo'. /!e res5&t is t!e sa'e as above.
State one reason )in#eren"e, base on t!ese in#or'ation.
77777777777777777777777777777777..
77777777777777777777777777777777..
1?. 0iagra' be&eow s!ows a "o'(&ete "ir"5it . ObIe"ts B1 E1 D an : are "onne"te to
t!e "ir"5it. /!e res5&t is re"ore be&ow .
ObIe"t Observation
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SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
B /!e b5&b &ig!t 5(
E /!e b5&b &ig!t 5(
D /!e b5&b oes not &ig!t 5(
: /!e b5&b oes not &ig!t 5(
a, State one reason ) in#eren"e, base on t!ese in#or'ation.
77777777777777777777777777777777..
77777777777777777777777777777777..
20. Aar "!art be&ow s!ows a res5&t o# an investigation.



a, State one reason ) in#eren"e, abo5t t!e average n5'ber o# t5rt&e &ane in
3anta5 Abang Aea"!
77777777777777777777777777777777..
77777777777777777777777777777777.

Average n5'ber o# t5rt&e
Lane in 3anta5 Abang Aea"!
1*
Dear
SOLAF SPS 2014
VOLUME 1
1<