GB_BT03_E1_0 GPRS and EDGE Basics

Course Objectives:
Understand GPRS/EDGE conception
Understand GPRS/EDGE system architecture
State GPRS/EDGE radio frame structure and channels
Understand GPRS/EDGE key technologies
Contents
1 GPRS Technoo!"#########################################################################################################################################1
1.1 GPRS Definition..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 GPRS eatures.....................................................................................................................................1
1.! GPRS Specifications............................................................................................................................2
1." GPRS #et$ork Structure.....................................................................................................................!
1.% GPRS Protocol Platform......................................................................................................................%
1.%.1 GPRS &ransmission Protocol Platform....................................................................................%
1.%.2 GPRS Signaling Protocol Platform..........................................................................................'
$ GPRS %et&or' (rchitecture#####################################################################################################################13
2.1 (ogical Structure...............................................................................................................................1!
2.1.1 )ain #et$ork Entities...........................................................................................................1"
2.1.2 )ain #et$ork *nterfaces........................................................................................................1'
3 GPRS )ra*e Structure and Radio Channes##########################################################################################$0
!.1 Radio rame Structure.......................................................................................................................2+
!.2 Physical ,hannel...............................................................................................................................2+
!.! (ogical ,hannel.................................................................................................................................21
!.!.1 Packet ,ommon ,ontrol ,hannel -P,,,.s/0......................................................................21
!.!.2 Packet 1roadcast ,ontrol ,hannel -P1,,./0.......................................................................22
!.!.! Packet transport channel0........................................................................................................22
!.!." Packet dedicated control channel0..........................................................................................22
!." ,hannel ,om2ination........................................................................................................................22
!.% )apping 2et$een (ogical ,hannels and Physical ,hannels............................................................2!
!.%.1 Uplink ,hannel )apping0......................................................................................................2!
i
!.%.2 Do$nlink ,hannel )apping0.................................................................................................2%
+ GPRS ,e" Technoo!ies#############################################################################################################################$-
".1 3oS *mplementation..........................................................................................................................24
".2 )edia 5ccess ,ontrol -)5,/ (ayer................................................................................................24
".2.1 Radio 1lock Structure............................................................................................................!+
".2.2 ,hannel ,oding......................................................................................................................!2
".2.! lo$ ,ontrol...........................................................................................................................!%
".2." ,ell Selection and Reselection...............................................................................................!6
. EDGE Technoo!"#######################################################################################################################################+0
%.1 Definitions........................................................................................................................................."+
%.2 eatures.............................................................................................................................................."+
%.! Specifications....................................................................................................................................."1
%." 7ey &echnologies.............................................................................................................................."2
%.".1 EDGE )odulation )odes......................................................................................................"2
%.".2 EDGE Radio 1lock Structure................................................................................................."!
%.".! ,hannel ,oding......................................................................................................................""
%."." (ink 3uality ,ontrol.............................................................................................................."6
%.".% Dynamic 8indo$ Si9e..........................................................................................................."'
ii
1 GPRS Technology
1.1 GPRS Definition
GPRS is a packet data ser:ice introduced in GS) Phase2;. GPRS pro:ides
su2scri2ers the end<to<end mo2ile data ser:ices 2ased on packet s$itching and
transmission technology. GPRS can effecti:ely utili9e the radio resources and net$ork
terrestrial resources and is suita2le for long<time small<:olume 2urst data ser:ices.
1.2 GPRS Features
GPRS has follo$ing features0
Seamless connection $ith *P net$ork
*nternet Protocol -*P/ technology is adopted in GPRS core net$ork= and many
transmission technologies are employed in GPRS 2ottom layer. &hus= it is easy
to implement the seamless connection $ith the highly de:eloped *P net$ork.
.igh rate
8ith help of multi<slot 2inding and high<speed coding scheme= GPRS phase *
adopts ,S1 and ,S2 coding schemes= and pro:ides the access rate up to 11%
k2ps. GPRS phase ** adopts ,S! and ,S" coding schemes= and pro:ides rate up
to 1'1 k2ps.
5l$ays online and flo$ charging
GPRS pro:ides the >a:aila2ility for connection and al$ays online performance?=
offering ne$ means for mo2ile su2scri2ers to access *nternet and *ntranet
rapidly. @nce GPRS terminal is po$ered on and connected $ith GPRS net$ork=
it can maintain the online status all the $ay. Su2scri2er can recei:e and send
information at any time $ithout dial<up process reAuired in circuit s$itching. 5s
long as GPRS terminal does not transmit data= it $ill not occupy net$ork and
radio resources. &hus= the mo2ile su2scri2ers can 2enefit from flo$ charging.
&hat is= mo2ile su2scri2ers can stay online as long as possi2le $ithout 2othering
the prohi2iti:e 2ill.
)ature technology
1
GPRS pro:ides solutions to implement data ser:ices in GS) technologies and
current net$orks. GPRS can sa:e in:estment and makes Auick returns.
1.3 GPRS Specifications
*n Europe= it $as suggested in 144! for GPRS to 2e deployed in GS) net$ork. *n
144'= great progress $as made in GPRS standardi9ation. *n @cto2er 144'= E&S* issued
GPRS Phase1 ser:ice description. GPRS phase 2 $as completed at the end of 1444.
GPRS standard goes through three phases. *n order to implement GPRS= 1B ne$
standards are made and many standards are modified three phases.
&a2le 1.! <1 lists the three phases of GPRS.
&a2le 1.!<1 &hree Phases of GPRS Standards
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase !
+2.6+ Ser:ice Description
+!.6+ System Description
and #et$ork Structure
+".6+ R(,/)5, Protocol
+!.6" Radio *nterface
Description
+".61 P&)<) Ser:ice
+!.61 Point to )ultipoint <
1roadcast Ser:ice
+".62 P&)<G Ser:ice
+!.62 Point to )ultipoint<
Group ,all
+".6" ((, +".6% S#D,P
+'.6+ Su2scri2er *nter$orking
+B.1" G2 (ayer1
+B.16 G2 (ayer #et$ork Ser:ices
+B.1B 1SSGP and G2 *nterface
+4.16 G2 (ayer2
+4.1B G2 (ayer!
+4.6+ Gn C Gp *nterface
+4.61 *nter$orking of EDternal #et$orks
GPRS Services
5ccording to E&S* assumption= GPRS must implement0
P&P ser:ice
P&P &,P/*P su2scri2er inter$orking
E.2B protocol from )S to GGS# and E.2% protocol from GGS# to eDternal
PD#
2
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
Gn= G2= Gr= Gp= Gs= and Gi interfaces
P&P and roaming security guarantee
,harging
@perator<determined ,all 2arring and call termination= and operator call filtering
P&) radio interface preparation
5nonymous access
S)S<)@ and S)S<)& support through GPRS
1.4 GPRS Netor! Structure
GS) introduces t$o ne$ eAuipments to support GPRS0 Ser:ing GPRS Support #ode
-SGS#/ and Gate$ay GPRS Support #ode -GGS#/. 1S, is added $ith Packet
,ontrol Units -P,Us/= and concerned 1SS soft$are is upgraded.
SGS# pro:ides similar functions as )S,. *t performs GPRS channel assignment=
mo2ility management= encryption= and charging.
GGS# pro:ides :arious interfaces. *t supports interconnection $ith eDternal Pu2lic
Data #et$orks -PD#s/ like *nternet and E.2%= and other P()#s.
ig 1." <1 sho$s GPRS net$ork structure.
3
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
BSC MSC/VLR SMC
PCU
Charging
gateway
function (CGF)
Billing syste
!LR
Signaling an" GPRS su#scri#er "ata
Signaling
Pac$et "ata
networ$
SGS%
Gs interface
Gn interface
SGS%
GGS%
G" interface
Gr interface
Gc interface
Gn interface
Gi interface
G# interface
Ga
interface
Ga interface
ig 1."<1 GPRS #et$ork Structure
Using SGS# and GGS#= operators can construct a GPRS 2ack2one net$ork on the
2asis of current transmission net$ork. 1y reconstructing the current GS) net$ork=
operators can easily pro:ide 2oth circuit and packet ser:ices= and fully utili9e radio
resources and net$ork terrestrial resources.
GPRS )Ss are di:ided into three categories0
&ype<5 GPRS )S
&ype<5 GPRS )S can 2e used in 2oth GS) and GPRS en:ironments. &ype<5
GPRS ena2les the su2scri2ers to recei:e speech calls and communicate $ith
called party $ithout interrupting data transmission.
&ype<1 GPRS )S
&ype<1 GPRS )S can 2e connected $ith GS) and GPRS system at the same
time= and pro:ide GPRS and GS) circuit<s$itched ser:ices. .o$e:er= it cannot
pro:ide 2oth GPRS and GS) ser:ices at a time.
8hen a circuit<s$itched call is originated to the type<1 )S in GPRS= the
)S,/G(R sends a Suspend message to the SGS#. Upon recei:ing the message=
the SGS# disconnects the GPRS connection temporarily. 5fter the circuit<
s$itched call is complemented= the )S,/G(R sends a Restore message to the
4
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
SGS#. &he SGS# resumes the GPRS connection after recei:ing the message.
&hus= the )S need not to esta2lish GPRS connection repeatedly. )ost of the
GPRS )S types in current market are type<1 )S.
&ype<, GPRS )S
&ype<, )S ena2les su2scri2ers to use GS) ser:ices and GPRS alternati:ely.
)anual ser:ice changeo:er is reAuired.
1." GPRS Protocol Platfor#
GPRS Protocol Platform is of t$o types0
1.".1 GPRS Trans#ission Protocol Platfor#
1eing hierarchical protocol structure= as sho$n in ig 1.%<1= GPRS transmission
platform pro:ides su2scri2er information transmission and related process control -for
eDample= flo$ control= error detection= error correction= and error reco:ery/.
&ransmission platform is connected $ith #SS through radio interface in the 2ottom
layer. &his kind of independence is implemented through reser:ed G2 interface.
U
interface
%S
G&P
'((
)P/*+,-
S%.CP
LLC
RLC
M'C
GSM RF
S%.CP
LLC
BSSGP
L/ #is
BSSGP
L/ #is
Relay
L,
L/
)P
L,
L/
)P
G&P
)P / *+,-
G#
interfac
e
Gn
interface
Gi
interface
MS BSS SGS% GGS%
U.P /
&CP
Relay
M'C
RLC
%S
U.P /
&CP
GSM RF
ig 1.%<2 GPRS &ransmission Protocol Platform
GPRS &unnel Protocol -G&P/
5
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
&hrough G&P= Su2scri2er data and signaling 2et$een GPRS Support #odes
-GS#/ are transmitted in GPRS 2ack2one net$ork. 5ll point<to<point Packet
Data Protocols -PDP/ and protocol data units -PDU/ are encapsulated using
G&P. 5s the protocol for the interconnection 2et$een GS# nodes in GPRS
net$ork= G&P defines Gn interface. GS)+4.6+ makes the G&P specifications.
&ransmission ,ontrol Protocol -&,P/
&,P is used as transmission protocol $hen a relia2le data link -for eDample=
E.2%/ is reAuired to transmit G&P PDUs in GPRS 2ack2one net$ork. *f a
relia2le data link is not reAuired -for eDample= *P/= UDP is used to deli:er G&P
PDUs. &,P pro:ides flo$ control and pre:ents the loss or destruction of G&P
PDUs. UDP can pre:ent G&P PDUs from 2eing destructed.
*nternet Protocol -*P/
*P is a GPRS 2ack2one net$ork protocol. *P is used for the route selection of
su2scri2er data and control signaling. GPRS 2ack2one net$ork $as first 2uilt on
*P:" 2asis. 8ith *P:6 popularity GPRS $ill adopt *P:6 in near future.
Su2#et$ork Dependent ,on:ergence Protocol -S#D,P/
S#D,P ena2les the net$ork<le:el features to 2e mapped to the net$ork features
in the 2ottom layer. *t di:ides and assem2les the data to 2e transmitted= and
determines the &,P/*P address and encryption mode. *n S#D, layer= the data
transmitted 2et$een )S and SGS# is di:ided into one or se:eral S#D, data
packet units. S#D, data packet units generated is placed in ((, frame.
GS)+".6% pro:ides S#D,P description.
(ogical (ink ,ontrol -((,/
((, is a radio link protocol 2ased on .igh<le:el Data (ink ,ontrol -.D(,/. *t
can pro:ide high relia2le encrypted logical links. ((, layer ena2les ((,
address and frame field to 2e generated from S#D, data units of S#D, layer=
helping a complete ((, frame 2e generated. ((, can implement point to
multipoint address and retransmission control of data frames. ((, is
independent from radio interface protocol of 2ottom layer= $hich ena2les #SS
minimum reconstruction $hen other GPRS $ireless solutions are introduced.
GS)+".6" pro:ides ((, specifications.
Relay
6
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
*n 1SS= relay transfers ((, PDUs 2et$een Um interface and G2 interface. *n
SGS#= relay transfers PDP PDUs 2et$een G2 interface and Gn interface.
1SS GPRS Protocol -1SSGP/
&his layer transfers the information related to routing ser:ice Auality 2et$een
1SS and SGS#. 1SSGP does not pro:ide error correction function. GS)+B.1B
pro:ides 1SSGP specifications.
#et$ork Ser:ice -#S/
&his layer transfers 1SSGP PDUs. #S is 2ased on the frame relay connection
2et$een 1SS and SGS#. *t pro:ides multi<hop function and trans:erses the
net$ork ha:ing frame relay s$itching nodes. GS)+B.16 pro:ides #S
specifications.
Radio (ink ,ontrol -R(,//)edia 5ccess ,ontrol -)5,/
&his layer pro:ides t$o functions0
Radio link control0 R(, pro:ides a relia2le link $hich is independent from $ireless
solution.
)edia 5ccess ,ontrol0 )5, defines and allocates GPRS logical channels for air
interface= ena2ling these channels to 2e shared 2y different )Ss. 1esides controlling
radio channels used for signaling transfer= )5, maps ((, frames to GS) physical
channels. GS)+".6+ pro:ides ((, specifications.
GS) R
Physical layer of Um interface is R interface part. (ogical link layer pro:ides :arious
logical channels for air interfaces. &he carrier 2and$idth of GS) air interface is 2++
k.9. 5 carrier is di:ided into eight physical channels. *f all the eight physical channels
are assigned to transmit GPRS data= original data rate can reach 2++ k2ps. 8ith the
o:erhead of for$ard error correction codes considered= the final data rate can reach 16"
k2ps.
1.".2 GPRS Signaling Protocol Platfor#
Signaling platform descri2es the signaling transmission hierarchical structure. GPRS
signaling protocol platform is di:ided into protocol control and transmission support
platforms. Signaling platform is of se:en kinds according to its application.
)S<SGS#
7
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
G))/S) refers to GPRS mo2ility management and session management. )S<
SGS# supports mo2ility management= such as GPRS ser:ice
connection/disconnection= security= routing area update= location update= PDP
en:ironment acti:ation= and PDP en:ironment deacti:ation.
ig 1.% <! sho$s )S<SGS# signaling platform.
U
%S
GMM/
SM
LLC
RLC
M'C
RF
LLC
BSSGP
L/#is RF
BSSGP
L/#is
Relay
G#
MS BSS SGS%
M'C
RLC
%S
GMM/
SM

ig 1.%<! )S<SGS#
SGS#-.(R
.ere= )5P refers to )o2ile 5pplication Part. SGS#<.(R protocol supports the
signaling eDchange $ith .(R.
ig 1.% <" sho$s SGS#<.(R signaling platform.
Gr
!LR
SGS%
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P
ig 1.%<" SGS#<.(R
SGS#<)S,/G(R
1SS5P; refers to 1ase Station System 5pplication;= $hich is a su2set of
1SS5P and supports the signaling eDchange 2et$een SGS# and )S,/G(R.
8
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
ig 1.% <% sho$s SGS#<)S,/G(R signaling platform
Gs
MSC/VLR SGS%
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
BSS'P1
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
BSS'P1
ig 1.%<% SGS#<)S,/G(R
SGS#<E*R
)5P supports the signaling eDchange 2et$een SGS# and E*R.
ig 1.% <6 sho$s SGS#<E*R signaling platform.
Gf
2) R
SGS%
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P

ig 1.%<6 SGS#<E*R
SGS#<S)S<G)S, or S)S<*8)S,
Signaling platform sho$n in ig 1.% <' indicates that )5P supports the
signaling eDchange 2et$een SGS# and S)S<G)S, or S)S<*8)S,.
9
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
G"
SMS3GMSC SGS%
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P

ig 1.%<' SGS#<S)S<G)S, or S)S<*8)S,
GS#<GS#
G&P -GPRS &unnel Protocol/ tunnel is used to transfer su2scri2er data and
signaling information 2et$een SGS# and GGS# or 2et$een t$o SGS# in
GPRS 2ack2one. UDP is used to transfer the signaling information 2et$een t$o
GS#s as sho$n in ig 1.% <B.
Gn
GS% GS%
L/
L,
)P
U.P
G&P
L/
L,
)P
U.P
G&P

ig 1.%<B GS#<GS#
GGS#<.(R
8hen signaling path is optional= a GGS# is allo$ed to eDchange signaling
information $ith .(R. #ormally= there are t$o types of signaling paths0
GGS#<.(R signaling 2ased on )5P
)5P can 2e used 2et$een GGS# and .(R if GGS# has SS' interface. ig 1.%
<4 sho$s )5P supporting .(R signaling eDchange.
10
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
Gc
!LR
GGS%
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P
L/
M&P,
M&P0
SCCP
&C'P
M'P

ig 1.%<4 GGS#<.(R 1ased on )5P
GGS#<.(R signaling 2ased on G&P and )5P
5ny GS# $ith SS' interface in same P()# can ser:e as a G&P<)5P protocol
translator if GGS# has no SS' interface. &hus= in GPRS 2ack2one net$ork= signaling
information can 2e transferred 2et$een GGS# and GS# $ith protocol translation
function through tunnel.
ig 1.% <1+ sho$s the inter$orking 2et$een G&P and )5P= ena2ling the signaling
eDchange 2et$een GGS# and .(R.
Gn
M&P,
G&P
U.P
)P
L,
L/ L/ L/
Gc
GGS% GS% !LR
L,
M'P
SCCP
M&P0
M&P,
L/
&C'P
L, M&P,
U.P SCCP
&C'P
M'P
G&P
)nterwor$ing

ig 1.%<1+ GGS#<.(R 1ased on G&P and )5P
11
2 GPRS Netor! $rchitecture
2.1 %ogical Structure
&he GPRS technology introduces t$o concepts= packet s$itching and packet transfer.
&his enhances the a2ility of supporting data ser:ice on net$ork le:el. ig 2.1 <11
illustrates the schemes of a GPRS net$ork. 5ctually= the GPRS represents an o:erlay
net$ork deployment to the eDisting GS). #e$ function entities such as ser:ing GPRS
support node -SGS#/ and gate$ay GPRS support node -GGS#/= are introduced. &he
GPRS uses the eDisting GS) 1SS= 2ut reAuires upgrading the hard$are and soft$are.
&he interfaces 2et$een the GPRS and GS) entities must 2e defined. *n addition= the
mo2ile phones must support the GPRS ser:ice. &he GPRS can interconnect PSPD#
through GGS# 2y using the interface protocol E.'% or E.2%. &he GPRS also supports
direct connection $ith *P net$ork.
ig 2.1<11 GPRS #et$ork Structure
13
2.1.1 &ain Netor! 'ntities
2.1.1.1 GPRS &S
&erminal EAuipment
&he terminal eAuipment -&E/ is a computer terminal de:ice operated and used 2y
terminal users. *t is used to send and recei:e packet data of terminal users. 5 &E can 2e
an independent desktop computer. *t can also 2e com2ined $ith a mo2ile terminal
-)&/ after its function is integrated into a handset mo2ile terminal. *n some sense=
GPRS net$ork ser:es to esta2lish a path for transmitting packet data 2et$een &E and
eDternal data net$orks.
)o2ile &erminal
&he mo2ile terminal -)&/ communicates $ith &E and $ith 1&S through the air
interface. 5lso= it can esta2lish a logical links to SGS#. &o support the GPRS ser:ice=
the )& must 2e configured $ith the soft$are supporting GSPS functions. During the
course of data communication= from the perspecti:e of &E= )& functions as the
)odem connecting &E to GPRS. )& and &E can 2e integrated into the same physical
de:ice.
)o2ile Station
&he mo2ile station -)S/ is an entity pro:iding the integrated function of )& and &E.
Physically= it can 2e one entity or t$o entities -&E;)&/.
)Ss supporting GPRS are di:ided into three classes0
,lass 5 GPRS )S0 *t can 2e connected to GS) net$ork and GPRS net$ork at
the same time. *t supports simultaneous operation of acti:ation= listening to the
messages from 2oth systems= and 2eing started= and pro:iding GPRS ser:ice and
GS) ,S ser:ice= including S)S= on 2oth net$orks. ,lass 5 )S su2scri2ers can
initiate and/or recei:e calling through the t$o ser:ices and automatically s$itch
2et$een PS and ,S.
,lass 1 GPRS )S0 *t can 2e connected to GS) net$ork and GPRS net$ork at
the same time. .o$e:er= it fails to use GPRS packet ser:ice and GS) ,S
ser:ice simultaneously. &hat is to say= at a gi:en time= it can use only one of the
t$o ser:ices. ,lass 1 )Ss can also perform ser:ice s$itching automatically.
,lass , GPRS )S0 *t can 2e connected to either GS) net$ork or GPRS
net$ork at a gi:en time. *f it can support 2oth PS and ,S= the t$o ser:ices must
2e s$itched manually as they cannot 2e performed at the same time.
14
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
2.1.1.2 Pac!et Control (nit
&he packet control unit -P,U/ is a processing unit added to 1SS. *t mainly performs
the processing of packet ser:ices and the management of packet radio channel
resources on the 1SS side. ,urrently= it functions 2et$een 1S, and SGS# in most
cases.
R(,/)5, layer function0
D(0 PDU at ((, di:ided into R(, data 2lock
U(0 R(, data 2lock recomposed into PDU at ((, layer
PD,. U( C D( 5R3 protocol
5llocate U( C D( radio resource
Radio resource management function0
,hannel access control function such as access reAuest and access permission
Radio channel management function such as po$er control= congestion control
and 2roadcasting control messages
2.1.1.3 Ser)ice GPRS Support No*e
&he SGS# is a 2asic net$ork element in GPRS net$ork. *t is ne$ly introduced to the
GS) net$ork to pro:ide GPRS ser:ices. *t is responsi2le for transferring input/output
*P packets to the )Ss $ithin its SGS# ser:ice area. *ts role is similar to the 1)S, in
GS) circuit net$ork. &he SGS# pro:ides the follo$ing functions0
Routing and transfer of packet data packages $ithin its SGS# area= pro:iding
ser:ices for all the GPRS users $ithin the area
,iphering and authentication
Session management
)o2ility management
(ogical link management
Pro:iding interface to GPRS 1SS= GGS#= .(R= )S,= S)S<G)S,= and S)S<
*8)S,
Generating and outputting ,DRs= for collecting information a2out the usage of
radio resources
15
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
*n addition= the SGS# performs the function of G(R in GS) net$ork. 8hen a user is
in GPRS 5ttach state= the packet<related user information and location information is
stored in the SGS# .(ike the G(R= most user information stored on the SGS# is
o2tained from the .(R during location update.
2.1.1.4 Gateay GPRS Support No*e
&he GGS# is another #E function entity introduced for pro:iding GPRS ser:ices on
the GS) net$ork. *t pro:ides the routing and encapsulation of packets 2et$een the
GPRS net$ork and eDternal data net$orks. 8hich GGS# is used as the gate$ay is
determined 2y the user?s su2scription information and reAuested access point name
-5P#/. &he GGS# pro:ides the follo$ing functions0
*nterface to eDternal *P packet net$orks -*P and E.2%/= the GGS# needs to
pro:ide the gate$ay function for )Ss to connect to eDternal net$orks. rom an
eDternal net$ork?s point of :ie$= the GGS# is a router $hich can address the *P
addresses of all users on the GPRS net$ork to eDchange routing information.
GPRS session management= esta2lishing the communication 2et$een )Ss and
eDternal net$orks
Sending the packet data of mo2ile su2scri2ers to appropriate SGS#
Generating and outputting ,DRs= for collecting information a2out the usage of
radio resources
2.1.1." Charging Gateay
&he ,G collects= com2ines= and pre<processes the ,DRs generated on each SGS# and
GGS#. *t also pro:ides interface to the 2illing center. &he ,G is a ne$ de:ice added to
the GPRS net$ork. &he ,DRs generated during an *nternet access ser:ice can 2e from
se:eral #E entities and each #E de:ice can generate se:eral ,DRs. &he purpose of
introducing ,G is to com2ine and pre<process the ,DRs 2efore sending them to the
charging center= thus reducing the load of the charging center. 5lso= it is not necessary
for SGS# and GGS# to directly connect to the charging center.
2.1.1.+ Re#ote $uthentication Dial ,n (ser Ser)ice Ser)er
During a non<transparent access= the user identity must 2e authenticated. &he related
authentication and authori9ation information are stored on the remote authentication
dial in ser:ice ser:er -R5D*US/ ser:er.&his function entity is not eDclusi:e to the
GPRS.
16
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
2.1.1.- Do#ain Na#e Syste#
&$o types of domain name systems -D#Ss/ are a:aila2le on the GPRS net$ork. @ne is
the D#S 2et$een GGS# and eDternal net$orks= mainly for resol:ing the domain
names of the eDternal net$orks. *ts function is eAui:alent to a common D#S on the
fiDed *nternet. &he other is the D#S on GPRS 2ack2one net$ork. *ts functions are as
follo$s0
Resol:ing the *P address of the GGS# according to the access point name
-5P#/ determined during PDP conteDt acti:ation.
Resol:ing the *P address of the old SGS# according to the old routing area
num2er during routing area update among SGS#s
&his function entity is not eDclusi:e to the GPRS.
2.1.1.. /or*er Gateay
&he 2order gate$ay -1G/ is in fact a router. *t implements the routing function of
SGS#s and GGS#s on different GPRS net$orks and security management. &his
function entity is not eDclusi:e to the GPRS.
2.1.2 &ain Netor! ,nterfaces
ig 2.1 <12 sho$s the main interfaces of the GPRS net$ork.
ig 2.1<12 GPRS #et$ork *nterfaces
17
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
2.1.2.1 (# ,nterface
&he Um interface is the interface 2et$een the GPRS )S and the GPRS net$ork.
&hrough this interface= )S communicate $ith GPRS net$ork. *t supports the functions
such as packet data transferring= mo2ility management= session management= and radio
resource management.
2.1.2.2 G0 ,nterface
&he G2 interface is the interface 2et$een the SGS# and the 1SS -*n .ua$ei GPRS
system= this interface is 2et$een SGS# and P,U/. &hrough this interface= the SGS#
communicates $ith the 1SS and )Ss and performs the functions such as data transfer=
mo2ility management and session management. &he G2 interface is mandatory for
GPRS net$orking. &he current GPRS standard protocol stipulates that the G2 interface
use frame relay as the 2ottom layer transmission protocol and SGS# can communicate
$ith 1SS through frame relay net$ork or point<to<point frame relay.
2.1.2.3 Gi ,nterface
&he Gi interface is the interface 2et$een the GPRS and an eDternal packet data
net$ork. &hrough the Gi interface= the GPRS interconnects $ith :arious pu2lic packet
net$orks such as *nternet and *SD#. @perations implemented on the Gi interface
include protocol encapsulation/decapsulation= address con:ersion -for eDample= form
the *P address of a pri:ate net$ork into the *P address of a pu2lic net$ork/= user access
authentication and authori9ation.
2.1.2.4 Gn ,nterface
&he Gn interface is the interface 2et$een GPRS ser:ice supporting nodes= i.e. the
interface 2et$een SGS#s and 2et$een SGS# and GGS# $ithin the same P()#. *t
implements communications 2y 2earing the GPRS &unnel Protocol -G&P/ on the
&,P/UDP protocol.
2.1.2." Gs ,nterface
&he Gs interface is the interface 2et$een the SGS# and the )S,/G(R. *t uses the
1SS5P; protocol 2orne on SS'. &hrough the Gs interface= the SGS# cooperates $ith
the )S, to implement )S mo2ility management= such as Hoint 5ttach/Detach and Hoint
routing area/location area update. 5lso= the SGS# needs to recei:e ,S paging
information from the )S, and sends to )Ss through the P,U. *f the Gs interface is
not pro:ided= paging coordination $ill fail. &his is disad:antageous for impro:ing
system put<through rate and radio resource usage. 5lso= system signaling load cannot
18
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
2e reduced due to the failure of Hoint location area/routing area update.
2.1.2.+ Gr ,nterface
&he Gr interface is the interface 2et$een the SGS# and the .(R. *t uses the )5P;
protocol 2orne on SS'. &hrough the Gr interface= the SGS# o2tains )S data from the
.(R. &he .(R stores GPRS user data and routing information. 8hen routing area is
updated among SGS#s= the SGS# updates the related location information on the
.(R. 8hen data is changed on the .(R= the .(R informs the SGS# to handle
accordingly.
2.1.2.- G* ,nterface
&he Gd interface is the interface 2et$een the SGS# and S)S<G)S, and S)S<
*8)S,. &hrough the Gd interface= the SGS# can recei:e short messages and
for$ards them the )S= SGS#= S)SFG)S,= and S),F*8)S,. &his interface helps
short message centers -S),s/ cooperate in pro:iding short message ser:ices -S)Ss/
of the GPRS. *f the Gd interface is not pro:ided= a class , )S fails to recei:e and send
short messages $hen it is attached to the GPRS net$ork. *n addition= $ith the increase
of S)S traffic= the use of the Gd interface can reduce the occupation of the SD,,.
and thus mitigate the impact on ,S :oice ser:ice.
2.1.2.. Gp ,nterface
&he Gp interface is the interface 2et$een GPRS net$orks. *t is used 2et$een SGS#s in
different P()#s. *t adopts the same protocol $ith the Gn interface eDcept that 1order
Gate$ay -1G/ and fire$all are added. &he 1G pro:ides the 2order gate$ay routing
protocol to implement the communication 2et$een GPRS support nodes in different
P()#s.
2.1.2.1 Gc ,nterface
&he Gc interface is the interface 2et$een the GGS# and the .(R. 8hen the net$ork
side acti:ely initiates a ser:ice reAuest to a mo2ile phone= the GGS# reAuests the .(R
for the SGS# address information of the user through *)S*. &his interface is scarcely
used= for the net$ork side seldom acti:ely sends ser:ice reAuests to mo2ile phones.
*f the Gc interface does not eDist= its function can 2e implemented through the SGS#
$ith SS'<related interfaces $ithin the same P()#. &his ena2les GGS# and .(R to
interact signaling information through G&P to )5P protocol con:ersion. .
19
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
2.1.2.12 Gf ,nterface
&he Gf interface is the interface 2et$een the SGS# and the E*R.
20
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
3 GPRS Fra#e Structure an* Ra*io
Channels
3.1 Ra*io Fra#e Structure
GPRS introduces %2 &D)5 multiframe structure. (ogical channels on packet data
channels -PD,.s/ mapping is 2ased on %2 &D)5 multiframe structure.
ig !.1 <1! sho$s %2 &D)5 multiframe structure.
B
4
B
/
B
,
B
0
& &
B
5
)
B
-
B
6
B
7
B8 B9 B/4 B// )
-,3ultifrae
B43B//:BL;C< &: Frae use" for P&CC! ): )"le frae
ig !.1<1! %2<)ultiframe Structure
PD,. multiframe contains 12 2locks -each 2lock is consists of " consecuti:e &D)5
frames/= 2 idle frames= and 2 &D)5 frames used for Packet &iming ad:anced ,ontrol
,hannel -P&,,./. &here are %2 &D)5 frames all together.
*n GPRS= eDcept packet random access channel -PR5,./ and P&,,./U= 2asic unit of
other packet logical channels is a 2lock.
*n a %2<multiframe= seAuence of 12 2locks is 1+= 16= 1!= 14= 11= 1'= 1"= 11+= 12= 1B=
1%= 111.
3.2 Physical Channel
GPRS inherits GS)?s freAuency 2and use mode and $ireless transmission mode.
reAuency 2and refers to &D)5 under D)5= and 8ireless transmission refers to
2asic transmission unit on radio path= $hich is the 2urst pulse lasting for 1%/26 ms
-eAui:alent to a2out 1%6.2% modulation 2its/.
GPRS system di:ides a carrier into eight timeslots as in GS)= $hich constitute eight
2asic time di:ision channels. &herefore= a physical channel can 2e uniAuely determined
21
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
2y a &D)5 frame seAuence= a timeslot #o. -module B/= and a definite hopping
seAuence. 1ecause GPRS is designed to coeDist $ith GS) :oice transmission= some
physical channels in a GS) cell supporting GPRS may transfer :oice= and other
physical channels may transfer GPRS packet data. *n addition= some GPRS signaling
flo$s= such as packet system message 2roadcasting= packet access and resource
allocation= are conducted on ,S channels.
3.3 %ogical Channel
5ll packet logical channels are mapped to a dedicated packet data channel -PD,./.
Packet logical channels can 2e di:ided into the categories sho$n in &a2le !.! <2.
&a2le !.!<2 Specific ,oding Process of the our ,hannel ,oding )odes
Packet common control channel
-P,,,./
Packet Random 5ccess ,hannel -PR5,.= uplink/
Packet Paging ,hannel -PP,.= do$nlink/
Packet 5ccess Grant ,hannel -P5G,.= do$nlink/
Packet #otice ,hannel -P#,.= do$nlink/
Packet 2roadcast control channel
-P1,,.= do$nlink/
Packet transport channel
Packet Data &ransport ,hannel -PD&,.0 PD&,./U and
PD&,./D/
Packet dedicated control channel
Packet 5ssociated ,ontrol ,hannel -P5,,./
Packet &iming ad:ance ,ontrol Uplink ,hannel -P&,,./U/
Packet &iming ad:ance ,ontrol Do$nlink ,hannel -P&,,./D/
3.3.1 Pac!et Co##on Control Channel 3PCCC4s56
PR5,.0 *t deli:ers packet access 2urst pulse and eDtended access 2urst pulse.
)S sends data or paging response to 1SS through PR5,..
PP,.0 *t sends paging messages for ,S ser:ices and GPRS ser:ices. ,S paging
ser:ices is applica2le to type<5 and type<1 )Ss. PP,. also uses paging group
and can support DRE
P5G,.0 1efore )S sends packets= P5G,. allocates one or se:eral PD&,.s to
)S for packet transmission. *f )S is transmitting packets= the resources
allocated can 2e transferred in P5,,..
P#,.0 *t notifies )S of P&)<) call. DRE mode must 2e configured to
monitor P#,..
22
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
3.3.2 Pac!et /roa*cast Control Channel 3P/CC456
P1,,. 2roadcasts packet data system messages. Parameters carried in these messages
determine channels mapping on multiframes. *f no P1,,. is allocated= 1,,. can
transfer these messages. 1,,. $ill gi:e definite indication= sho$ing $hether the cell
supports packet data ser:ice. *f cell supports packet data ser:ice= and P1,,. is
assigned= the P1,,. com2ination configuration information is sent.
3.3.3 Pac!et transport channel6
PD&,. 2ears su2scri2er data in packet s$itching mode. *t is allocated temporarily to
a specific )S or a group of )Ss -under the P&)<) mode/. Under multi<slot mode=
)S can use se:eral PD&,.s concurrently. 1ecause different logical channels can 2e
multipleDed on a physical channel= a PD&,. can 2ear + to 21." k2ps pure data rate
-including R(, header/. Different from ,S ser:ice= all PD&,.s are unidirectional. )S
uses PD&,./U to send packet data to the net$ork and uses PD&,./D to recei:e
packet data from net$ork.
3.3.4 Pac!et *e*icate* control channel6
P5,,.0 *t transmits signaling information= such as ackno$ledge message and
po$er control message. *n addition= it also carries resources allocation and re<
allocation information= $hich is used for allocating PD&,. capacity or adding
P5,,. in future. )S transmitting packets are a2le to enter circuit s$itching
mode through P5,,. paging. 5,,. is dynamically allocated to physical
channel $ith PD&,.. *t is a 2i<directional channel.
P&,,./U0 *t transmits random access 2urst and estimates time ad:ance of )S
in packet transmission mode.
P&,,./D0 *t amends the time ad:ance of se:eral )Ss. 5 P&,,./D
corresponds to se:eral P&,,./Us.
3.4 Channel Co#0ination
&hree ne$ logical channel com2inations in GPRS are0
P1,,. ; P,,,. ; PD&,. ; P5,,. ; P&,,.
P,,,. ; PD&,. ; P5,,. ; P&,,.
PD&,. ; P5,,. ; P&,,.
23
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
.ere= P,,,. I PP,. ; PR5,. ; P5G,. ; P#,.
Different logical channels may appear on the same PD,.. PD,. is shared 2y 2lock.
*n other $ords= type of logical channel= to $hich each 2lock 2elongs= on a PD,. may
change one 2y one. )essage type *D contained in the head of each 2lock identifies
channel type -eDcept for the PR5,./.
3." &apping 0eteen %ogical Channels an* Physical Channels
3.".1 (plin! Channel &apping6
PD&,./U and P5,,./U mapping0
or each PD,. allocated to )S= )S $ill 2e allocated $ith an Uplink State lag
-US/. #et$ork uses US to control the different )Ss radio 2lock multipleDing
in uplink PD,.. US control?s the timeslot usage. *t is used in dynamic and
eDtended dynamic medium access modes. Three<2it US is located in header of
each do$nlink radio 2lock= and can form eight states for uplink transmission
multipleDing. *n P,,,.= one US :alue marks the PR5,. -US I idle/= and
other :alues are reser:ed for se:en different )Ss -US I R1/R2 J R'/. 8hen
a PD,. is not the P,,,.= the eight US :alues are all used to reser:e uplinks
for eight different )Ss. 8hen an )S $ithout US is using the uplink= a US
:alue can pre:ent conflict of uplink channels. US is directed to the neDt uplink
radio 2lock.
8hen an )S finds its o$n US in header of a 1E -1D I 1+111/ do$nlink
2lock of a PD,.= )S can use 1E;1 -E!I 11/ or 1+ -$hen EI11/ uplink 2locks
on this PD,.. *f the net$ork permits= )S can also use three consecuti:e 2locks
-four 2locks in total/.
P5,,./U corresponding to PD&,./D can 2e determined 2y the net$ork in
polling mode.
P&,,./U mapping0
8hen an )S is allocated a PD&,. from a PD,.= P&,,./U must also 2e allocated
from that PD,.. &he cycle of P&,,./U is eight %2<multiframes= including 16
P&,,./Us -+ to 1%/. P&,,./U su2<channel #o. of each )S is determined 2y the
time ad:ance indeD -&5*/ o2tained 2y the )S in resource allocation. See ig 2.%<1.
24
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
B4=B//>Ra"io #loc$s
)"le fraes are nu#ere" fro / to 0/ ?o"" nu#ers@
P&CC! fraes are nu#ere" fro 4 to 04 ?eAen nu#ers@
-,3ultifrae nu#er n17:
u(lin$
&')>/5
&')>/-
"ownlin$
&'3essage 5 &'3essage
5
B4 B/ B, B0 B5 B- B6 B7 B8 B9 B/4 B// 0/ 04 ,9 ,8
B4 B/ B, ,5 B0 B5 B- ,- B6 B7 B8 ,6 B9 B/4 B// ,7
-,3ultifrae nu#er n16:
u(lin$
&')>/,
&')>/0
"ownlin$
&'3essage 5 &'3essage
5
B4 B/ B, ,4 B0 B5 B- ,/ B6 B7 B8 ,, B9 B/4 B// ,0
-,3ultifrae nu#er n1-:
u(lin$
&')>/4
&')>//
"ownlin$
&'3essage 0 &'3essage
0
B4 B/ B, /6 B0 B5 B- /7 B6 B7 /8 B9 B/4 B// /9
-,3ultifrae nu#er n15:
u(lin$
&')>8
&')>9
"ownlin$
&'3essage 0 &'3essage
0
B8
"ownlin$
&'3essage / &'3essage
/
B4 B/ B, 4 B0 B5 B- / B6 B7 B8 , B9 B/4 B// 0
-,3ultifrae nu#er n:
u(lin$
&')>4
&')>/
B4 B/ B, 5 B0 B5 B- - B6 B7 B8 6 B9 B/4 B// 7
-,3ultifrae nu#er n1/:
u(lin$
&')>,
&')>0
"ownlin$
&'3essage / &'3essage
/
-,3ultifrae nu#er n1,:
u(lin$
&')>5
&')>-
"ownlin$
&'3essage , &'3essage
,
B/ B4 B, 8 B0 B5 B6 9 B- B7 B8 /4 B9 B/4 B// //
B4 B/ B, /, B0 B5 B- /0 B6 B7 B8 /5 B9 B/4 B// /-
-,3ultifrae nu#er n10:
u(lin$
&')>6
&')>7
"ownlin$
&'3essage , &'3essage
,
ig !.%<1" )apping of P&,,. on Physical ,hannel
Uplink P,,,./PR5,. mapping0
5s descri2ed a2o:e= on PD,. $ith P,,,.= if US is idle= corresponding
do$nlink 2lock is PR5,.. PR5,. can 2e mapped in a fiDed manner. #um2er
of PR5,. 2locks fiDedly allocated on a P,,,. is determined 2y the system
2roadcast parameter 1SFPR5,.F1(7S. *ts relationship $ith specific 2locks is
determined 2y the 2lock seAuence descri2ed a2o:e.
25
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
3.".2 Donlin! Channel &apping6
PD&,./D and P5,,./D mapping0
)S interprets e:ery do$nlink 2lock on the allocated PD,. and determines
$hether the 2lock is its PD&,./D and P5,,./D according to &*.
&1 is a physical connection used 2y t$o RR entities to transmit ((, PDU in a
unidirectional manner on packet data radio channel. &his parameter is used in
((, frame transmission seAuence of the same timeslot in same cell to replace
)S identification in R(,/)5, layer. *t is radio resource assigned to one or
multiple PD,.s. *t transmits R(,/)5, 2locks carrying one or multiple ((,
PDUs. &he &1 is temporary and only kept in data transmission -the &1 is
kept until there is no R(,/)5, 2lock to transmit= or all the R(,/)5, 2locks
are recei:ed successfully 2y the recei:er under the R(, ackno$ledgement
mode/.
or each &1= net$ork allocates a &*. or concurrent &1s in each direction=
&* allocated is uniAue. *t is used to replace )S identifier in R(,/)5, layer.
&he same &* can 2e used in different directions. &* is assigned in the resource
allocation message 2efore transmission of ((, frame.
R(,/)5, 2lock related to a specific &1 must contain a &*. or a R(, data
2lock= the &1 is Hointly identified 2y the &* and the transmission direction of
the data 2lock. or a R(,/)5, control message= there are transmission
direction and message type in addition to the &*. *f the header of a do$nlink
control 2lock contains a &*= the &* identifies to $hich )S the control message
is sentK other$ise= all )Ss $ill recei:e this message. *f the &* in the header is
inconsistent $ith that in the message= the )S accepts the &* in the header.
P1,,. mapping and packet system message transmission0
*n a cell= P1,,. is mapped to one PD,. only. Specific location is 2roadcast
2y 1,,.. *n a %2<multiframe= P1,,. is mapped to 1SFP1,,.F1(7S
-$here 1SFP1,,.F1(7SL"/ 2locks. Specific 2locks are determined 2y the
2lock seAuence descri2ed a2o:e.
*n packet idle mode= )S listens to system messages on 1,,. and learns
$hether the cell supports GPRS and $hether P1,,. is configured from S*!=
S*"= S*' and S*B. *f there is a P1,,.= )S lea:es 1,,. to listen system
messages PS*s 1 M ! or other PS* on P1,,.. 1S, determines time and type
26
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
of messages to 2e sent.
System parameter PS*1FREPE5&FPER*@D determines the position $here PS*1
is sent. *n addition= eDcept PS* 1= other PS*s are di:ided into t$o groups. @ne
group is sent at a high repetition rate= $hile the other is sent at a lo$ repetition
rate. Parameter PS*F,@U#&F.R indicates the num2er of PS*s sent at a high
repetition rate= and PS*F,@U#&F(R indicates the num2er of PS*s sent at a lo$
repetition rate.
System sends PS*s according to the follo$ing rules0
PS* 1 is sent on 1(@,7 1+ $hen &, is +. -&, I -# D*G %2/ mod
PS*1FREPE5&FPER*@D/.
8hen 1SFP1,,.F1(7S is higher than 1= PS* 1 is also sent on 1(@,7 16
$ith &, of +.
PS*s in the group sent at a high freAuency are sent in seAuence determined 2y
net$ork. &he seAuence starts $hen &, is +K that is= sending cycle of PS*s in this
group is PS*1FREPE5&FPER*@DN%2 frame. 8hen PS*s in this group are sent=
P1,,. 1(@,7s= $hich are not occupied 2y PS*s= $ill 2e used.
PS*s sent in the group sent at a lo$ freAuency are sent in the seAuence
determined 2y the net$ork= and sent repeatedly. 8hen the PS*s in this group are
sent= the P1,,. 1(@,7s= $hich are not occupied 2y PS*s= $ill 2e used.
Do$nlink P,,,. mapping
Do$nlink P,,,. mapping on a PD,. can 2e descri2ed 2y the follo$ing four
rules0
1SFP1,,.F1(7S 2locks are used in the P1,,. if PD,. has a P1,,..
1SFP5GF1(7SFRES 2locks cannot 2e used in the PP,. in the remaining
2locks. &hey can 2e used in the P5G,.= P#,.= PD&,. and P5,,. only.
&he remaining 2locks can 2e used in the PP,.= P5G,.= P#,.= PD&,. and
P5,,..
8hen P1,,. is on timeslot k= the P,,,. can 2e located on timeslot n only=
and n must 2e greater than k<" and smaller than or eAual to ' -k<" < n '/.
or eDample= for a PD,. $ith 2oth P1,,. and P,,,.= $hen
1SFP1,,.F1(7S is 2 and 1SFP5GF1(7SFRES is %= the follo$ing can 2e
27
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
kno$n according to the 2lock seAuence -1+= 16= 1!= 14= 11= 1'= 1"= 11+= 12=
1B= 1%= and 111/0
P1,,.s are located on 1+ and 16.
PP,. can 2e located on 11+= 12= 1B= 1%= and 111 only.
P5G,.= P#,.= PD&,.= and P5,,. can 2e located on 1!= 14= 11= 1'= 1"=
11+= 12= 1B= 1%= and 111.
28
4 GPRS 7ey Technologies
4.1 8oS ,#ple#entation
GPRS pro:ides su2scri2ers fi:e negotia2le 3oS attri2utes0
Peak throughput class
)ean throughput class
Relia2ility class
Delay class
Precedence class
Each attri2ute consists of multiple le:el options= and com2ination of attri2utes of
different le:els constitutes the support of :arious applications reAuiring different 3oS.
GPRS standard defines many 3oS com2inations. GPRS only supports some 3oS
configuration currently.
GPRS 3oS profile is 2ased on each Packet Data Protocol -PDP/ conteDt. &reats as a
single parameter 3oS profile features multiple data transfer attri2utes.
During the negotiation of 3oS profile= )S can apply a :alue for each 3oS attri2ute=
including the default :alue of the su2scri2er profile sa:ed in .(R. #et$ork also
negotiates a le:el for each attri2ute to match the :alid GPRS resources= thus= proper
resources can 2e pro:ided to support 3oS profile negotiated.
4.2 &e*ia $ccess Control 3&$C5 %ayer
)5, layer ena2le se:eral )Ss to share the same transmission media and connect $ith
physical layer directly.
@n the uplink -for eDample= an )S starts to access net$ork/= $hen se:eral )Ss apply
for access at the same time= limited physical resource need 2e managed properly.
Reser:ation protocol of the contention mechanism 2et$een different )Ss is 2ased on
time di:ision 5(@.5 protocol. *n addition= 2ecause radio channel resources for an )S
are also limited= some ser:ices are competiti:e. ,oordination function pro:ided 2y
)5, layer can sol:e the pro2lems caused 2y competition.
29
@n the do$nlink -for eDample= the )S/= )5, layer has the access reAuests Aueue and
makes an access time ta2le. or do$nlink= contention mechanism is unnecessary
2ecause there is only one transmit end in do$nlink direction.
)5, layer assigns data to 2e sent $ith different priority and transmits data according
to priority. Signaling data has higher priority than su2scri2er data. 5fter com2ined=
signaling and su2scri2er data are sent through transmission media. )5, layer ena2les
se:eral )Ss to share same transmission medium. &ransmission medium can 2e a
physical channel or se:eral physical channels. *n &D)5= physical channels are &D)5
timeslots.
8hen se:eral physical channels ser:e as transmission media= )S sends data
concurrently. *t can increase the data transmission capacity 2et$een )S and net$ork.
See the eDample as sho$n 2elo$ in ig ".2 <1%.
/ , 0 5 - 6 7 8 / , 0 5 - 6 7 5 - 6 7
Frae
&ransission
e"iu
Physical
channel
&ie
MS '
MS B
ig ".2<1% )5, (ayer &ransmission
&$o mo2ile su2scri2ers are transmitting data. &imeslots % and 6 are used as common
transmission media. )5, layer at net$ork side makes transmission time ta2le for
)Ss. &hus= su2scri2er 5 can send data on a &D)5 frame= and su2scri2er 1 can send
data on the neDt &D)5 frame. &his standard ena2les the net$ork to arrange eight )Ss
to share a transmission medium at the same time.
4.2.1 Ra*io /loc! Structure
GPRS radio 2lock consists of )5, header and R(, data 2lock or R(, control 2lock.
GPRS assigns different types of R(,/)5, 2lock structures to transfer data and
control information= as sho$n in ig ".2 <16.
30
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
PL - P.U
M'C hea"er RLC hea"er RLC "ata unit )"le
RLC "ata #loc$
M'C hea"er RLC/M'C control essage
RLC/M'C control #loc$
ig ".2<16 Radio 1lock Structure
R(,/)5, 2lock that transfers data contains )5, header and R(, data 2lock.
R(, data 2lock contains an R(, header= an R(, data unit= and a reser:ed part -in
current technical specifications= that part is set to + at the transmit end and neglected at
the recei:e end/. R(, data unit contains one or se:eral ((, PDUs. R(,/)5, 2lock
containing R(, data 2lock can 2e coded using channel coding schemes ,S1= ,S2=
,S!= and ,S". 8hen ,S1 is adopted= R(,/)5, 2lock does not contain the reser:ed
part.
R(,/)5, control 2lock is composed of the control message content field and control
header= $hich is optional in do$nlink. R(,/)5, control message is transferred in
R(,/)5, control 2lock. R(,/)5, control 2lock must use ,S1.
Reduced 1lock Serial #um2er -R1S#/
)ade up of one 2it= R1S# carries do$nlink R(,/)5, control 2lock serial
num2er.
Radio &ransaction *dentifier -R&*/ domain
)ade up of fi:e 2its= R&* groups and do$nlink R(,/)5, control 2locks. &he
:alue range is + to !1. &hese control 2locks form a complete R(,/)5, control
message.
inal Segment -S/
)ade up of one 2it= S indicates $hether the do$nlink R(,/)5, control 2lock
contains a final segment of a R(,/)5, control message. *f S is += the
do$nlink R(,/)5, does not contain final segment of a R(,/)5, control
message. *f it is 1= do$nlink R(,/)5, contains the final segment.
5ddress ,ontrol -5,/
31
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
)ade up of one 2it= 5, indicates $hether the header of the do$nlink
R(,/)5, control 2lock contains optional &*/D field. >+? indicates &*/D field
is contained= and >1? not.
Direction -D/ 2it
)ade up of one 2it= D 2it indicates &1 direction. &1 is identified 2y &* field
in do$nlink R(,/)5, control header. *f D 2it is += &1 identified 2y &* is
uplink. *f it is 1= &1 is do$nlink.
4.2.2 Channel Co*ing
GPRS defines four coding modes on PD&,.0 ,S<1 to ,S<". EDcept for PR5,. and
P&,,./U= other packet control channels adopt ,S<1. or packet access pulse on
PR5,. and P&,,./U= there are B<2it and 11<2it coding modes.
ig ".2 <1' and ig ".2 <1B sho$ coding procedure of four different coding modes.
USF BCS
Ra"io #loc$
rate //, conAolutional
co"ing
(uncturing
5-6#its
ig ".2<1' ,S<1 to ,S<! ,oding Procedure
USF BCS
#loc$
co"e
Ra"io #loc$
no co"ing
5-6#its
ig ".2<1B ,S<" ,oding Procedure
32
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
,oding procedure is as follo$s0
1. 5dd a 1lock ,heck SeAuence -1,S/ to the end of the radio 2lock for error
detection.
2. Perform pre<coding of US -for ,S<1= ,S<2= and ,S<! only/= add four tail 2its=
and perform half<rate con:olutional coding for error correction.
!. Punch to o2tain desired coding rate.
Error<correction coding is not performed in ,S<".
&a2le ".2 <! descri2es the specific coding process of the four channel coding modes.
&a2le ".2<! Specific ,oding Process of the our ,hannel ,oding )odes
Procedure
&ype
,S1 ,S2 ,S! ,S"
(ength of data
source
1B" 2its 2'1 2its !1% 2its "1! 2its
Packet coding
-1/ ire coding. &he
multinomial generated
is0
-D
2!
;1/-D
1'
;D
!
;1/.
&he 1,S added is "+
2its.
-2/ 5dd four tail 2its.
&he coding data
length is 22B 2its.
-1/ Packet coding. &he
multinomial generated
is0
D
16
;D
12
;D
%
;1. &he
added 1,S is 16 2its.
-2/ US preprocessing.
See &a2le ".2 <".
-!/ 5dd four tail 2its.
&he coding data length
is 24" 2its.
-1/ Packet coding. &he
multinomial generated
is0
D
16
;D
12
;D
%
;1.
-2/ &he US
preprocessing is the
same as ,S2.
-!/ 5dd tail 2its. &he
coding data length is
!!B 2its.
-1/ Packet coding. &he
multinomial generated
is0
D
16
;D
12
;D
%
;1.
-2/ US preprocessing.
See &a2le ".2 <%.
-!/ 5dd tail 2its. &he
coding data length is
"%6 2its.
,on:olutional
coding
-1/ ,on:olutional
coding $ith a 1/2 code
rate. &he multinomial
generated is0
G+I1;D
!
;D
"
=G1I1;
D;D
!
;D
"
-2/ #o punching.
-1/ ,on:olutional
coding $ith a 1/2 code
rate. &he multinomial
generated is0
G+I1;D
!
;D
"
=G1I1;D
;D
!
;D
"
-2/ Reduce 1!2 2its 2y
punching. &he position
of punching0
, -!;"Dk/= kI!= J= 1"6
and k4= 21= !!= "%= %'=
64= B1= 4!= 1+%= 11'=
124= 1"1
-1/ ,on:olutional
coding $ith a 1/2 code
rate. &he multinomial
generated is0
G+I1;D
!
;D
"
=G1I1;D
;D
!
;D
"

-2/ Position of
punching0
,-!;6 D k/ and
, -%;6Dk/ kI2= != J=
111
#one
33
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
&a2le ".2 <" sho$s the difference 2et$een the four coding modes.
&a2le ".2<" GPRS ,hannel ,oding
,oding Scheme ,ode Rate
Si9e of R(,/)5, Data
1lock -2ytes/
)aDimum &hroughput of
R(,/)5, -k2ps/
,S<1 1/2 2+ B
,S<2 2/! !+ 12
,S<! !/" !6 1"."
,S<" 1 %+ 2+
,S1 has po$erful error correction capa2ility and tolerates a certain 2it error ratio.
&herefore= it has lo$ reAuirements for $ireless en:ironment. .o$e:er= its throughput
is smallest. .igher le:el of a coding scheme -,S" is of highest le:el/= has an error
correction capa2ility and higher throughput.
&a2le ".2 <% descri2es coding and :arious packet logical channels interlea:ing
procedure.
&a2le ".2<% Packet (ogical ,hannel ,oding and *nterlea:ing
,hannel
&ype
*nput
Rate
-k2it/s/
*nput ,ode
1lock -2its/
,ode
@utput
,ode
1lock
-2its/
*nterlea:ing
Depth ,heck 1it
US
Precod
ing
&ail
1it
,on:olutio
nal
,ode Rate
PD&,.
-,S1/
1B"
Packet
coding= "+
" 1/2 "%6
@n four #1
2ursts
PD&,.
-,S2/
2'1
Packet
coding= 16
5ddin
g three
2its
" 1/2 "%6
@n four #1
2ursts
P5R,.
P&,,./D
B Parity 6 " 1/2 !6
,om2ine on
one 51 2urst
11 Parity 6 "
1/2=
perforate
reduction
code 6 2its
!6
,om2ine on
one 51 2urst
P&,,./U 1B" Packet= "+ " 1/2 "%6
@n four
inconsecuti:e
2ursts
PP,.= 1B" Packet " 1/2 "%6 @n four
34
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
,hannel
&ype
*nput
Rate
-k2it/s/
*nput ,ode
1lock -2its/
,ode
@utput
,ode
1lock
-2its/
*nterlea:ing
Depth ,heck 1it
US
Precod
ing
&ail
1it
,on:olutio
nal
,ode Rate
P5G,.=
P#,.=
P1,,.=
P5,,.
coding= "+
consecuti:e
2ursts
4.2.3 Flo Control
*t controls the 3oS delay Aueue load 2et$een SGS# and 1SS to optimi9e the use of
2uffer area.
1SSGP layer P,U manages t$o 2uffers $hich are )S 2uffer and 1SSGP Girtual
,onnection -1G,/ 2uffer. 8hen P,U recei:es a ((, packet= its 1SSGP protocol layer
identifies it according to &((* and places it into )S 2uffer. &hen= 1SSGP protocol
layer uses 1G,* as identifier and places all related information into the 2uffer for that
1G,.
See ig ".2 <14.
LLC
BSSGP
%S2) ,
%S2) /
&LL)
Su#scri#er "ata
MS #uffer
BVC #uffer
&LL) BVC)
%S2)
BVC) >/
BVC)>, BVC)>/
ig ".2<14 1SSGP (ayer 1uffer
SGS# can perform flo$ control on specific )S and cell. P,U sends SGS# a lo$
,ontrol 1G,/)S message containing flo$ control parameter. &hus= SGS# kno$s ho$
to control throughput to P,U and adHusts 1SSGP U#*&D5&5 PDU flo$ cached from
35
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
SGS# to P,U. *n addition= to optimi9e 1SSGP U#*&D5&5 PDU cached at P,U= if
the life period of the 1SSGP U#*&5D5&5 PDU at the P,U eDpires= and the 1SSGP
U#*&5D5&5 PDU is not sent out through the radio interface= the P,U $ill delete it
locally and send a PDU -((,<D*S,5RDED PDU/ message to the SGS#.
4.2.4 Cell Selection an* Reselection
GPRS ,ell selection and reselection are independent from GS). GPRS system has no
hando:er concept. GPRS )Ss perform cell reselection no matter $hether they are
under packet transmission mode or packet idle mode.
*f )S ser:ice area has no P1,,.= )S $ill listen to system message 2roadcast 2y
1,,. and performs cell reselection according to ,1 and ,2 rules under the idle mode
of circuit s$itching.
4.2.4.1 Cell Selection
8hen an )S is po$ered on or mo:es from dead 9one to co:erage= it searches all
freAuencies permitted 2y P()# and selects the 2est cell to stay. &his process is called
cell selection.
GPRS cell selection algorithm is same as that of GS). 1efore GPRS dedicated
channel is assigned= GPRS )S uses GS) signaling resources.
*n cell selection process= )S searches 12" R channels -Dual<2and )S $ill search !'"
GS)1B++ R channels/= reads strength of signal recei:ed on each R channel= and
calculates a:erage le:el. 8hole measurement process lasts three to fi:e seconds.
During this period= at least fi:e measurement samples are eDtracted from different R
channels.
&hen= )S tunes to carrier $ith maDimum incoming le:el and Hudges $hether that
harmonic $a:e is a 1,,. carrier -2y searching ,,. 2urst pulse/. *f yes= )S tries to
decode S,. to synchroni9e $ith that carrier and read system message 2roadcast on
1,,.. *f )S decodes 1,,. data correctly= and :erifies that cell 2elongs to P()#
selected= parameter ,1 is greater than += and cell is not prohi2ited from accessing= )S
can select that cell. @ther$ise= )S tunes to neDt most signification carrier till it finds
the cell a:aila2le.
*f )S finds a cell a:aila2le it listens to system messages type 1 to type " and S*1! -in
case of GPRS cell/ on 1,,. of that cell= and decodes all information. 5fter that= )S
stays in that cell.
36
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
4.2.4.2 Cell Reselection
GPRS net$ork or )S control ,ell reselection process. *n net$ork controlled cell
reselection process utili9es cell load= status= le:el and other information in optimi9ed
manner.
#et$ork<controlled cell reselection module consists of t$o layers0 1RP decides to
perform cell<reselection according to certain criteria. 1RP informs Pn of decision
parameters related to ser:ice cell C each candidate cell in cell reselection reAuest
message. @n recei:ing cell reselection reAuest= Pn selects target cell C notifies 1RP
considering resource and ser:ice load status of each adHacent cell. inally= 1RP sends
cell reselection command to )S to complete entire cell reselection process.
@ther modules such as Po$er control module on po$er control failure can reAuest cell
reselection using net$ork<controlled cell reselection module.
ig ".2 <2+ sho$s net$ork<controlled cell reselection process.
SaAe easureent re(ort
Perfor weighte" aAerage of
easureent re(ort
Ma$e (re"ecision of cell
reselection
Ma$e cell reselection "ecision
Sen" cell reselection
coan"
ig ".2<2+ #et$ork<,ontrolled ,ell Reselection Process
Sa:e measurement report
ind the instance according to &((* carried in the packet measurement report=
and respecti:ely store the le:el :alue of the ser:ice cell and adHacent cell in the
37
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
instance data area. &he measurement reports of at most eight adHacent cells are
stored in the instance.
Perform $eighted a:erage of measurement report
&o a:oid freAuent cell reselection= the cell re<reselection module makes cell re<
selection pre<decision after performing $eighted a:erage of the measurement
reports su2mitted recently. Since the su2mitting period of the packet
measurement report is relati:ely long and unsta2le= different $eighted :alues are
employed for the measurement reports su2mitted in different time. &he le:el
$eighted a:erage :alues of the ser:ice cell and adHacent cell are calculated
respecti:ely.
)ake pre<decision of cell reselection
&he net$ork<controlled cell reselection pre<decision algorithm uses three
parameters0 path loss parameter ,1= hierarchical cell structure signal le:el
threshold criteria parameter ,!1= and cell seAuencing criteria parameter ,!2.
&he cell reselection is triggered $hen ,1 is smaller than +. Pn of ,!1 and ,!2
of these adHacent cells in the cell reselection reAuest message.
Pre<decision algorithm is as follo$s0
Ser:ice cell ,1L+
*f the estimated :alue of a non<ser:ice cell is 2etter than the ser:ice cell= it is the
optimal cell. &he optimal cell is the cell $ith the highest ,!2 in the follo$ing
cells0
,!1 += the highest (S5 priority is a:aila2le= and PR*@R*&OF,(5SS is the
highest.
*f no cell can satisfy ,!1 += the optimal cell is that $ith the highest ,!2 :alue
among all cells.
&hese t$o algorithms are optional.
)ake cell reselection decision.
5fter recei:ing the cell reselection reAuest message from the 1RP= the Pn makes
the cell reselection decision and selects the target cell. &he Pn Aueries the
resource and ser:ice load statuses of the strongest adHacent cells= respecti:ely
takes different $eighted :alues together $ith the le:el :alues= selects the 2est
38
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
cell= and sends the cell reselection indication to the 1RP. )ean$hile= it sends the
cell reselection indication to the 1RP $here the target cell is located. &hus= after
the cell reselection of the )S= the ne$ cell can perform cell reselection control
o:er it rapidly.
Send cell reselection command.
5fter recei:ing the cell reselection indication= the 1RP sends the cell reselection
command to the )S. Under the packet idle status= if P,,,. is configured= the
cell reselection command is sent to the )S on P,,,.. *f there is no P,,,.= a
do$nlink 2lock is assigned on ,,,. :ia the immediate assignment message.
&he cell reselection command is sent in the do$nlink 2lock assigned. Under the
packet transmission status= the cell reselection command is sent to the )S on
P5,,.. ,!1 and ,!2 are used to select the optimal cell= and the last selection is
not made here in the pre<decision.
39
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
" 'DG' Technology
".1 Definitions
Enhanced Data for GS) E:olution -EDGE/ includes Enhanced General Packet Radio
Ser:ice -EGPRS/ and Enhanced ,ircuit S$itched Data -E,SD/. EDGE is a method
used to impro:e the data transmission rate during GS) radio connection.
Essentially= EDGE is only a ne$ modulating and channel encoding technology= $hich
can 2e used to transmit Packet s$itching -PS/ and ,ircuit S$itching -,S/ data/:oice.
5s an e:ol:ed GPRS<to<U)&S solution= EDGE ena2les the net$ork operator to use
current radio net$ork eAuipments to the maDimum eDtent. *t also pro:ides P,
multimedia communication ser:ices ahead of time 2efore the third generation mo2ile
net$ork 2ecome commerciali9ed.
".2 Features
&he system architecture of EDGE net$ork is similar to that of GS) net$ork. &he
follo$ing lists features of the EDGE technology in the access ser:ice and net$ork
esta2lishment0
1. 5ccess ser:ice
&he 2and$idth is increased greatly. &he peak transmission rate of mo2ile data
ser:ice is up to !B" k2ps.
*t pro:ides more precise net$ork<layer positioning ser:ice.
2. #et$ork esta2lishment
5s a modulating and encoding technology= EDGE changes the transmission rate
at the air interface.
EDGE?s air interface features= including the air channel allocation mode and
&D)5 frame structure= are the same as those of GS).
EDGE does not change the architecture of GS) net$ork or GPRS net$ork= and
does not ha:e ne$ #Es. *t only updates 1SS
&he core net$ork adopts the three<layer model0 ser:ice application layer=
40
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
communication control layer= and communication connection layer. &he
interface 2et$een layers is standard. &he hierarchical architecture makes the call
control and communication connection mutually independent. *t also fully uses
ad:antages of the packet s$itching net$ork= making the 2and$idth allocation
closely related to the traffic. *t especially suits the Go*P ser:ice.
)edia Gate$ay -)G8/ is adopted in EDGE. )G8 has the same functions as
Signaling &ransfer Point -S&P/= and can reali9e the signaling net$ork
esta2lishment in *P net$ork. )oreo:er= )G8 is not only the interface 2et$een
GS) circuit s$itching ser:ice and PS&# 2ut also the interface 2et$een Radio
5ccess #et$ork -R5#/ and !G core net$ork.
EDGE supports t$o data transmission modes0 packet s$itching and circuit
s$itching. 8ith the packet data ser:ice= a rate of 11.2 k2ps P 64.2 k2ps per
timeslot can 2e reali9ed. EDGE supports the circuit s$itching ser:ice $ith a rate
of 2B.B k2ps. EDGE also supports symmetric/asymmetric data transmission=
$hich is :ery important for the mo2ile eAuipment to access net$ork. or
eDample= in EDGE system= the user can ha:e a higher rate in do$nlink than in
uplink.
".3 Specifications
&he EDGE standardi9ation in:ol:es the follo$ing three aspects0
Standardi9es the rele:ant change in physical layer -the definition of modulation
and coding method/
Standardi9es the change in E,SD protocol
Standardi9e the change in EGPRS protocol
&$o Ho2s are done in the a2o:e aspects0
EDGE #SS= $hich is related to the change in net$ork su2system
EDGE 1SS= $hich is related to the change in 2ase station su2system
EDGE is reali9ed in t$o phases0
Phase 10 pro:ides the single/multiple<timeslot packet s$itching ser:ice $ith a
rate of less than 6" k2ps and the single/multiple<timeslot circuit s$itching
ser:ice.
41
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
Phase 20 pro:ides real<time ser:ices not included in phase 1 and adopts the ne$
modulating technology.
&he EDGE standardi9ation= $hich $as initiated 2y E&S*/S)G2= has started from the
feasi2ility research 2y Ericsson and #okia since 144'. &he research $as completed in
144B= and the radio and ser:ice reAuirement for EDGE $as drafted in that research.
*n 2+++= the EDGE standardi9ation $as transferred from E&S* to !GPP. &he $ork of
EDGE phase 1 $as summari9ed in the R44 standard= and the $ork of EDGE phase 2
$as included in the !GPP standard. *n EDGE phase 2= the technology is de:eloped into
satisfying U)&S standard as $ell as pro:iding *P multimedia. !GPP standardi9es
EDGE= $hich is no$ kno$n as GER5#.
".4 7ey Technologies
".4.1 'DG' &o*ulation &o*es
EDGE adopts B<PS7 as its modulation mode. B<PS7 has the same modulation Auality
as G)S7= considering the interference generated from adHacent channels. *t ena2les
EDGE channels to 2e completely integrated in the current freAuency planning= and can
allocate the ne$ EDGE channel as standard GS) channel.
B<PS7 is a linear modulation= in $hich three consecuti:e 2its are mapped to one
sym2ol in the */3 diagram. *ts sym2ol rate= the num2er of sym2ols sent $ithin a certain
period of time= is the same as that of G)S7. 1ut each sym2ol represents three 2its in
BPS7= not one 2it as in G)S7= thus the total data transmission rate triples.
5 certain loss $ill 2e generated 2y B<PS7. *n the */3 diagram= the distance 2et$een
different sym2ols is comparati:ely less. &herefore= it is difficult for the radio recei:er
to detect $hich sym2ol it recei:es. &he pro2lem influences the system performance
only in ad:erse radio en:ironment. Such QredundantR 2its can 2e used to add more
error correcting code to resume the correct information. @nly in :ery ad:erse radio
en:ironment is the G)S7 modulation efficiency higher.
ig %." <21 sho$s the G)S7 modulation mode and B<PS7 modulation mode.
42
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
ig %."<21 8-PS7 )odulation )ode
,ompared $ith G)S7= B<PS7 has the same sym2ol rate= 2ut the 2it rate triples= as
sho$n in &a2le %." <6.
&a2le %."<6 G)S7 :s. B<PS7
Per/or*ance 01PS, G2S,
Sym2ol rate 2'+.B!! ksym/s 2'+.B!! ksym/s
#um2er of 2its per sym2ol !2it/sym2ol 12it/sym2ol
Galid payload per pulse !"22it 11"2it
&otal rate per timeslot 6B."k2ps 22.Bk2ps
User data rate at R(, layer in
each timeslot
%4.2 k2ps 2+ k2ps
&he standard GS) carrier sym2ol rate is 2'+.B!! k2ps= $hich is also the case in B<
PS7. *n addition= the pulse shaping used in G)S7 is also used in B<PS7. &he increase
of data throughput comes at a cost of decreased sensiti:ity of the B<PS7 signal. &his
has certain effect on the system. or eDample= in radio net$ork planning= the co:erage
area is reduced if the highest data rate is increased.
".4.2 'DG' Ra*io /loc! Structure
&he radio 2locks of GPRS and EGPRS are interlea:ed 2y four 2urst pulses and the
time length is 2+ ms. &he structures of the radio 2locks transferring control messages
are the same= 2ut those of the radio 2locks transferring data 2locks are different. *n
GPRS= a radio 2lock is composed of one )5, header= one R(, header= and one R(,
43
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
data 2lock. *n EGPRS= the radio 2lock transferring data is composed of one )5,/R(,
header and one or t$o R(, data 2locks. &he .,S is used for the error check of the
head and the 1,S is used for the error check of the data.
,ompared $ith GPRS radio data 2lock= the EGPRS radio data 2lock has the follo$ing
features0
Phase 10 pro:ides single<slot and multi<slot packet<s$itched ser:ices and circuit<
switched ser:ices $ith the rate 2elo$ 6" k2ps.
&he data part can 2e one or t$o 2locks= $hich is specified in the 2lock header.
&he R(, header and )5, header are com2ined into one.
ig %." <22 sho$s the structure of EDGE radio 2lock.
.,S0 .ead ,heck SeAuence 1,S0 1lock ,heck SeAuence R(,0 Radio (ink ,ontrol
ig %."<22 EDGE Radio 1lock Structure
,ompared $ith GPRS= the follo$ing fields are added to the 2lock head0
,oding and Puncturing Scheme *ndication -,PS/0 indicates the coding scheme and
deleting scheme of the data part.
Split 1lock *ndicator -SP1/0 This field is used only in header type !. *t indicates
$hether the user data 2lock is retransmitted using t$o 2lock re<segmentation.
".4.3 Channel Co*ing
EDGE modulation and coding schemes can 2e di:ided into different groups according
to the si9e of R(, data 2locks. EDGE has three coding families0 5= 1 and ,= $hose
payloads are different.
amily 50 &he payload of family 5 code has !' 2ytes. *t corresponds to ),S<!=
),S<6 or ),S<4 coding scheme.
amily 5 padding0 &he payload of family 5 padding code has !" 2ytes. *t
corresponds to ),S<!= ),S<6= or ),S<B coding schemes. ! -2N!/ padding
2ytes are added after the data got in ),S<! -),S<6/.8hen the coding scheme
is transferred from ),S<B to ),S<! or ),S<6= three or siD padding 2ytes $ill
44
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
2e added after the payload.
amily 10 &he payload of family 1 code has 2B 2ytes. *t corresponds to ),S<2=
),S<% or ),S<' coding scheme.
amily ,0 &he payload of family , code has 22 2ytes. *t corresponds to ),S<1
or ),S<" coding scheme.
*n the coding schemes ),S<'= ),S<B and ),S<4= a radio 2lock carries t$o R(,
2locks= i.e.= there are t$o 1lock SeAuence #um2ers -1S#s/.
ig 5.4-23 EDGE ,oding Scheme
or coding scheme structures in the same group= either one structure includes another
or 2eing included 2y another= $hich makes it easy to reali9e con:ersion 2et$een
coding rates.
5s sho$n in ig %." <2" = EDGE has distincti:e ad:antages o:er GPRS.
45
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
22."
24.6
"".B
%"."
%4.2
G)S7
B<PS7
o:erhead ; protection
payload of user
),S<1
),S<2
),S<!
),S<"
),S<%
),S<6
),S<'
),S<B
),S<4
B.B
11.2
1".B
1'.6
G)S7
,S<1
,S<2
,S<!
,S<"
B B.B
12 12.B
1"." 1%.2
2+ 2+.B
GPRS
EDGE
ig 5.4-24 EDGE :s. GPRS
*n practical applications= 2alance should 2e kept 2et$een the transmission rate of :alid
information and the :alid transmission Auality. &he coding scheme for lo$<rate
channels that transfer little useful information 2ut lots of redundant error correction 2its
is preferred in en:ironments $ith poor transmission Auality. or eDample= ),S1<"
under G)S7 modulation mode at lo$ rate is more suita2le at the edge of a cell to
compensate the poor link Auality. *n the central area of a cell $ith good transmission
conditions= an ),S $ith high rate can 2e used.
".4.4 %in! 8uality Control
".4.4.1 %in! $*aptation
EGPRS allo$s re<segmentation= $hich implies that packets $ith less 2it error
protection are used in priority. 8hen reAuired 2y ne$ radio en:ironment= packets can
2e re<transmitted 2y using more 2it error protection algorithms.
&he reason $hy the EDGE can adopt the segmentation and re<assem2ly mode is that it
introduces amily to the nine coding schemes. &hey 2elong to the same amily. &he
packet data carried 2y each radio 2lock ha:e a relation of integral multiple= for
eDample= the effecti:e payloads carried 2y ),S4= ),S6= and ),S! are 122"1*&=
6121*&= and !161*& respecti:ely. &herefore= to re<transmit the data 2lock using )S,6=
the data can 2e di:ided in half and re<transmitted as t$o ),S! 2locks. 1ecause )S,!
46
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
has more po$erful anti<interference capa2ility= )Ss are more pro2a2le to correctly
recei:e the data. )oreo:er= this re<transmission mode does not distur2 the 2lock
num2er of the recei:ed data. &herefore= it is an effecti:e retransmission method.
Segmentation and reassem2ly is 2ased on link Auality measurement -(3)/. &he 1SS
implements do$nlink (3) and the )S implements uplink (3). &he (3) pro:ides
the <,/* and ,/#= $hich represents the radio en:ironment Auality. 1ased on this= )S,
self<adaptation is triggered.
".4.4.2 ,ncre#ental Re*un*ancy
E:en though compared $ith GPRS= the segmentation and reassem2ly algorithm is
impro:ed= it is a 2ackup link Auality control mode. 5 2etter choice is incremental
redundancy -*R/. &he *R a:oids the pro2lem of rate and accuracy in:ol:ed in feed2ack
control system= for eDample= (5. &he *R does not need to e:ol:e to optimi9ed coding
scheme. *t uses the same coding scheme all along= ena2ling the recei:er to synthesi9e
the information for con:enience of successful radio 2lock decoding.
&he *R is a 2etter retransmission method than segmentation and re<assem2ly. &he first
step of coding is performing 1/! con:olutional coding of :alid payload. or eDample= if
),S<4 is used to code the :alid payload $ith 612 2its= the length of the payload is
eDtended to 1B!6 2its after 1/! con:olutional coding= during $hich 2/! pre<defined
guard codes are added. &he neDt step is puncturing= i.e.= delete guard codes from the
con:olutional codes. Different puncturing methods result in different code groups.
Different code groups carry the same :alid payload 2ut different redundant
information. or eDample= if a data 2lock is coded 2y means of ),S<6= it $ill still 2e
coded 2y ),S<6 $hen it is retransmitted $ith a different code group. &he recei:e end
reser:es the code streaming that has not 2een decoded= so as to decode the code
streaming $ith the retransmitted code streaming together in a com2ination $ay. *n this
$ay= the redundant code streaming in t$o different code groups supplements each
other= $hich thus impro:es the pro2a2ility of successful decoding.
".4." Dyna#ic 9in*o Si:e
*n GPRS $ith four<2urst radio data 2locks -2+ms/= the R(, $indo$ si9e of 6" is
defined. 8ith the high coding schemes of EDGE= ),S<' to ),S<4= there are t$o
R(, 2locks per 2+ ms radio 2lock= $hich makes the R(, $indo$ si9e " too small and
R(, protocol su2Hect to stalling. &herefore= the EDGE enlarges the R(, $indo$ and
defines a compression method for the ackno$ledgement 2itmap of the R(, data 2locks
47
G1F1&+!FE1F+ GPRS and EDGE 1asic
-see GS)+".6+/.
&hat the $indo$ si9e can change $ith the multi<slot capa2ility is another impro:ement
from EGRPS to GPRS .5s the system relay is comparati:ely fiDed= )Ss $ith higher
multi<slot capacity are prone to encounter stale $indo$. *n GPRS= the $indo$ si9e is
fiDed= and thus this pro2lem often occurs. &he EGPRS 2rings a more complicated
coding/decoding process= $hich increases the system delay. &herefore= a changea2le
$indo$ si9e $ith the multi<slot capacity is a must.
5s sho$n in &a2le %." <'= the $indo$ si9e is eDpanded from 6" to 142 e:en in single
timeslot transmission.
&a2le %."<' Relation 1et$een 8indo$ Si9e and )ulti<slot ,apa2ility
8indo$ Si9e ,oding
&imeslots 5llocated -)ulti<slot ,apa2ility/
1 2 ! " % 6 ' B
6" +++++
46 ++++1
12B +++1+
16+ +++11
142 ++1++ )aD
22" ++1+1
2%6 ++11+ )aD
2BB ++111
!2+ +1+++
!%2 +1++1
!B" +1+1+ )aD
"16 +1+11
""B +11++
"B+ +11+1
%12 +111+ )aD
%"" +1111
%'6 1++++
6+B 1+++1
6"+ 1++1+ )aD
6'2 1++11
'+" 1+1++
'!6 1+1+1
'6B 1+11+ )aD
B++ 1+111
B!2 11+++
B6" 11++1
48
$ GPRS %et&ork 5rchitecture
8indo$ Si9e ,oding
&imeslots 5llocated -)ulti<slot ,apa2ility/
1 2 ! " % 6 ' B
B46 11+1+ )aD
42B 11+11
46+ 111++
442 111+1
1+2" 1111+ )aD
Reser:ed 11111 S S S S S S S S
49