Accounting for Mass Customization Operations ANSWERS TO REVIEW QESTIONS 2-1 Product costs are costs that are associated with manufactured goods until the time period during which the products are sold, when the product costs become expenses. Period costs are expensed during the time period in which they are incurred. 2-2 Product costs are also called inventoriable costs because they are assigned to manufactured goods that are inventoried until a later period, when the products are sold. The product costs remain in the Wor-in-Process or !inished-"oods #nventory account until the time period when the goods are sold. 2-$ The most important difference between a manufacturing firm and a service industry firm, with regard to the classification of costs, is that the goods produced by a manufacturing firm are inventoried, whereas the services produced by a service industry firm are consumed as they are produced. Thus, the costs incurred in manufacturing products are treated as product costs until the period during which the goods are sold. %ost of the costs incurred in a service industry firm to produce services are operating expenses that are treated as period costs. 2.& The five types of production processes are as follows' (ob shop' )ow production volume* little standardi+ation* one-of-a-ind products. ,xamples include custom home construction, feature film production, and ship building. -atch' %ultiple products* low volume. ,xamples include construction e.uipment, tractor trailers, and cabin cruisers. /ssembly line' / few ma0or products* higher volume. ,xamples include itchen appliances and automobile assembly. %ass customi+ation' 1igh production volume* many standardi+ed components* customi+ed combination of components. /n example is the computer industry. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-! 2ontinuous flow' 1igh production volume* highly standardi+ed commodity products. ,xamples include food processing, textiles, lumber, and chemicals. 2-3 The term mass customi+ation is used to describe an industry such as the computer industry, where large numbers of identical components are mass produced, and then these components are combined in a customi+ed way to customer specifications. !or example, when a customer places an order for a 4ell computer on line, the company assembles 0ust the components re.uested by the customer, loads the re.uested software, and ships the customi+ed computer system. 5iewed in this light, the term mass customi+ation is not internally inconsistent. 2-6 The cost of idle time is treated as manufacturing overhead because it is a normal cost of the manufacturing operation that should be spread out among all of the manufactured products. The alternative to this treatment would be to charge the cost of idle time to a particular 0ob that happens to be in process when the idle time occurs. #dle time often results from a random event, such as a power outage. 2harging the cost of the idle time resulting from such a random event to only the 0ob that happened to be in process at the time would overstate the cost of that 0ob. 2-7 8vertime premium is included in manufacturing overhead in order to spread the extra cost of the overtime over all of the products produced, since overtime often is a normal cost of the manufacturing operation. The alternative would be to charge the overtime premium to the particular 0ob in process during overtime. #n most cases, such treatment would overstate the cost of that 0ob, since it is only coincidental that a particular 0ob happened to be done on overtime. The need for overtime to complete a particular 0ob results from the fact that other 0obs were completed during regular hours. 2-9 The phrase :different costs for different purposes; refers to the fact that the word :cost; can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. 2ost data that are classified and recorded in a particular way for one purpose may be inappropriate for another use. 2-< The city of Tampa would use cost information for planning when it developed a budget for its operations during the next year. #ncluded in that budget would be pro0ected costs for police and fire protection, street maintenance, and city administration. /t the end of the year this budget would be used for cost control. The actual costs incurred would be compared to pro0ected costs in the budget. 2ity administrators would also use cost data in maing decisions, such as where to locate a new fire station. 2-1= / fixed cost remains constant in total across changes in activity, whereas the total variable cost changes in proportion to the level of activity. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"# Solutions Manual 2-11 The fixed cost per unit declines as the level of activity >or cost driver? increases. The cost per unit is reduced because the total fixed cost, which does not change as activity changes, is spread over a larger number of activity units. 2-12 The variable cost per unit remains constant as the level of activity >or cost driver? changes. Total variable costs change in proportion to activity, and the additional variable cost when one unit of activity is added is the variable cost per unit. 2-1$ / volume-based cost driver, such as the number of passengers, causes costs to be incurred because of the .uantity of service offered by the airline. /n operations- based cost driver, such as hub domination, affects costs because of the basic way in which the airline conducts its operations. "reater control over a hub airport@s facilities and services gives an airline greater ability to control its operating costs. 2-1& a. Aumber of students' volume-based cost driver. This characteristic of the college relates to the .uantity of services provided. b. Aumber of disciplines offered for study' operations-based cost driver. The greater the diversity in a college@s course offerings, the greater will be the costs incurred, regardless of the overall si+e of the student body. c. Brban versus rural location' operations-based cost driver. / college@s location will affect the type of housing and food facilities re.uired, the cost of obtaining services, and the cost of transportation for college employees acting on behalf of the college. 2-13 ,xamples of direct costs of the food and beverage department in a hotel include the money spent on the food and beverages served, the wages of table service personnel, and the costs of entertainment in the dining room and lounge. ,xamples of indirect costs of the food and beverage department include allocations of the costs of advertising for the entire hotel, of the costs of the grounds and maintenance department, and of the hotel general manager@s salary. 2-16 2osts that are liely to be controllable by a city@s airport manager include the wages of personnel hired by the airport manager, the cost of heat and light in the airport manager@s administrative offices, and the cost of some materials consumed in the process of operating the airport, such as cleaning, painting, and maintenance materials. 2osts that are liely to be uncontrollable by the city@s airport manager include depreciation of the airport facilities, fees paid by the airport to the federal government for air traffic control services, and insurance for the airport employees and patrons. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-$ 2-17 a. Bncontrollable cost b. 2ontrollable cost c. Bncontrollable cost 2-19 8ut-of-pocet costs are paid in cash at or near the time they are incurred. /n opportunity cost is the potential benefit given up when the choice of one action precludes the selection of a different action. 2-1< / sun cost is a cost that was incurred in the past and cannot be altered by any current or future decision. / differential cost is the difference in a cost item under two decision alternatives. 2.2= / marginal cost is the extra cost incurred in producing one additional unit of output. The average cost is the total cost of producing a particular .uantity of product or service, divided by the number of units of product or service produced. 2.21 The process of registering for classes varies widely among colleges and universities, and the responses to this .uestion will vary as well. ,xamples of information that might be useful include the credit re.uirements and course re.uirements to obtain a particular degree, and a list of the prere.uisites for each of the elective courses in a particular ma0or. Cuch information could help the student plan an academic program over several semesters or .uarters. /n example of information that might create information overload is a comprehensive listing of every course offered by the college in the past five years. 2-22 The purchase cost of the old bar code scanners is a sun cost, since it occurred in the past and cannot be changed by any future course of action. The manager is exhibiting a common behavioral tendency to pay too much attention to sun costs. 2-2$ a. 4irect cost b. 4irect cost c. #ndirect cost d. #ndirect cost McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"% Solutions Manual SO&TIONS TO E'ERCISES ,D,E2#C, 2-2& >1= %#ABT,C? The general formula for solving all three cases is as follows' -eginning inventory of finished goods + 2ost of goods manufactured during period F ,nding inventory of finished goods = 2ost-of- goods sold expense Bsing this formula, we can find the missing amounts as follows' 2ase # ## ### -eginning inventory of finished goods............... G 9&,===H G12,=== 7,=== /dd' 2ost of goods manufactured...................... &1<,=== <3,=== $19,===H Cubtract' ,nding inventory of finished goods. . . <9,=== 9,=== 21,=== 2ost of goods sold................................................ G&=3,=== G<<,===H G$=&,=== H/mount missing in exercise. ,D,E2#C, 2-23 >1= %#ABT,C? 1. 1ours wored..................................................................................................... &= Wage rate............................................................................................................ G 2= Total compensation........................................................................................... G9== 2. 2lassification' 4irect labor >$3 hours G2=?....................................................................... G7== 8verhead >idle time' 3 hours G2=?............................................................ 1== Total compensation...................................................................................... G9== ,D,E2#C, 2-26 >1= %#ABT,C? 1. Eegular wages >&= hours G16?....................................................................... G 6&= 8vertime wages >3 hours G2=?....................................................................... 1== Total compensation........................................................................................... G 7&= 2. 8vertime hours................................................................................................... 3 hrs. 8vertime premium per hour >G2= G16?.......................................................... G & Total overtime premium..................................................................................... G 2= McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-( McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2") Solutions Manual ,D,E2#C, 2-26 >28AT#AB,4? $. 2lassification' 4irect labor >&3 hours G16?....................................................................... G 72= 8verhead >overtime premium' 3 hours G&?............................................. 2= Total compensation...................................................................................... G 7&= ,D,E2#C, 2-27 >$= %#ABT,C? %ass customi+ation is well suited to 4ell 2omputerIs operations because of the companyIs direct-selling approach, in which customers order customi+ed computer systems, often on line. Then 4ell orders 0ust the components necessary to assemble the computer systems that have been ordered, and delivery is made in a relatively short period of time. ,D,E2#C, 2-29 >2= %#ABT,C? 1. Tire costs' Product cost, variable, direct material 2. Cales commissions' Period cost, variable $. Wood glue' Product cost, variable, either direct material or manufacturing overhead >i.e., indirect material? depending on how significant the cost is &. Wages of security guards' Product cost, variable, manufacturing overhead 3. Calary of financial vice-president' Period cost, fixed 6. /dvertising costs' Period cost, fixed 7. Ctraight-line depreciation' Product cost, fixed, manufacturing overhead 9. Wages of assembly-line personnel' Product cost, variable, direct labor <. 4elivery costs on customer shipments' Period cost, variable 1=. Aewsprint consumed' Product cost, variable, direct material 11. Plant insurance' Product cost, fixed, manufacturing overhead 12. "lass costs' Product cost, variable, direct material McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-* ,D,E2#C, 2-2< >23 %#ABT,C? 1. A&E'AN+RIA A&MINM COM,AN- SC.E+&E O/ COST O/ 0OO+S MAN/ACTRE+ /OR T.E -EAR EN+E+ +ECEMBER $!1 #2'! 4irect material' Eaw-material inventory, (anuary 1......................................... G 3=,=== /dd' Purchases of raw material............................................. 23=,=== Eaw material available for use................................................ G$==,=== 4educt' Eaw-material inventory, 4ecember $1..................... 7=,=== Eaw material used................................................................... G2$=,=== 4irect labor.................................................................................... &==,=== %anufacturing overhead' #ndirect material....................................................................... G 1=,=== #ndirect labor............................................................................ 23,=== 4epreciation on plant and e.uipment.................................... 1==,=== Btilities...................................................................................... 23,=== 8ther......................................................................................... $=,=== Total manufacturing overhead................................................ 1<=,=== Total manufacturing costs........................................................... G92=,=== /dd' Wor-in-process inventory, (anuary 1............................... 12=,=== Cubtotal.......................................................................................... G<&=,=== 4educt' Wor-in-process inventory, 4ecember $1..................... 113,=== 2ost of goods manufactured........................................................ G923,=== 2. A&E'AN+RIA A&MINM COM,AN- SC.E+&E O/ COST O/ 0OO+S SO&+ /OR T.E -EAR EN+E+ +ECEMBER $!1 #2'! !inished-goods inventory, (anuary 1............................................................ G1==,=== /dd' 2ost of goods manufactured................................................................ 923,=== 2ost of goods available for sale.................................................................... G<23,=== 4educt' !inished-goods inventory, 4ecember $1........................................ 163,=== 2ost of goods sold.......................................................................................... G76=,=== McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"3 Solutions Manual ,D,E2#C, 2-2< >28AT#AB,4? $. A&E'AN+RIA A&MINM COM,AN- INCOME STATEMENT /OR T.E -EAR EN+E+ +ECEMBER $!1 #2'! Cales revenue.................................................................................................. G1,1=3,=== )ess' 2ost of goods sold............................................................................... 76=,=== "ross margin................................................................................................... G $&3,=== Celling and administrative expenses............................................................. 11=,=== #ncome before taxes........................................................................................ G 2$3,=== #ncome tax expense........................................................................................ <&,=== Aet income....................................................................................................... G 1&1,=== &. #n the electronic version of the solutions manual, press the 2TE) ey and clic on the following lin' -B#)4 / CPE,/4C1,,T =2-2<.D)C ,D,E2#C, 2-$= >13 %#ABT,C? Aumber of %uffler Eeplacements 3== 6== 7== Total costs' !ixed costs................................................................... >a? G&2,=== G&2,=== >b? G&2,=== 5ariable costs.............................................................. >c? 23,=== $=,=== >d? $3,=== Total costs.............................................................. >e? G67,=== G72,=== >f? G77,=== 2ost per muffler replacement' !ixed cost..................................................................... >g? G 9& >h? G 7= >i? G 6= 5ariable cost................................................................ >0? 3= >? 3= >l? 3= Total cost per muffler replacement...................... >m? G1$& >n? G12= >o? G11= ,xplanatory Aotes' >a? Total fixed costs do not vary with activity. >c? 5ariable cost per replacement J G$=,===K6== J G3= Total variable cost for 3== replacements J G3= 3== J G23,=== >g? !ixed cost per replacement J G&2,===K3== J G9& >0 ? 5ariable cost per replacement J G23,===K3== J G3= McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-4 ,D,E2#C, 2-$1 >13 %#ABT,C? 1. Phone bill, (anuary' G123 L >G.23 9,===?........................................ G2,123 Phone bill, !ebruary' G123 L >G.23 3,===?....................................... G1,$73 2. 2ost per call, (anuary' G2,123K9,===.................................................. G .266 >rounded? 2ost per call, !ebruary' G1,$73K3,===................................................ G .273 $. !ixed component, (anuary................................................................. G 123 5ariable component, (anuary' G.23 9,===...................................... 2,=== Total..................................................................................................... G2,123 &. Cince each phone call costs G.23, the marginal cost of maing the 6,==1st call is G.23. 3. The average cost of a phone call in (anuary >rounded? is G.266 >G2,123K9,===?. ,D,E2#C, 2-$2 >3 %#ABT,C? %artin Chrood@s expenditure is a sunk cost. #t is irrelevant to any future decision %artin may mae about the land. ,D,E2#C, 2-$$ >3 %#ABT,C? /nnual cost using ,uropean component' G9,<== 2=............................................ G179,=== /nnual cost using Part /2==' >G&,<== L G73=? 2=.................................................. 11$,=== /nnual differential cost............................................................................................... G63,=== ,D,E2#C, 2-$& >3 %#ABT,C? 1. The G1&,=== is the opportunity cost associated with using the computer in the 4epartment of ,ducation for wor in the governor@s office. 2. The G1&,=== leasing cost should be assigned to the governor@s office. #t was incurred as a result of activity in that office. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"!2 Solutions Manual ,D,E2#C, 2-$3 >1= %#ABT,C? 1. Mour decision to see the game really cost you G23, the amount forgone when you refused to sell the ticet. / convenient way to thin about this is as follows' Mou could have sold the ticet for G23, thereby resulting in a profit on the deal of G13 >G23 sales proceeds minus G1= out-of-pocet purchase cost?. #nstead, you went to the game, which left you relieved of your G1= out-of-pocet cost. The difference between the G1= reduction in your wealth and the G13 profit you could have had is G23. Thus, G23 is the true cost of going to the game. 2. The G23 is an opportunity cost. /t the time you made the decision to attend the game, the G1= you actually had paid for the ticet is a sunk cost. #t is not relevant to any future decision. ,D,E2#C, 2-$6 >13 %#ABT,C? 1. The marginal cost would include any food and beverages consumed by the passenger and perhaps an imperceptible increase in fuel costs. 2. #n most cases, only the cost of the food and beverage consumed by the customer would be a marginal cost. #t is unliely that the restaurant would need to employ additional service personnel, dishwashers, and so on. $. The marginal cost of a flight would include the aircraft fuel, wages of the flight crew and airport maintenance personnel, and the food and beverages consumed by the passengers and crew. &. The marginal cost would include the additional wages or commissions earned by the branch ban employees and the additional electricity used for light, heat, and computer e.uipment. 3. The marginal cost of the sis would include the direct material. #t is unliely that labor and other costs would change with the addition of only one more product unit. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-!! SO&TIONS TO ,ROB&EMS PE8-),% 2-$7 >2= %#ABT,C? 1. 1. #ncome statement 2. -alance sheet $. #ncome statement &. #ncome statement 3. 2ost-of-goods-manufactured schedule 6. #ncome statement 7. 2ost-of-goods-manufactured schedule 9. 2ost of-goods-manufactured schedule <. -alance sheet, cost-of-goods-manufactured schedule 1=. #ncome statement 11. #ncome statement 2. The asset that differs among these businesses is inventory. Cervice businesses typically carry no >or very little? inventory. Eetailers and wholesalers normally stoc considerable inventory. %anufacturers also carry significant inventories, typically subdivided into three categories' raw material, wor in process, and finished goods. $. The income statements of service business normally have separate sections for operating revenues, operating expenses, and other income >expenses?. #n contrast, those of retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers disclose sales revenue, followed immediately by cost of goods sold and gross margin. 8perating expenses are listed next followed by other income >expenses?. &. The basic difference falls in the area of inventory. Traditional manufacturers produce finished goods, which are then placed in warehouses awaiting sale. #n contrast, with a direct-sales, mass-customi+ation firm, the receipt of a sales order triggers the manufacturing process as well as the purchasing system, the latter to ac.uire needed raw materials. !inished-goods and raw-material inventories >along with wor in process? of mass-customi+ers are, therefore, much lower than the inventories carried by traditional firms. PE8-),% 2-$9 >$= %#ABT,C? 1. %anufacturing overhead' #ndirect laborNNNNNNNNNNNN. G1=<,=== -uilding depreciation >G9=,=== x 73O?.. 6=,=== 8ther factory costsNNNNNNNNN.. $&&,=== TotalNNNNNNNNNNNNNN... G31$,=== McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"!# Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-$9 >28AT#AB,4? 2. 2ost of goods manufactured' 4irect material' Eaw-material inventory, (an. 1NNNNNN G 13,9== /dd' Purchases of raw materialNNNNN.. 173,=== Eaw material available for useNNNNNN. G1<=,9== 4educt' Eaw-material inventory, 4ec. $1N. 19,2== Eaw material usedNNNNNNNNNNN.. G172,6== 4irect laborNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.. 23&,=== %anufacturing overheadNNNNNNNNNN.. 31$,=== Total manufacturing costsNNNNNNNNN.. G<$<,6== /dd' Wor-in-process inventory, (an. 1NNN. $3,7== CubtotalNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.. G<73,$== 4educt' Wor-in-process inventory, 4ec. $1N. 62,1== 2ost of goods manufacturedNNNNNNNN.. G<1$,2== $. 2ost of goods sold' !inished-goods inventory, (an. 1NNNNN.. G 111,1== /dd' 2ost of goods manufacturedNNNNN <1$,2== 2ost of goods available for saleNNNNNN. G1,=2&,$== 4educt' !inished-goods inventory, 4ec. $1N <7,<== 2ost of goods soldNNNNNNNNNNNN. G <26,&== &. Aet income' Cales revenueNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.. G1,&<3,=== )ess' 2ost of goods soldNNNNNNNNN. <26,&== "ross marginNNNNNNNNNNNNNN... G 369,6== Celling and administrative expenses' CalariesNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN... G1$$,=== -uilding depreciation >G9=,=== x 23O?N... 2=,=== 8therNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 1<3,=== $&9,=== #ncome before taxesNNNNNNNNNNN.. G 22=,6== #ncome tax expense >G22=,6== x $=O?NNN.. 66,19= Aet incomeNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN... G 13&,&2= 3. The company sold 11,3== units during the year >G1,&<3,=== P G1$=?. Cince 16= of the units came from finished-goods inventory >1,$3= F 1,1<=?, the company would have manufactured 11,$&= units >11,3== F 16=?. 6. #n the electronic version of the solutions manual, press the 2TE) ey and clic on the following lin' -uild a Cpreadsheet =2-$9.xls
McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-!$ PE8-),% 2-$< >23 %#ABT,C? Cince gross margin e.uals $=O of sales, cost of goods sold e.uals 7=O of sales, or G2$1,=== >G$$=,=== x 7=O?. Thus, the finished goods destroyed by the fire cost G&&,===, computed as follows' !inished-goods inventory, (an. 1 >given?NNNNN.. G $7,=== /dd' 2ost of goods manufacturedHNNNNNNNN 2$9,=== 2ost of goods available for sale >given?NNNNNN G273,=== 4educt' !inished-goods inventory, /pr. 12HNNNN &&,=== 2ost of goods sold >calculated above?NNNNNN.. G2$1,=== H!ill in these blans, given the other numbers in this table. 4irect material used' 4irect material averages 23O of prime costs >i.e., direct material L direct labor?. Thus' )et D J direct material used D J >D L G12=,===? x 23O =.73D J G$=,=== D J G&=,=== %anufacturing overhead' %anufacturing overhead e.uals 3=O of total production costs. Thus' )et M J manufacturing overhead M J >direct material used L direct labor L manufacturing overhead? x 3=O M J >G&=,=== L G12=,=== L M? x 3=O =.3=M J G9=,=== M J G16=,=== The wor in process destroyed by the fire cost G1=$,===, computed as follows' 4irect materialNNNNNNNNNNNNN.NNN G &=,=== 4irect labor >given?NNNNNNNNNNNNNN. 12=,=== %anufacturing overheadNNNNNNNNNNN... 16=,=== Total manufacturing costsNNNNNNNNNN... G$2=,=== /dd' Wor-in-process inventory, (an. 1 >given?N 21,=== CubtotalNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.. G$&1,=== 4educt' Wor-in-process inventory, /pr. 12HNN. 1=$,=== 2ost of goods manufactured >from above?NNN. G2$9,=== HG1=$,=== J G$&1,=== F G2$9,=== McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"!% Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-&= >23 %#ABT,C? 1. !ixed manufacturing overhead per unit' G6==,=== 2&,=== units produced J G23 /verage unit manufacturing cost' 4irect materialNNNNNNNNN.. G 2= 4irect laborNNNNNNNNNNN $7 5ariable manufacturing overhead.. &9 !ixed manufacturing overheadNN 23 /verage unit costNNNNNN.. G1$= ProductionNNNNNNNNNNN. 2&,=== units CalesNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2=,=== units ,nding finished-goods inventoryN &,=== units 2ost of 4ecember $1 finished-goods inventory' &,=== units x G1$= J G32=,=== 2. Aet income' Cales revenue >2=,=== units x G193?NNNN G$,7==,=== 2ost of goods sold >2=,=== units x G1$=?N.. 2,6==,=== "ross marginNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. G1,1==,=== Celling and administrative expensesNNN.. 96=,=== #ncome before taxesNNNNNNNNNNN G 2&=,=== #ncome tax expense >G2&=,=== x $=O?NNN 72,=== Aet incomeNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. G 169,===
$. >a? Ao change. 4irect labor is a variable cost, and the cost per unit will remain constant. >b? Ao change. 4espite the decrease in the number of units produced, this is a fixed cost, which remains the same in total. >c? Ao change. Celling and administrative costs move more closely with changes in sales than with units produced. /dditionally, this is a fixed cost. >d? #ncrease. The average unit cost of production will change because of the per- unit fixed manufacturing overhead. / reduced production volume will be divided into the fixed dollar amount, which increases the cost per unit. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-!( PE8-),% 2-&1 >&= %#ABT,C? 2ase / 2ase - 2ase 2 -eginning inventory, raw material................................ G6=,===H G 1=,===
G 13,===
&3,===
93,===H 33,===H 123,===
16=,===
$&=,===
13,===H 3,===
$3=,===
2=,===H $7=,===
23,===
$&3,===H &9=,===
1$3,===H &3,===H <=,===
&=,===H 3=,===
,nding inventory, raw material...................................... <=,=== =H Purchases of raw material............................................. 1==,=== 93,===
4irect material used........................................................ 7=,=== <3,===
2ost of goods available for sale.................................... 373,===H $7=,===H ,nding inventory, finished goods................................. $=,===H &=,===H 2ost of goods sold......................................................... 3&3,=== $$=,===
Celling and administrative expenses............................ 1=3,===H 7=,===
#ncome before taxes....................................................... 13=,=== 1==,===H #ncome tax expense........................................................ &=,=== &3,===
Aet income...................................................................... 11=,===H 33,===H H/mount missing in problem. PE8-),% 2-&2 >23 %#ABT,C? 1. a. Total prime costs' 4irect material................................................................................... G 2,1==,=== 4irect labor' Wages............................................................................................ &93,=== !ringe benefits.............................................................................. <3,=== Total prime costs.............................................................................. G 2,69=,=== McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"!) Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-&2 >28AT#AB,4? b. Total manufacturing overhead' 4epreciation on factory building..................................................... G 113,=== #ndirect labor' wages........................................................................ 1&=,=== Production supervisor@s salary........................................................ &3,=== Cervice department costs................................................................. 1==,=== #ndirect labor' fringe benefits........................................................... $=,=== !ringe benefits for production supervisor...................................... <,=== Total overtime premiums paid......................................................... 33,=== 2ost of idle time' production employees........................................ &=,=== Total manufacturing overhead......................................................... G 3$&,=== c. Total conversion costs' 4irect labor >G&93,=== L G<3,===?..................................................... G 39=,=== %anufacturing overhead................................................................... 3$&,=== Total conversion costs..................................................................... G1,11&,=== d. Total product costs' 4irect material................................................................................... G2,1==,=== 4irect labor........................................................................................ 39=,=== %anufacturing overhead................................................................... 3$&,=== Total product costs........................................................................... G$,21&,=== e. Total period costs' /dvertising expense......................................................................... G <<,=== /dministrative costs......................................................................... 13=,=== Eental of office space for sales personnel...................................... 13,=== Cales commissions........................................................................... 3,=== Product promotion costs.................................................................. 1=,=== Total period costs............................................................................. G 27<,=== 2. The G13,=== in rental cost for sales office space rental is an opportunity cost. #t measures the opportunity cost of using the former sales office space for raw- material storage. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-!* PE8-),% 2-&$ >$3 %#ABT,C? 1. SAN /ERNAN+O /AS.IONS COM,AN- SC.E+&E O/ COST O/ 0OO+S MAN/ACTRE+ /OR T.E -EAR EN+E+ +ECEMBER $!1 #2'# 4irect material' Eaw-material inventory, (anuary 1............................................ G &=,=== /dd' Purchases of raw material................................................ 2==,=== Eaw material available for use................................................... G2&=,=== 4educt' Eaw-material inventory, 4ecember $1........................ 23,=== Eaw material used...................................................................... G213,=== 4irect labor...................................................................................... 2==,=== %anufacturing overhead' #ndirect material.......................................................................... G 1=,=== #ndirect labor............................................................................... 13,=== Btilities' plant.............................................................................. &=,=== 4epreciation' plant and e.uipment........................................... 9=,=== 8ther............................................................................................ 9=,=== Total manufacturing overhead................................................... 223,=== Total manufacturing costs............................................................. G6&=,=== /dd' Wor-in-process inventory, (anuary 1................................. &=,=== Cubtotal........................................................................................... G69=,=== 4educt' Wor-in-process inventory, 4ecember $1...................... 2=,=== 2ost of goods manufactured......................................................... G66=,=== 2. SAN /ERNAN+O /AS.IONS COM,AN- SC.E+&E O/ COST O/ 0OO+S SO&+ /OR T.E -EAR EN+E+ +ECEMBER $!1 #2'# !inished goods inventory, (anuary 1............................................................ G 2=,=== /dd' 2ost of goods manufactured................................................................ 66=,=== 2ost of goods available for sale.................................................................... G69=,=== 4educt' !inished-goods inventory, 4ecember $1........................................ 3=,=== 2ost of goods sold.......................................................................................... G6$=,=== McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"!3 Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-&$ >28AT#AB,4? $. SAN /ERNAN+O /AS.IONS COM,AN- INCOME STATEMENT /OR T.E -EAR EN+E+ +ECEMBER $!1 #2'# Cales revenue.................................................................................................. G<9=,=== )ess' 2ost of goods sold............................................................................... 6$=,=== "ross margin................................................................................................... G$3=,=== Celling and administrative expenses............................................................. 13=,===
#ncome before taxes........................................................................................ G2==,=== #ncome tax expense........................................................................................ <=,=== Aet income....................................................................................................... G11=,=== &. #n the electronic version of the solutions manual, press the 2TE) ey and clic on the following lin' -uild a Cpreadsheet =2-&$.xls PE8-),% 2-&& >13 %#ABT,C? 1. Eegular hours' &= G12.................................................................................... G&9= 8vertime hours' 9 G16.................................................................................... 129 Total cost of wages............................................................................................ G6=9 2. a. 4irect labor' $9 G12................................................................................... G&36 b. %anufacturing overhead >idle time?' 1 G12.............................................. 12 c. %anufacturing overhead >overtime premium?' 9 >G16 F G12?................. $2 d. %anufacturing overhead >indirect labor?' < G12...................................... 1=9 Total cost of wages....................................................................................... G6=9 PE8-),% 2-&3 >2= %#ABT,C? 1. a, d, g, i 2. a, d, g, 0 $. b, d, g, &. b, f 3. b, d, g, McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-!4 PE8-),% 2-&3 >28AT#AB,4? 6. a, d, g, 7. a, d, g, 0 9. b, c, f <. b, d, g, 1=. b, c and dH, e and f and gH, H HThe building is used for several purposes. 11. b, c, f 12. b, c, h 1$. b, c, f 1&. b, c, e 13. b, c and d = , e and f and g = , = = The building that the furnace heats is used for several purposes. PE8-),% 2-&6 >2= %#ABT,C? 1. $ hours >G12 L G$? J G&3 Aotice that the overtime premium on the flight is not a direct cost of the flight. 2. $ hours G12 .3 J G19 This is the overtime premium, which is part of "aines@ overall compensation. $. The overtime premium should be included in overhead and allocated across all of the company@s flights. &. The G92 is an opportunity cost of using "aines on the flight departing from Topea on /ugust 11. The cost should be assigned to the /ugust 11 flight departing from Topea. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"#2 Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-&7 >13 %#ABT,C? 1. "raph of raw-material cost' 2. Production )evel in Pounds Bnit 2ost Total 2ost 1 G33 per pound G33 1= G33 per pound G33= 1,=== G33 per pound G33,=== McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-#! Eaw material cost G1,63=,=== G1,1==,=== G33=,=== 1=,=== 2=,=== $=,=== Eaw material >pounds? G2,2==,===
PE8-),% 2-&9 >23 %#ABT,C?
1. "raph of fixed production cost' 2. Production )evel in Mards Bnit !ixed 2ost Total !ixed 2ost 1 G1==,=== per yard G1==,=== 1= G1=,=== per yard G1==,=== 1=,=== G1= per yard G1==,=== &=,=== G2.3= per yard G1==,=== McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"## Solutions Manual !ixed production cost G1==,=== 1=,=== 2=,=== $=,=== Production levels >yards? &=,=== PE8-),% 2-&9 >28AT#AB,4? $. "raph of unit fixed production cost' PE8-),% 2-&< >1= %#ABT,C? 2ost #tem Aumber 4irect or #ndirect Partially 2ontrollable by 4epartment Cupervisor 1. indirect no 2. indirect no $. direct yes &. direct no 3. direct yes McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-#$ &=,=== Bnit fixed production cost G3.== 1=,=== 2=,=== $=,=== Production levels >yards? G2.3= G$.$$ G1=.==
PE8-),% 2-3= >1= %#ABT,C?
2ost #tem Aumber Product 2ost or Period 2ost 1. periodH 2. product $. product &. product 3. product 6. periodH 7. product 9. periodH <. product HCervice industry firms typically treat all costs as operating expenses which are period expenses. Cuch firms do not inventory costs. PE8-),% 2-31 >13 %#ABT,C? 5ariable or !ixed 2=x2 !orecast ,xplanation 4irect material............................................... 5 G$,<==,=== G$,===,=== 1.$= 4irect labor.................................................... 5 2,96=,=== G2,2==,=== 1.$= %anufacturing overhead Btilities >primarily electricity?................. 5 192,=== G1&=,=== 1.$= 4epreciation on plant and e.uipment... ! 23=,=== same #nsurance................................................. ! 16=,=== same Cupervisory salaries............................... ! $==,=== same Property taxes......................................... ! 21=,=== same Celling costs /dvertising.............................................. ! 1<3,=== same Cales commissions................................. 5 1$=,=== G1==,=== 1.$= /dministrative costs Calaries of top management and staff. . ! $72,=== same 8ffice supplies........................................ ! &=,=== same 4epreciation on building and e.uipment..................................... ! 9=,=== same McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"#% Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-32 >13 %#ABT,C? 1. f, average cost 2. e, marginal cost $. c, sun cost &. a, opportunity cost 3. d, differential cost 6. b, out-of-pocet cost 7. e, marginal cost PE8-),% 2-3$ >2= %#ABT,C? 1. b, d, e, 2. a, c, e, $. h &. a, d, eH, 0 HThe hotel general manager may have some control over the total space allocated to the itchen. 3. d, e, i 6. i 7. d, e, i 9. a, d, e, <. a, d, e, 1=. 0 11. g >The G$== cost savings is a differential cost.? 12. a, c, e McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-#( PE8-),% 2-3$ >28AT#AB,4? 1$. d, e, 1&. e, 13. b, d H , e, H Bnless the dishwasher has been used improperly. PE8-),% 2-3& >&= %#ABT,C? 1. 2aterpillar is a manufacturing firm. #ts income statement highlights the firm@s cost- of-goods-sold expense, which is the cost of all of the processed food products sold during the year. 2ost of goods sold is subtracted from net sales to arrive at the gross profit. The company@s other operating expenses then are subtracted from the gross profit. Wal-%art Ctores, #nc. is a retail firm. #ts income statement also shows the firm@s cost of sales, which is another name for cost of goods sold. The cost of sales includes all of the costs of ac.uiring merchandise for resale. The company@s other operating expenses are identified separately from cost of sales. Couthwest /irlines 2ompany is an airline, which is a service industry firm. The company does not sell an inventoriable product, but rather provides air transportation service. Therefore, the company@s income statement does not list any cost-of-goods-sold expense. /ll of its expenses are operating expenses. 2. 2ost-accounting data are used to measure all of the costs on all three companies@ income statements. !or example, the cost-accounting system at 2aterpillar measures the cost of direct labor, direct material, and manufacturing overhead incurred in the manufacturing process. Wal-%art Ctores@ cost-accounting system measures the cost of ac.uiring merchandise for resale. Couthwest /irlines@ cost- accounting system measures the cost of aviation fuel consumed. $. The ticet agents@ salaries would be included in salaries, wages, and benefits. 4epreciation of the airline@s computer e.uipment would be included in depreciation. &. Wal-%art Ctores@ cost of newspaper advertising would be included in selling expenses. The cost of merchandise sold would be included in cost of sales >same as cost of goods sold?. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"#) Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-3& >28AT#AB,4? 3. The salary for a 2aterpillar brand manager would be included in selling expenses. Production employees@ salaries are product costs, so they are part of the cost of goods sold. Cimilarly, raw-material costs are product costs, and they are included in cost of goods sold. PE8-),% 2-33 >1= %#ABT,C? 1. G&3= >G<3= G3==? 2. G$9= >G1,7&= G1,$6=? $. G$6= >G2,1== G1,7&=? &. G&73 >G<3=K2? 3. G&$3 >G1,7&=K&? 6. G&2= >G2,1==K3? PE8-),% 2-36 >23 %#ABT,C? 1. b, c, g, h, 0, m 2. a, c, i, 0, l $. b, d, i, 0, m &. a, d, i, 0, l 3. a, c, i, 0, l 6. e 7. a, c, i, 0, l 9. f <. b, d, , m 1=. a, c, i, 0, m 11. b, c, i, 0, l McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-#* PE8-),% 2-36 >28AT#AB,4? 12. a, c, i, 0, l 1$. b, c, g, 0, l 1&. b, d, i, 0, l 13. b, c, i, 0, l PE8-),% 2-37 >23 %#ABT,C? 1. 8utput >.73 liter bottles? 2alculation Bnit 2ost 1=,=== G137,===K1=,=== G13.7= 13,=== G173,3==K13,=== G11.7= 2=,=== G1<&,===K2=,=== G<.7= The unit cost is minimi+ed at a sales volume of 2=,=== bottles. 2. 8utput >.73 liter bottles? Cales Eevenue Total 2osts Profit 1=,=== G19=,=== G137,=== G2$,=== 13,=== 223,=== 173,3== &<,3== 2=,=== 2&=,=== 1<&,=== &6,=== Profit is maximi+ed at a production level of 13,=== bottles of wine. $. The 13,===-bottle level is best for the company, since it maximi+es profit. &. The unit cost decreases as output increases, because the fixed cost per unit declines as production and sales increase. / lower price is re.uired to motivate consumers to purchase a larger amount of wine. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"#3 Solutions Manual PE8-),% 2-39 >13 %#ABT,C? 1. #f the company buys $=,=== units of Part %E2&, at a price of GX per unit, its total cost will be' >$=,=== GX? L G6=,=== #f the company manufactures the parts, its total cost will be' >$=,=== G11? L G13=,=== -y e.uating these two expressions for total cost, we can solve for the price, X, at which the total cost is the same under the two alternatives' ( ) ( ) 1& &2=,=== $=,=== 13=,=== 11 $=,=== 6=,=== $=,=== = = + = + X X X Thus the firm will reali+e a net benefit by purchasing Part %E2& if the outside supplier charges a price less than G1&. 2. #f the firm buys Y units of Part %E2& at a price of G12.973 per unit, the total cost will be' ( ) G6=,=== G12.973 + Y #f the company manufactures Y units of Part %E2&, the total cost will be' G13=,=== >G11 + Y) #f we e.uate these expressions, we can solve for the number of parts, Y, at which the firm will be indifferent between maing and buying Part %E2&. &9,=== <=,=== 1.973 13=,=== 11 6=,=== 12.973 = = + = + Y Y Y Y Thus, the company will be indifferent between the two alternatives if it re.uires &9,=== units of Part %E2& each month. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-#4 SO&TIONS TO CASES 2/C, 2-3< >$= %#ABT,C? 1. MEMORAN+M 4ate' Today To' (ames 2assanitti !rom' #. %. Ctudent Cub0ect' 2osts related to Printer 2ase 4epartment The G2<,3== building rental cost allocated to the Printer 2ase 4epartment is part of larger rental costs for the entire building. ,ven if the Printer 2ase 4epartment is closed down, 2ompTech still will occupy the entire building. Therefore, the entire rental cost, including the G2<,3== portion allocated to the Printer 2ase 4epartment, will be incurred whether or not the department closes. The real cost of the space occupied by the Printer 2ase 4epartment is the G$<,=== the company is paying to rent warehouse space. This cost would be avoided if the Printer 2ase 4epartment were closed, since the storage operation could be moved into the companyIs main building. The G$<,=== rental cost is the opportunity cost of using space in the main building for the Printer 2ase 4epartment. The supervisor of the Printer 2ase 4epartment will be retained by the company regardless of the decision about the Printer 2ase 4epartment. 1owever, if the Printer 2ase 4epartment is ept in operation the company will have to hire a new supervisor for the /ssembly 4epartment. The salary of that new supervisor is a relevant cost of continuing to operate the Printer 2ase 4epartment. /nother way of looing at the situation is to reali+e that with the Printer 2ase 4epartment in operation, the company will need two supervisors' the current Printer 2ase 4epartment supervisor and a new supervisor for the /ssembly 4epartment. /lternatively, if the Printer 2ase 4epartment is closed, only the current Printer 2ase 4epartment supervisor will be needed. 1e or she will move to the /ssembly 4epartment. The difference, then, between the two alternatives is the cost of compensation for the new /ssembly 4epartment supervisor if the Printer 2ase 4epartment is not closed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"$2 Solutions Manual 2/C, 2-3< >28AT#AB,4? 2. The controller has an ethical obligation to state accurately the pro0ected cost savings from closing the Printer 2ase 4epartment. The production manager and other decision maers have a right to now the financial implications of closing the department. Ceveral of the ethical standards for management accountants >listed in 2hapter 1? apply, including the following' Competence: %aintain an appropriate level of professional expertise by continually developing nowledge and sills. Perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and technical standards. Provide decision support information and recommendations that are accurate, clear, concise, and timely. Eecogni+e and communicate professional limitations or other constraints that would preclude responsible 0udgment or successful performance of an activity. Credibility: 2ommunicate information fairly and ob0ectively. 4isclose all relevant information that could reasonably be expected to influence an intended userIs understanding of the reports, analyses, or recommendations. 4isclose delays or deficiencies in information, timeliness, processing, or internal controls in conformance with organi+ation policy andKor applicable law. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-$! 2/C, 2-6= >3= %#ABT,C? 1. a. !astQ 2ompany would be indifferent to ac.uiring either the small-volume copier, 1=2&C, or the medium-volume copier, 1=2&%, at the point where the costs for 1=2&C and 1=2&% are e.ual. This point may be calculated using the following formula, where X e.uals the number of copies' >5ariable cost S X S ? L fixed cost S J >variable cost M X M ? L fixed cost M 1=2&C 1=2&% G.1&X L G9,=== J G.=<X L G11,=== G.=3X J G$,=== X J 6=,=== copies The conclusion is that !astQ 2ompany would be indifferent to ac.uiring either the 1=2&C or 1=2&% machine at an annual volume of 6=,=== copies. b. / decision rule for selecting the most profitable copier, when the volume can be estimated, would establish the points where !astQ 2ompany is indifferent to each machine. The volume where the costs are e.ual between alternatives can be calculated using the following formula, where X e.uals the number of copies' >5ariable cost S X S ? L fixed cost S J >variable cost M X M ? L fixed cost M !or the 1=2&C machine compared to the 1=2&% machine' 1=2&C 1=2&% G.1&X L G9,=== J G.=<X L G11,=== G.=3X J G$,=== X J 6=,=== copies McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"$# Solutions Manual 2/C, 2-6= >28AT#AB,4? !or the 1=2&% machine compared to the 1=2&" machine' 1=2&% 1=2&" G.=<X L G11,=== J G.=3X L G2=,=== G.=&X J G<,=== X J 223,=== copies The decision rule is to select the alternative as shown in the following chart. /nticipated /nnual 5olume 8ptimal %odel 2hoice =6=,=== 1=2&C 6=,===223,=== 1=2&% 223,=== and higher 1=2&" 2. a. The previous purchase price of the endor on hand, G3.== per gallon, and the average cost of the endor inventory, G&.73 per gallon, are sun costs. These costs were incurred in the past and will have no impact on future costs. They cannot be changed by any future action and are irrelevant to any future decision. /lthough the current price of endor is G3.3= per gallon, no endor will be purchased at this price. Thus, it too is irrelevant to the current special order. #f the order is accepted, the re.uired 9== gallons of endor will be replaced at a cost of G3.73 per gallon. Therefore, the real cost of endor for the special order is G&,6== >9== G3.73?. b. The G2=,=== paid by /lderon for its stoc of tatooine is a sun cost. #t was incurred in the past and is irrelevant to any future decision. The current maret price of G11 per ilogram is irrelevant, since no more tatooine will be purchased. #f the special order is accepted, /lderon will use 1,3== ilograms of its tatooine stoc, thereby losing the opportunity to sell its entire 2,===-ilogram stoc for G1&,===. Thus, the G1&,=== is an opportunity cost of using the tatooine in production instead of selling it to Colo #ndustries. %oreover, if /lderon uses 1,3== ilograms of tatooine in production, it will have to pay G1,=== for its remaining 3== ilograms to be disposed of at a ha+ardous waste facility. This G1,=== disposal cost is an out-of-pocet cost. The real cost of using the tatooine in the special order is G13,=== >G1&,=== opportunity cost L G1,=== out-of-pocet cost?. McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Managerial Accounting, 9/e Global Edition 2-$$ 2/C, 2-6= >28AT#AB,4? $. The pro0ected donations from the wildlife show amount to G1==,=== >1= percent of the T5 audience at G1=,=== per 1 percent of the viewership?. The pro0ected donations from the manufacturing series amount to G73,=== >13 percent of the T5 audience at G3,=== per 1 percent of the viewership?. Therefore, the differential revenue is G23,===, with the advantage going to the wildlife show. 1owever, if the manufacturing show is aired, the station will be able to sell the wildlife show to networ T5. Therefore, airing the wildlife show will result in the incurrence of a G23,=== opportunity cost. The conclusion, then, is that the station@s management should be indifferent between the two shows, since each would generate revenue of G1==,===. Wildlife show >1= G1=,===? G1==,=== donation %anufacturing show >13 G3,===? G 73,=== donation %anufacturing show >sell wildlife show? 23,=== sales proceeds G1==,=== total revenue /OCS ON ET.ICS >Cee page 61 in the text.? Was World2omIs controller 0ust following ordersR The World2om controller allegedly did not perform his professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and ethical standards for practitioners of managerial accounting and financial management. The 0ustification that the controller maes for this alleged unethical duping of investors, that he was ordered to do so by senior management, is an insufficient defense of his actions. 1e was legally and ethically obliged to find and correct accounting errors, and to mae an accurate representation of the firmIs financial position to his fellow managers, the board of directors, and the investing public. Cometimes, because of negligence or conflicts of interest, senior management may accidentally or purposely give unethical instructions. The controller is obliged under these circumstances to uphold his professional integrity and insist on an appropriate treatment of the accounting information. [Final version] McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2"$% Solutions Manual