Who is the architect of Farnsworth house? What is the architectural style?

The Farnsworth House was designed and constructed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe between 1945-51. It is a one-room
weekend retreat in a once-rural setting, located 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Chicago's downtown on a 60-acre (24 ha)
estate site, adjoining the Fox River, south of the city of Plano, Illinois. The steel and glass house was commissioned by Dr.
Edith Farnsworth, a prominent Chicago nephrologist, as a place where she could engage in her hobbies: playing the
violin, translating poetry, and enjoying nature. Mies created a 1,500-square-foot (140 m
2
) house that is widely
recognized as an iconic masterpiece of International Style of architecture. The home was designated a National Historic
Landmark in 2006, after joining the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
[4]
The house is currently owned and
operated as a house museum by the historic preservation group, National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Study about Le Corbusiers La Chaux- de- Fonds
La Chaux-de-Fonds is a Swiss city of the district of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the canton of Neuchtel. It is located in the Jura
mountains at an altitude of 1000 m, a few kilometres south of the French border. After Geneva and Lausanne, it is the
third largest city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of the country, with a population of (as of December 2012) of
38,267.
[1]
.
The city was founded in 1656. Its growth and prosperity is mainly bound up with the watch making industry. It is the
most important centre of the watch making industry in the area known as the Watch Valley. Completely destroyed by a
fire in 1794 La Chaux-de-Fonds was rebuilt following a grid street plan, which was and is still original among Swiss
cities. Karl Marx said about the very special urban design of the city that it was a "city-factory". The famous architect Le
Corbusier, the writer Blaise Cendrarsand the car maker Louis Chevrolet were born there. La Chaux-de-Fonds is a
renowned centre of Art nouveau.
In 2009, La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle, its sister city, have jointly been awarded UNESCO World Heritage status for
their exceptional universal value.

List down the directors of Bauhaus in Weimar
Staatliches Bauhaus (helpinfo), commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a school in Germany that combined crafts
and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught. It operated from 1919 to
1933. At that time the German term Bauhaus (helpinfo), literally "house of construction", stood for "School of
Building".
The Bauhaus school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In spite of its name, and the fact that its founder was an
architect, the Bauhaus did not have an architecture department during the first years of its existence. Nonetheless it was
founded with the idea of creating a "total" work of art in which all arts, including architecture, would eventually be
brought together. The Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern
design.
[1]
The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design,
interior design, industrial design, and typography.
The school existed in three German cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932
to 1933, under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930
and Ludwig Mies van der Rohefrom 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure
from the Nazi regime. The Nazi government claimed that it was a centre of communist intellectualism. Though the
school was closed, the staff continued to spread its idealistic precepts as they left Germany and emigrated all over the
world.
[2]

The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, and politics. For
instance: the pottery shop was discontinued when the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, even though it had been
an important revenue source; when Mies van der Rohe took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private
school, and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it.


St. Peters Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica (Latin: Basilica Sancti Petri; Italian: Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano) is a Late Renaissancechurch
located within Vatican City.
Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, St. Peter's is the
most renowned work of Renaissance architecture
[1]
and remains one of the largest churches in the world.
[2]
While it is
neither the mother church of the Roman Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, St. Peter's is regarded
as one of the holiest Catholic sites. It has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world"
[3]
and as
"the greatest of all churches of Christendom".
[1]

By Roman Catholic tradition, the basilica is the burial site of its namesake Saint Peter, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
and, also according to tradition, the first Bishop of Rome and therefore first in the line of the papal succession. Tradition
and strong historical evidence hold that Saint Peter's tomb is directly below the altar of the basilica. For this reason,
many Popes have been interred at St. Peter's since the Early Christian period. There has been a church on this site since
the time of Constantine the Great. Construction of the present basilica, replacing the Old St. Peter's Basilica of the 4th
century, began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626.
[4]

St. Peter's is famous as a place of pilgrimage, for its liturgical functions. Because of its location in the Vatican, the Pope
presides at a number of services throughout the year, drawing audiences of 15,000 to over 80,000 people, either within
the Vatican Basilica, or in St. Peter's Square.
[5]
St. Peter's has many strong historical associations, with the Early Christian
church, the papacy, the Protestant Reformation and Counter-reformation, and with numerous artists, most
significantly Michelangelo. As a work of architecture, it is regarded as the greatest building of its age.
[6]
St. Peter's is one
of the four churches of Rome that hold the rank of Major Basilica. Contrary to popular misconception, it is not a
cathedral as it is not the seat of a bishop; the cathedra of the Pope (as Bishop of Rome) is located in the Archbasilica of
St. John Lateran.

Sta. Maria del Fiore, Italy
The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore (English: Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower) is the main church
of Florence,Italy. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to the design
of Arnolfo di Cambioand completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior
of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an
elaborate 19th-centuryGothic Revival faade by Emilio De Fabris.
The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile. The three buildings
are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major attraction to
tourists visiting the region of Tuscany. The basilica is one of Italy's largest churches, and until development of new
structural materials in the modern era, the dome was the largest in the world. It remains the largest brick dome ever
constructed.
The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, whose archbishop is
currentlyGiuseppe Betori.

Sagrada Familia, Barcelona ; Florence Cathedral

The Baslica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Famlia (Catalan pronunciation: *sa
fmii+; English: Basilicaand Expiatory Church of the Holy Family), is a large Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, Spain,
designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaud (18521926). Although incomplete, the church is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site,
[5]
and in November 2010 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated and proclaimed it a minor basilica,
[6][7][8]
as distinct from
a cathedralwhich must be the seat of a bishop. Construction of Sagrada Famlia had commenced in 1882, Gaud became
involved in 1883,
[5]
taking over the project and transforming it with his architectural and engineering style, combining
Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaud devoted his last years to the project, and at the time of his death at age
73 in 1926 less than a quarter of the project was complete.
[9]
Sagrada Famlia's construction progressed slowly, as it
relied on private donations and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War, only to resume intermittent progress in the
1950s. Construction passed the midpoint in 2010 with some of the project's greatest challenges remaining
[9]
and an
anticipated completion date of 2026, the centenary of Gaud's death.
The baslica has a long history of dividing the citizens of Barcelona, over the initial possibility it might compete
withBarcelona's cathedral, over Gaud's design itself,
[10]
over the possibility that work after Gaud's death disregarded his
design,
[10]
and the recent proposal to build an underground tunnel of Spain's high-speed rail link to France which could
disturb its stability.
[11]

Describing Sagrada Famlia, art critic Rainer Zerbst said, "It is probably impossible to find a church building anything like
it in the entire history of art"
[12]
and Paul Goldberger called it, "The most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic
architecture since the Middle Ages."
[13]


Church of Colonia Guell, Barcelona
The Church of Colnia Gell (Catalan: Cripta de la Colnia Gell, IPA: *kipt kuni we]) is an unfinished work
by Antoni Gaud. It was built as a place of worship for the people in a manufacturing suburb in Santa Coloma de Cervell,
near Barcelona (Spain). Colnia Gell was the brainchild of Count Eusebi de Gell. However with Gell losing profits
from his business, the money ran out and only the crypt was completed.

Stile Liberty
Art Nouveau (French pronunciation: *a nuvo+, Anglicised to /rt nuvo/) or Jugendstil is an
international philosophy
[1]
andstyle of art, architecture and applied artespecially the decorative artsthat was most
popular during 18901910.
[2]
English uses the French name Art nouveau ("new art"), but the style has many different
names in other countries. A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and
structures, not only in flowers and plants, but also in curved lines. Architects tried to harmonize with the natural
environment.
[3]

Art Nouveau is considered a "total" art style, embracing architecture, graphic art, interior design, and most of
the decorative arts including jewellery, furniture, textiles, household silver and other utensils and lighting, as well as
the fine arts. According to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many well-off Europeans, it was
possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, fabrics, ceramics including
tableware, jewellery, cigarette cases, etc. Artists desired to combine the fine arts and applied arts, even for utilitarian
objects.
[3]

Although Art Nouveau was replaced by 20th-century Modernist styles,
[4]
it is now considered as an important transition
between the eclectic historic revival styles of the 19th-century and Modernism.
[5]


Modernista
Religious Architecture
Sacred architecture (also known as religious architecture) is a religious architectural practice concerned with the design
and construction of places of worship and/or sacred or intentional space, such
as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, andtemples. Many cultures devoted considerable resources to their sacred
architecture and places of worship. Religious and sacred spaces are amongst the most impressive and
permanent monolithic buildings created by humanity. Conversely, sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may
also be non-monolithic, ephemeral and intensely private, personal and non-public.
Sacred, religious and holy structures often evolved over centuries and were the largest buildings in the world, prior to
the modern skyscraper. While the various styles employed in sacred architecture sometimes reflected trends in other
structures, these styles also remained unique from the contemporary architecture used in other structures. With the rise
of Abrahamicmonotheisms (particularly Christianity and Islam), religious buildings increasingly became centres
of worship, prayer andmeditation.
The Western scholarly discipline of the history of architecture itself closely follows the history of religious architecture
from ancient times until the Baroque period, at least. Sacred geometry, iconography and the use of
sophisticated semiotics such as signs, symbols and religious motifs are endemic to sacred architecture.

Expressionism
Glazed Ceramics
Magnum Opus
Magnum opus (plural: magna opera, also opus magnum / opera magna), from the Latin meaning "great work",
[1]
refers
to the largest, and perhaps the best, greatest, most popular, or most renowned achievement of an artist.
Sometimes the term magnum opus is used to refer to simply "a great work" rather than "the great work" of a specific
person.
[2]

In popular usage, the English-style plural magnum opuses may also be seen. Some reputable dictionaries such as
the Oxford English Dictionary now regard magnum opuses as acceptable.
The term magnum opus is distinguished in usage from "masterpiece" by a requirement that it be a work on a large scale,
and by the absence of a requirement that it is generally regarded as among the creator's most successful works.

Opus Reticulatum
Opus reticulatum (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork used in ancient Roman architecture. It
consists of diamond-shaped bricks of tuff, referred to as cubilia
[1]
, placed around a core of opus caementicium.
[2]
The
diamond-shaped tufa blocks were placed with the pointed ends into the cement core at an angle of roughly 45 degrees,
so the square bases formed a diagonal pattern, and the pattern of mortar lines resembled a net. Reticulatum is the Latin
term for net, and opus, the term for a work of art, thus the term translates to "net work".
This construction technique was used from the beginning of the 1st century BC, and remained very common untilopus
latericium, a different form of brickwork, became more common.
[2]

Opus reticulatum was used as a technique in the Renaissance Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, the skill having been lost with
the end of the Roman Empire, and rediscovered by means of archeology by Leon Battista Alberti.
The initial, rough form of opus reticulatum, an advancement from opus incertum, is called opus quasi reticulatum.

Trencadis
Trencads (Catalan pronunciation: *tkis+) is a type of mosaic used in Catalan modernism, created from broken tile
shards. The technique is also called pique assiette. This mosaic is done using broken pieces of ceramic, like tiles and
dinnerware .
The Catalan architects Antoni Gaud and Josep Maria Jujol used trencads in many projects, among
whichBarcelona's Parc Gell is probably the most famous.
Modernist architects made extensive use of ceramics, but Antoni Gaud in particular proposed a more unconventional
method. He covered his three-dimensional architecture with glazed ceramics of different shapes and colours, which
created brightly coloured patterns. For the task, he used discarded pieces of ceramic tiles collected from the factory
"Pujol i Bausis" located in Esplugues de Llobregat, and pieces of white ceramic from broken cups and plates discarded by
other Spanish manufacturers.
The technique was used for the first time at the Gell Pavilions where the complex architecture forced him to break the
tiles where he couldnt use an entire square one.

St. Pauls Cathedral
St Paul's Cathedral, London, is a Church of England cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and mother church of
the Diocese of London. It sits at the top of Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London. Its dedication to Paul the
Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604.
[1]
The present church, dating from the late 17th
century, was designed in theEnglish Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed within Wren's
lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme which took place in the city after the Great Fire of London.
[2]

The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London, with its dome, framed by the spires of
Wren's City churches, dominating the skyline for 300 years.
[3]
At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in
London from 1710 to 1962, and its dome is also among the highest in the world. In terms of area, St Paul's is the second
largest church building in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.
St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity of the English population.
[4]
It is the central subject
of much promotional material, as well as postcard images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the smoke and fire
of the Blitz.
[4]
Important services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington,
Sir Winston Churchill andMargaret Thatcher; Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of
the First and Second World Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, the launch of the
Festival of Britain and the thanksgiving services for the Golden Jubilee, the 80th Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee
of Elizabeth II. St Paul's Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly prayer and daily services.

Rheims Cathedral
Notre-Dame de Reims (Our Lady of Reims) is the seat of the Archdiocese of Reims, where the kings of France were
crowned.
[1]
The cathedral replaced an older church, destroyed by fire in 1211, that was built on the site of
the basilica where Clovis was baptized by Saint Remi, bishop of Reims, in AD 496. That original structure had itself been
erected on the site of some Roman baths. A major tourism destination, the cathedral receives about one million visitors
annually.
[2]

Chatres Cathedral
Chartres Cathedral, also known as Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Chartres (French: Basilique Cathdrale Notre-Dame
de Chartres), is a medieval Roman Rite Catholic cathedral located in Chartres, France, about 80 kilometres (50 mi)
southwest of Paris. It is considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and is a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1250, is the last of at least five which have
occupied the site since the town became a bishopric in the 4th century.
The cathedral is in an exceptional state of preservation. The majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact,
while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. The building's exterior is dominated by
heavy flying buttresses which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is
dominated by two contrasting spires a 105-metre (349 ft) plain pyramid completed around 1160 and a 113-metre
(377 ft) early 16th-centuryFlamboyant spire on top of an older tower. Equally notable are the three great faades, each
adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives.
Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travellers and remains so to this
day, attracting large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come to venerate its famous relic, the Sancta Camisa,
said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to
admire the cathedral's architecture and historical merit.

Periods of Renaissance
Early
High
Baroque
Rococo


Cologne Cathedral
Cologne Cathedral (Klner Dom) (Latin: Ecclesia Cathedralis Sanctorum Petri et Mariae, officially Hohe Domkirche St.
Petrus, English: High Cathedral of St. Peter) is a Roman Catholic church in Cologne, Germany. It is the seat of
the Archbishop of Cologneand the administration of the Archdiocese of Cologne. It is a renowned monument of German
Catholicism and Gothic architecture and is a World Heritage Site.
[1]
It is Germany's most visited landmark, attracting an
average of 20,000 people a day.
[2]

Construction of Cologne Cathedral commenced in 1248 and was halted in 1473, leaving it unfinished. Work restarted in
the 19th century and was completed, to the original plan, in 1880. It is 144.5 metres (474 ft) long, 86.5 m (284 ft) wide
and its towers are approximately 157 m (515 ft) tall.
[3]
The cathedral is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe and
has the second-tallest spires(after Ulm Minster. See info-box below.) Its two huge spires give it the largest faade of any
church in the world. The choir has the largest height to width ratio, 3.6:1, of any medieval church.
[4]

Cologne's medieval builders had planned a grand structure to house the reliquary of the Three Kings and fit its role as a
place of worship for the Holy Roman Emperor. Despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period, Cologne
Cathedral eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the
strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe".
[1]


Parts of the church
There are several parts in the architecture of a church. Not all churches will have all these parts:
The nave is the main part of the church where the congregation (the people who come to worship) sit.
The aisles (rhymes with piles) are the sides of the church which may run along the side of the nave.
The transept, if there is one, is an area which crosses the nave near the top of the church. This makes the church
shaped like a cross, which is a symbol of the belief that Jesus died on the cross.
The chancel leads up to the altar at the top of the church. The altar is in the sanctuary. The word sanctuary means
sacred place. People were not allowed to be arrested in the sanctuary, so they were safe. The altar is usually at
the east end of the church. People in the church sit facing the altar. We say that the church faces east.
Churches will also have a tower or steeple, usually at the west end. If the church has a transept the tower may be
above the centre of the transept.

Study about the Erechtheion
The Erechtheion (Greek: ) is an ancient Greek temple on the north side of
the Acropolis of Athens in Greece which was dedicated to both Athena and Poseidon.

Temple of Athena
The Temple of Athena Nike (Greek: ) is a temple on the Acropolis of Athens. Built between 427 and
424 BC, the temple is the earliest fully Ionic temple on the Acropolis. It has a prominent position on a steep bastion at
the south west corner of the Acropolis to the right of the entrance, the Propylaea. In contrast to the Acropolis proper, a
walled sanctuary entered through the Propylaea, the Nike Sanctuary was open, entered from the Propylaea's southwest
wing and from a narrow stair on the north. The sheer walls of its bastion were protected on the north, west, and south
by the Nike Parapet, named for its frieze of Nikai celebrating victory and sacrificing to their patroness, Athena Nike.
Nike means victory in Greek, and Athena was worshipped in this form, as goddess of victory in war and wisdom. The
citizens worshipped the goddess in hope of a prosperous outcome in the long Peloponnesian War fought on land and
sea against the Spartans and their allies.

Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the main and most
powerful god,Zeus. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, was the very model of the fully developed classical Greek
temple of the Doric order.
[1]


Propylaea
A Propylaea, Propylea or Propylaia (/prpli/; Greek: ) is any monumental gateway based on the original
Propylaea that serves as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. The Brandenburg Gate of Berlin and
the Propylaea in Munich are specifically copied from the central portion of the Propylaea.

Temple of Aggregentum
Agrigento listen (helpinfo) (Sicilian: Girgenti), is a city on the southern coast of Sicily, Italy, and capital of the province
of Agrigento. It is renowned as the site of the ancient Greek city of Akragas (also known as Acragas () in
Greek,Agrigentum in Latin and Kirkent or Jirjent in Arabic), one of the leading cities of Magna Graecia during the golden
age of Ancient Greece.

Six leading influences that shape architecture

Life of Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (also spelled Gianlorenzo or Giovanni Lorenzo) (Naples, 7 December 1598 Rome, 28 November
1680) was an Italian artist and a prominent architect
[1]
who worked principally in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of
his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture.
[2]
In addition, he painted, wrote plays, and designed
metalwork and stage sets.
Bernini possessed the ability to depict dramatic narratives with characters showing intense psychological states, but also
organise large-scale sculptural works which convey a magnificent grandeur.
[3]
His skill in manipulating marble ensured he
was considered a worthy successor of Michelangelo, far outshining other sculptors of his generation, including his
rival, Alessandro Algardi. His talent extended beyond the confines of his sculpture to consideration of the setting in
which it would be situated; his ability to synthesise sculpture, painting and architecture into a coherent conceptual and
visual whole has been termed by the art historian Irving Lavin the "unity of the visual arts".
[4]
A deeply religious
man,
[5]
working in Counter Reformation Rome, Bernini used light as an important metaphorical device in the perception
of his religious settings, often using hidden light sources that could intensify the focus of religious worship,
[6]
or enhance
the dramatic moment of a sculptural narrative.
Bernini was also a leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture along with his contemporaries, the
architect,Francesco Borromini and the painter and architect, Pietro da Cortona. Early in their careers they had all worked
at the same time at the Palazzo Barberini, initially under Carlo Maderno and on his death, under Bernini. Later on,
however, they were in competition for commissions and fierce rivalries developed, particularly between Bernini and
Borromini.
[7][8]
Despite the arguably greater architectural inventiveness of Borromini and Cortona, Bernini's artistic pre-
eminence, particularly during the reigns of popes Urban VIII (162344) andAlexander VII (165565), meant he was able
to secure the most important commission in the Rome of his day, St. Peter's Basilica. His design of the Piazza San
Pietro in front of the Basilica is one of his most innovative and successful architectural designs.
During his long career, Bernini received numerous important commissions, many of which were associated with the
papacy. At an early age, he came to the attention of the papal nephew, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, and in 1621, at the
age of only 23, he was knighted by Pope Gregory XV. Following his accession to the papacy, Urban VIII is reported to
have said, "Your luck is great to see Cardinal Maffeo Barberini Pope, Cavaliere; but ours is much greater to have Cavalier
Bernini alive in our pontificate."
[9]
Although he did not fare so well during the reign of Innocent X, under Alexander VII,
he once again regained pre-eminent artistic domination and continued to be held in high regard by Clement IX.
Bernini and other artists fell from favour in later neoclassical criticism of the Baroque. It is only from the late 19th
century that art historical scholarship, in seeking an understanding of artistic output in the cultural context in which it
was produced, has come to recognise Bernini's achievements and restore his artistic reputation. The art historian
Howard Hibbard concludes that during the seventeenth century "there were no sculptors or architects comparable to
Bernini."
[10]


Architects of St. Peters Basilica
Frank Lloyd Write
Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior
designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1000 structures and completed 532 works. Wright believed in
designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic
architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called "the best
all-time work of American architecture".
[1]
Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and
developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.
His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools,
skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the
furniture and stained glass. Wright authored 20 books and many articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States
and in Europe. His colorful personal life often made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire and murders at his Taliesin
studio. Already well known during his lifetime, Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as
"the greatest American architect of all time."
[1]


Frank Owen Gehry
Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929)
[1]
is a Canadian-American Pritzker Prize
winningarchitect based in Los Angeles.
A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world renowned tourist attractions. His works
are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture
Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age".
[2]

Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-covered Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; MIT Ray and Maria Stata
Center inCambridge, Massachusetts; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; The Vontz Center for Molecular
Studies on theUniversity of Cincinnati campus; Experience Music Project in Seattle; New World Center in Miami
Beach; Weisman Art Museum inMinneapolis; Dancing House in Prague; the Vitra Design Museum and the
museum MARTa Herford in Germany; the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto; the Cinmathque franaise in Paris; and 8
Spruce Street in New York City. But it was his private residence inSanta Monica, California, that jump-started his career,
lifting it from the status of "paper architecture"a phenomenon that many famous architects have experienced in their
formative decades through experimentation almost exclusively on paper before receiving their first major commission in
later years. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.
[3]


Tadao Ando
Tadao Ando ( And Tadao
?
, born September 13, 1941) is a Japanese self-taught architect
[1][2]
whose approach
toarchitecture and landscape was categorized by architectural historian Francesco Dal Co as "critical regionalism".
Louis Sullivan
Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 April 14, 1924)
[1]
was an American architect, and has been called the "father
of skyscrapers"
[2]
and "father of modernism".
[3]
He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was
an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the
Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and
Wright, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture".
[4]
He posthumously received the AIA Gold
Medal in 1944.
Filippo Bruneleschi
Filippo Brunelleschi (Italian: *filippo brunelleski+; 1377 April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and
engineers of theItalian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his development of linear perspective and for
engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works,
sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design. His principal surviving works are to be found
in Florence, Italy.
Little is known about the early life of Brunelleschi, the only sources being Antonio Manetti and Giorgio
Vasari.
[2]
According to these sources, Filippo's father was Brunellesco di Lippo, a lawyer, and his mother was Giuliana
Spini. Filippo was the middle of their three children. The young Filippo was given a literary and mathematical education
intended to enable him to follow in the footsteps of his father, a civil servant. Being artistically inclined, however, Filippo
enrolled in the Arte della Seta, the silk merchants' Guild, which also included goldsmiths, metalworkers, and bronze
workers. He became a master goldsmith in 1398. It was thus not a coincidence that his first important building
commission, the Ospedale degli Innocenti, came from the guild to which he belonged.
[3]

In 1401, Brunelleschi entered a competition to design a new set of bronze doors for the Florence Baptistery. Seven
competitors each produced a gilded bronze panel, depicting the Sacrifice of Isaac. Brunelleschi's entry, which, with that
of Lorenzo Ghiberti, is one of only two to have survived, made reference to the Greco-Roman Boy with Thorn, whilst
Ghiberti used a naked torso in the Classical style for his figure of Isaac. In 1403, Ghiberti was announced the victor,
largely because of his superior technical skill: his panel showed a more sophisticated knowledge of bronze-casting being
cast as a single piece. Brunelleschi's panel, by contrast, consisted of several pieces bolted to the back plate. Ghiberti
went on to complete a second set of bronze doors for the baptistery, whose beautyMichelangelo extolled a hundred
years later, saying "surely these must be the "Gates of Paradise".
[4]


Andrea Palladio
Andrea Palladio (30 November 1508 19 August 1580) was an Italian
[1]
architect active in the Republic of Venice.
Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered the most influential
individual in the history of Western architecture. All of his buildings are located in what was the Venetian Republic, but
his teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, The Four Books of Architecture, gained him wide
recognition.
[2]
The city of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Minoru Yamasaki
Minoru Yamasaki (December 1, 1912 February 7, 1986) was a Japanese and American architect, best known for
designing theWorld Trade Center in New York City and several other large-scale projects.
[1]
Yamasaki was one of the
most prominent architects of the 20th century. He and fellow architect Edward Durell Stone are generally considered to
be the two master practitioners of "NewFormalism."
[2]

I.M. Pei
Ieoh Ming Pei (born April 26, 1917), commonly known as I. M. Pei, is a Chinese American architect often called the
master ofmodern architecture.
[1]
Born in Guangzhou and raised in Hong Kong and Shanghai, Pei drew inspiration at an
early age from the gardens at Suzhou. In 1935, he moved to the United States and enrolled in the University of
Pennsylvania's architecture school, but quickly transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was
unhappy with the focus at both schools on Beaux-Arts architecture, and spent his free time researching emerging
architects, especially Le Corbusier. After graduating, he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) and became
a friend of the Bauhaus architects Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. In 1939, he married Eileen Loo, who had
introduced him to the GSD community. They have been married for over seventy years, and have four children, including
architects Chien Chung Pei and Li Chung Pei.
In 1948 Mr. Pei was recruited by New York real estate magnate William Zeckendorf. There he spent seven years before
establishing his own independent design firm I. M. Pei & Associates in 1955 which became I.M. Pei & Partners in 1966
and later in 1989 becamePei Cobb Freed & Partners. Mr. Pei retired from full-time practice in 1990. Since then, he has
taken on work as an architectural consultant primarily from his sons' architectural firm Pei Partnership Architects.
Among the early projects on which Pei took the lead were the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel in Washington, DC and the Green
Building at MIT. His first major recognition came with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado; his
new stature led to his selection as chief architect for the John F. Kennedy Library in Massachusetts. He went on to
design Dallas City Hall and the East Building of the National Gallery of Art.
He returned to China for the first time in 1974 to design a hotel at Fragrant Hills, and designed a skyscraper in Hong
Kong for the Bank of China fifteen years later. In the early 1980s, Pei was the focus of controversy when he designed a
glass-and-steel pyramid for theMuse du Louvre in Paris. He later returned to the world of the arts by designing
the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center in Dallas, the Miho Museum in Japan, the Suzhou Museum in Suzhou, and
the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar.
Pei has won a wide variety of prizes and awards in the field of architecture, including the AIA Gold Medal in 1979, the
first Praemium Imperiale for Architecture in 1989, and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt,
National Design Museum in 2003. In 1983, he won the Pritzker Prize, sometimes called the Nobel Prize of architecture.

Kenzo Tange
Kenz Tange ( Tange Kenz
?
, 4 September 1913 22 March 2005) was a Japanese architect, and winner of the
1987Pritzker Prize for architecture. He was one of the most significant architects of the 20th century, combining
traditional Japanese styles with modernism, and designed major buildings on five continents. Tange was also an
influential patron of the Metabolist movement. He said: "It was, I believe, around 1959 or at the beginning of the sixties
that I began to think about what I was later to call structuralism", (cited in Plan 2/1982, Amsterdam), a reference to the
architectural movement known as Dutch Structuralism.
Influenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier, Tange gained international recognition in 1949 when
he won the competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. He was a member of CIAM (Congres
Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne) in the 1950s. He did not join the group of younger CIAM architects known
as Team X, though his 1960 Tokyo Bay plan was influential for Team 10 in the 1960s, as well as the group that
became Metabolism.
His university studies on urbanism put him in an ideal position to handle redevelopment projects after the Second World
War. His ideas were explored in designs for Tokyo and Skopje. Tange's work influenced a generation of architects across
the world.