Experiment

Design

¡ntroduction
·Design of Experiments-a plan or
procedure to collect data to solve a
problem.
·We will be concerned with a particular plan
that maximizes the information collected in
a limited data set.
¡ntroduction
·Nost processes are affected by multiple
variables (called factors in statistics).
·The degree to which each factor is
important is often unknown, plus the
nature of the dependence is often unclear.
·Experimentation can be used to determine
which factors are important (screening
tests) and to develop a model of the
functional dependence.
Full-Factorial Model
·The linear equation for 3 factors is:
y = b
0
+ b
1
x
1
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
3
x
3
+ b
+
x
1
x
2
+
b
5
x
2
x
3
+ b
6
x
1
x
3
+ b
7
x
1
x
2
x
3
·This equation accounts for possible inter-
actions between all three factors as well
as the pairs of factors.
·As model complexity increases, more data
are required to determine all constants.
2
N
Models
·For a linear model using all possible multi-
plicative interactions, 2
N
constants must be
determined, where N is the number of factors
(independent variables), so a minimum of 2
N

experiments must be run.
·The 2
N
linear models can have all constants
determined by two-level experiments, where
only two different values of each factor is
tested, so these models are also called ¨two-
level models."
Factorial Experiment Design
·The experiment testing procedure that
gains the most information with the least
number of tests is the factorial design.
·The factorial design uses (n + 1)
N
tests to
determine the same number of constants.
·We will focus on linear two-level models
that use 2
N
tests to find 2
N
constants.
·Fractional factorial designs use even fewer
tests, but omit some interaction terms.
Two-Factor, Two-Level Case
·Nodel: y = b
0
+ b
1
x
1
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
3
x
1
x
2
·Two levels, ¨high" and ¨low," are used for
each of the two factors.
·Levels are typically designated ¨+1" for
high and ¨-1" for low.
·The values of x
i
are normalized as:
x
i
= (2v - v
high
- v
low
)f(v
high
- v
low
)
where v is any non-normalized value of
x
i
, and v
high
and v
low
are max and min v.
Two-Factor, Two-Level Plan
x
1
x
2
-1 -1
1 -1
-1 1
1 1
Why Code to x
i
?
·!t makes the math a little easier.
·!t puts all variables on the same basis.
We don't have to compensate for
dimensions.
·See Chem-Yield Example below.
2-Factor Example
·Q is assumed to be
a function of T and
D. A 2-factor set of
runs is formed with
results as shown.
·Find a model for Q
and predict flow
rate for D = 0.+3
and T = 75.
Measurements
2-Factor Example {Cont'd}
·
x
1
x
2
Q
-1 -1 29.92
1 -1 +9.57
-1 1 +1.+5
1 1 81.21
2-Factor Example {Cont'd}
· Substitute the coded numbers into the equation
y = a
0
+ a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
1
x
2
29.92 = a
0
- 1a
1
- 1a
2
+ 1a
3

+9.57 = a
0
+ 1a
1
- 1a
2
- 1a
3

+1.+5 = a
0
- 1a
1
+ 1a
2
- 1a
3

81.21 = a
0
+ 1a
1
+ 1a
2
+ 1a
3

This gives + equations in term of the +
coefficients that we can solve using matrix
math.
2-Factor Example {Cont'd}
· See ExcelinNE Tutorial ¨General Excel Tips 3"
for the details on how to solve linear equations
using matrixes in Excel.
· !mportant things to remember
Block off the cells required to hold the result of the
computation
Press ¨Ctrl-Shift-Enter," Not ¨Enter" alone
· See the Excel file ¨DOE Lecture Example 1" in
Blackboard
2-Factor Example {Cont'd}
·The equation for Q in terms of x
1
and x
2
is:
Q = 50.5+ + 1+.85:x
1
+ 10.79:x
2
+ 5.03:x
1
:x
2
·Using x
1
= (2T - T
high
- T
low
)f(T
high
- T
low
),
T = 75 becomes:
2-Factor Example {Cont'd}
·D = 0.+3 becomes:
·The model prediction of Q is:
Q = 50.5+ + 1+.85 * (-0.571+) + 10.79 * 0.++

+ 5.03 * (-0.571+) * 0.++ = +5.5+
T (degr C) P (bar) h (kJfkg)
+00 160 29+7.6
7+0 160 3935.9
+00 320 2055.9
7+0 320 38+7.8
Example 2
8team Table Data
·Fit the linear model to the 2-level steam
table data below
Example 2 {Cont'd}
·Test the model using the following
intermediate data
T P h
++0 200 3019.+
700 200 3809
560 200 3+23
++0 280 2812.6
700 280 3758.+
560 280 3333.7
Two Level Model Test
·The linear model, test data, and results:
h = 3196.8 + 695.05 x
T
- 2++.95 x
P
+ 200.9 x
T
x
P
Three-Factor, Two-Level Case
·Nodel: y = a
0
+ a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
3
+
a
+
x
1
x
2
+ a
5
x
1
x
3
+ a
6
x
2
x
3
+ a
7
x
1
x
2
x
3
·Two levels, ¨high" and ¨low," are used for
each of the three factors.
·Eight coefficients must be determined.
·We will solve 8 equations in the 8
unknown coefficients
·The values of x
i
are still normalized as:
x
i
= (2v - v
high
- v
low
)f(v
high
- v
low
)
2-Level 3-Factor Example 3
· The effect of Temperature (C), Pressure (psi)
and Reaction Time (min) on the Yield of a
Chemical Process is given in the table
T P R Y
S0 50 5 59.03
120 50 5 76.31
S0 70 5 28.87
120 70 5 51.+1
S0 50 15 20.3
120 50 15 +3.63
S0 70 15 +8.3+
120 70 15 71.06
Example 3 {Cont'd}
·The Coded variables are
x1 x2 x3
-1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1
1 1 -1
-1 -1 1
1 -1 1
-1 1 1
1 1 1
Example 3 {Cont'd}
·See the Excel File ¨DOE 3 factor Chem
Yield" in Blackboard.
·The Nodel is
Y = +9.87 +10.73*x1 + 0.55*x2 - +.0+*x3 + 1.08*x1*x2 +
0.78*x1*x3 +1+.32*x2*x3 - 0.23*x1*x2*x3
Example 3 {Cont'd}
· The coefficients tell the relative influence of the factors
and the interaction between the factors
Example 3 {Concluded}
· The important factors are shown to be T, R, and
the interaction between R and P.
· !n terms of coded values, T should be at the
high end of the range, +1, R should be at the
low end of the range, -1, and P should have the
same sign, -, and make P*R largest, (-1*-1 =
+1).
· This is why we code the independent variables.
So that, we can make this comparison.
8ummary
·Code the independent variables -1 to +1.
·Run high-low experiments based on the
number of factors. 2
N

·Use matrix math in excel to find the 2N
coefficients. The coefficients tell the
relative importance of the variables and
the interactions.