Extension Dharwad

KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS IN

DHARWAD DISTRICT

KHIN MAR OO

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DHARWAD
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
DHARWAD 580 005

SEPTEMBER, 2005
KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS IN
DHARWAD DISTRICT

Thesis submitted to the
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION

By
KHIN MAR OO

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
DHARWAD 580 005

SEPTEMBER, 2005
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled "KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF
IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS IN
DHARWAD DISTRICT" submitted by Ms. KHIN MAR OO, for the degree of MASTER OF
SCIENCE in AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION, to the University of Agricultural
Sciences, Dharwad is a record of research work done by her during the period of her study in
this university under my guidance and the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the
award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles.

DHARWAD

SEPTEMBER, 2005 (L. V. HIREVENKANAGOUDAR)
MAJOR ADVISOR

Approved by :

Chairman :
(L. V. HIREVENKANAGOUDAR)

Members : 1.

2.

3.

(D. M. CHANDARAGI)
(ANILKUMAR MUGALI)
(Y. N. HAVALDAR)

Affectionately Dedicated to Affectionately Dedicated to Affectionately Dedicated to Affectionately Dedicated to

My Beloved Father and Mother My Beloved Father and Mother My Beloved Father and Mother My Beloved Father and Mother
U Than Aung and U Than Aung and U Than Aung and U Than Aung and
Late Daw San San Myint Late Daw San San Myint Late Daw San San Myint Late Daw San San Myint

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel the inadequacy of words to express my deep sense of gratitude and profound
indebtedness to Dr. L. V. HIREVENKANAGOWDAR, Professor and Head, Department of
Agricultural Extension Education, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and my
adviser for valuable guidance, constant supervision, constructive criticism, vivid
encouragement and affectionate dealing throughout the period of investigation and during
preparation of the manuscripts. I confess that it has been a great fortune and proud privilege
for me to be associated with him during my program.
I sincerely extend my thanks to Dr. D. M. CHANDARAGI, Associate Professor of
Agricultural Extension Education, Dr. ANILKUMAR MUGALI, Associate Professor of
Veterinary Hospital, Mr. Y. N. HAVALDAR, assistant professor of Agricultural Statistics
,members of my advisory committee for their invaluable advise and critical evaluation of the
manuscript.
I wish to duly acknowledge my thanks to Dr. L. MANJUNATH, associate professor of
Agricultural Extension Education, for his inspiring guidance and valuable comments in the
preparation of the thesis, without which, this study could scarcely have been accomplished.
Special appreciation is extended to regional director, official and staff from Indian
Council for Cultural Relation (ICCR), Bangalore branch, for their kind co-operation and
supporting during my study program.
My utmost thanks are due to Managing Director, and other staff members of Karnataka
Milk Federation, Dharwad Milk Union, for their kind co-operation, help and information for
my research study.
Also I am extremely thankful to my classmates for their nice company and making my
stay very comfortable and enjoyable here during the entire period of study.
My most thanks are due to my friends Vinay Kumar and Devi latha, who had given
their kind help and assisting for my data collection and in preparation my schedule.
The love and affections shown by Mrs. Anita and family made my stay at Dharwad
memorable.
My feelings towards my beloved parents, U Than Aung and late Daw San San Myint,
who had done a lot to bring me to this level, are inexpressible in words.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to my loving sisters, Ma Khin Ohn Than, Ma Khin Htar
Hlaing, my loving brother, Ko Khin Maung Cho, brother in law, Ko Htwe Minn and my
beloved nephews, Mg Nyan Tha Minn and Mg Ye Pyai Son Minn, whose constant
encouragement, love and affection has been a source of inspiration to me.
I am grateful to my country, Union of Myanmar and my Ministry for providing me
fellowship and deputation to study my M. Sc. I cannot forget the kindness of Indian
government and ICCR for providing scholarship during my program.
Last but not least I extend my thanks to all staff members and non-staff members who
helped me directly or indirectly during my stay as well as study in INDIA.
I will never forget the enormous and timely help rendered by Mr. Kalmesh and
Mr. Arjun (Arjun Computers), for their patience, precise delivery and meticulous typing of
the manuscript.
............any omission in this brief acknowledgement does not mean lack of
gratitude.

DHARWAD
SEPTEMBER, 2005 (KHIN MAR OO)

CONTENTS

Chapter
No.
Title
Page
No.
I. INTRODUCTION 1-6
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-23
III. METHODOLOGY 24-36
IV. RESULTS 37-67
V. DISCUSSION 68-80
VI. SUMMARY 81-88
VII. REFERENCES 89-99
APPENDIX 100-113

LIST OF TABLES

Table
No.
Title
Page
No.
1. Milk yield of dairy animals obtained by the women dairy farmers 38
2. Average cost of milk production in different types of milch
animals by women dairy farmers
41
3. Average cost of milk production, milk yield and cost benefit ratio
for different types of milk animals by women dairy farmers
42
4. Distribution of respondents according to contribution of dairy
enterprises to the total family income
43
5. Knowledge of women dairy farmers about improved dairy
management practices
46
6. Overall adoption level of women dairy farmers about improved
dairy practices
46
7a. Adoption of improved milk production practices by women dairy
farmers
47
7b. Adoption of improved dairy management practices by women
dairy farmers
48
8. Distribution of respondents according to their age 51
9. Distribution of respondents according to their education 51
10. Distribution of respondents according to their family size 53
11. Distribution of respondents according to their annual income 53
12. Distribution of respondents according to their land holding 54
13. Distribution of respondents according to their material
Possession
54
14. Distribution of respondents according to their herd size 56
15. Distribution of respondents according to dairying experience 57
15a. Distribution of respondents according to their organization
participation
57
15b. Distribution of respondents according to their organization
participation
58

Contd
Table
No.
Title
Page
No.
16. Mass media participation by the respondents 61
17. Distribution of respondents according to their extension
participation
62
18. Distribution of respondents according to their risk orientation 62
19. Distribution of respondents according to their decision making 63
20. Distribution of respondents according to their aspiration level 63
21. Distribution of respondents according to their economic
motivation
66
22. Sources of marketing of milk followed by women dairy farmers 66
23. Suggestions offered by women dairy farmers for improvement of
dairy enterprise
67

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
No.
Title
Betwee
n
Pages
1. Milk yield of dairy animals obtained by women dairy formers 38-39
2. Distributions of respondents according to contribution of
dairy enterprise to the total family income
40-41
3. Over all knowledge level of dairy women farmers 44-45
4. Over all adoption level of dairy women farmers 44-45
5. Suggestions offered by women dairy farmers for
improvement of dairy enterprises
67-68

APPENDIX

Appendi
x No.
Title
Page
No.
I. Study on knowledge and adoption of improved dairy
management practices by women dairy farmers in
Dharwad districts
100

1
I. INTRODUCTION
Livestock farming is not only an indispensable component of agriculture, but also the most
suitable production system that has enormous potential to improve the socio economic status of the
large percentage of the rural population. While discussing the present status of the dairy farming in
India it has to be mentioned here that the bulk of milk production is in the hands of numerous
landless, marginal and small farmers scattered all over the country. To most of them, dairying is only
a supplementary or complimentary enterprise. According to the National Commission on Agriculture
(1991) next to the crops animal husbandry programmes have got the largest employment potential.
The most important features of these programmes are that they provide subsidiary occupation, offer
gainful employment at the location itself and make better utilization of female and child labor.
Livestock development programmes are labor intensive, have favorable cost-benefit ratios and in
some cases small gestation period. Most of these programmes are particularly suitable for weaker
sections of the rural community and have redistributive effect on rural income in favor of them.
India has the largest cattle and buffalo population in the world. It has 50 percent (58 million) of
the world buffaloes and 17 percent (170 million) of the world cattle population.
India is currently largest producer of milk in the world with a record production level of 84.5
million tones during 2001-02. India has witnessed a rapid increase in milk production during the last
two and half decades and now hold the first position in the world by producing about 86 million metric
tones of milk per annum.
Livestock and dairy has been one of the sectors in India where female work force participation
has been high. Majority of rural women are involved in animal husbandry, but the nature and extent of
their involvement varies widely and is strongly influenced by their economic status, caste and ethnic
background. Women are the prime decision makers in dairy production activities such as utilization of
milk, care of pregnant animals and calves, brining of fodder and feeding of concentrate (Veeranna
and Singh, 2002).
Winner of the prestigious Magsaysay Award, Mrs. Ela Bhatt, highlights the need for giving
women their due place in dairy development. For their empowerment and economic well being,
womens assess to training in modern dairying and cooperative management is essential. The
employment of women is an index of their economic and social status in society.
The Operation Flood Programme (OFP), one of the worlds largest and most successful dairy
development programme was lunched in 1970. The OFP movement has been important in dairy
marketing in different parts of the country. This programme recognizes that dairying at the household
level is largely the domain of women, the products and income from dairying can be controlled by
women and dairying can be practiced on a small scale.
Dairying can be utilized as an important means of raising the incomes of families of rural
people by setting up milk co-operatives, which are owned and operated by the producers themselves.
In 1963, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was formed under the ministry of Agriculture,
as an autonomous body entrusted with the task of organising milk producers co-operatives based on
the Anand pattern.
The membership in most of Indias 70,000 village-level Dairy Co-operative
Societies (DCS) is heavily dominated by men. The picture is now gradually changing in the
favour of women. Efforts are onto give them their due place in dairy development. Presently, some
2476 all women DCS are functioning in the country in selected states. Out of 9.2 million, total
membership in DCS, 18 per cent are women (1.63 million).
Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF), is a premier and most profitable dairy farmers organization
in the State. KMF is today stands first position in south India in terms of procurement as well as sales.
The entire system was reconstructed on the model of Anand pattern dairy cooperative societies.
Thirteen milk unions are organized and processing facility exists at 25.90 lakh liters per day by 2004.
The DCS is the basic functioning unit at the village level which acts as a catalyst between farmers of
the district cooperative milk unions.
The DCS have undergone tremendous transformation by adopting new technologies and
process has been initiated to handle milk without being touched by human hands. Now, women are in
2
the forefront of activities particularly so in milk production capping with hygiene in handling milk,
artificial insemination, usage of mineral mixture and cattle feed.
Karnataka Milk Federation is implementing a special programme for overall development of
womenfolk in rural areas through Support to Training and Employment Programme for women (STEP)
launched during 1997 with the financial assistance of ministry of Human Resource Development,
Department of women and child Development. This programme aims at making a significant impact
on women in traditional sectors such as dairying and animal husbandry by upgrading their skills and
providing employment to women on a project basis by mobilizing women in viable groups, improving
skills, arranging for productive assets (milk animals). Providing access to credit, awareness
generation, nutrition education and sensitization of project functionaries.
At present, more than 750 women Dairy Cooperative Societies are functioning and the
contribution by these women groups is more than 2 lakh liters milk and are earning more than Rs. 20
Lakhs per day.
Many studies have reported that, dairy innovations are not adopted on a mass scale even by
majority of medium and large farm women. It goes without saying that adequate technical
knowledge is necessary for acceptance and adoption of any idea. An understanding from all aspects
as to how women are involving themselves in dairying is most important to design appropriate dairy
strategies in order to make dairying more meaningful and profitable to rural women.
Keeping the above facts in mind, the present study was designed to understand how women
are performing in dairying in Dharwad district of Karnataka, where many of the milk producing co-
operative societies are managed by women successfully. The following specific objectives were
formulated for the study.
1) To Study the milk yield of dairy animals of women dairy farmers
2) To find out the knowledge of women dairy farmers with respect improved dairy management
practices
3) To study adoption of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers
4) To find out the existing marketing channel followed by women dairy farmers
5) The elicit suggestions of women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The present study provides valuable information to the KMF officials and other extension
personnel and planners about the extent of knowledge and adoption level of the improved dairy
practices by dairy women.
It could throw light on the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents their knowledge
level and adoption of improved dairy practices perceived by them. The results will be useful to all the
concerned for developing strategies to increase herd size, milk yield, profit and facilitate for better
social impact of dairying on concerned women farmers.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study is a student research work, and hence, there is a limitation of time and resources.
The present study was conducted in few selected villages of Dharwad district. Therefore, the findings
of the study cannot be generalized to other areas and other population of dairy practicing women as a
whole.

1
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A review of literature was undertaken keeping in view the specific objectives of this study. The
literature available on the milk yield of dairy animals, knowledge and adoption of improved dairy
management practices by the farmers, marketing channels of dairy farmers were reviewed to draw
some generalizations. Review of literature has been presented in the following heads.
2.1 Milk yield of dairy animals in dairying
2.2 Knowledge of improved dairy management practices
2.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices
2.4 Socio-economic characteristics of dairy farm women
2.5 Existing marketing channel in dairying
2.6 Suggestions of the farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise.
2.1 MILK YIELD OF DAIRY ANIMALS IN DAIRYING
Thakur (1975)studied the impact of dairy development through Milk Co-operative in Gujarat
and observed that milk production per animal, marketing surplus, adoption of improved agricultural
inputs and annual income of sample of milk producers was higher in experimental villages compared
to control villages.
Panday et al. (1977) conducted a study in Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh on the impact of
dairy development extension project. They observed that the milk yield of average lactation period of
buffaloes was 1646 in the project area as a against 1284 kgs in the non-project villages.
Charata Ram Patel and Singh (1980) found that financing of milk animals through the Small
Farmers Development Agency (SFDA) programme had resulted in higher milk yield and better
marketing surplus for small and marginal formers and landless labourers. Among beneficiaries of
SFDA, the milk yield of buffaloes of marginal farmers and agricultural laborers was relatively higher as
compared to those belonging to small farmers.
Bhasin (1980) conducted a study in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. and revealed that average
annual income per family before the dairy programme was Rs. 595 which increased to Rs. 3,342 as a
result of the project. There was a higher milk production per family and area under fodder crops was
increased.
Further, he reported that the average productivity of cows and buffaloes was 2.40 and 4.40
kg milk per day per animal or 732 kg milk per lactation per cow and 1343 kg milk per lactation per
buffalo. The dairying has become an important secondary source of income for over 70 million
of rural families and important role in providing employment.
Patil and Udo (1997) studied that Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbreds are being widely
adopted in mixed farming systems. These crossbreds are having a considerable impact i.e they give
1.8 times more milk than Desi, Gir and Kankrej cows, accepted by both tribal and non-tribal
farmers in the farming systems, provide more farm income and employment opportunities.
Gulati et al. (2001) found that the productivity of Indian milk animals was very low. On an
average, Indian cows produce only 1041 kg milk per lactation, while, Australian and American cows
produce 4906 and 8043 kg milk per lactation, respectively.
Singh et al. (2004) revealed that one of the major constraints in rural livestock farming in
Almora district of milk production. Average milk production from local cow, crossbred cow and buffalo
was 1.55, 2.50 and 2.71 liters per day, respectively.
Thokal, et al. (2004) studied the effect of watering frequency on milk production in cross bred
cows and reported that average milk yield was decreased by 16 per cent due to restriction of
watering frequency at twice a day. Whereas increased by 16.53 per cent when watering frequency
increased to thrice a day.
2
2.2 KNOWLEDGE OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Benki (1990) indicated that 43.33 per cent of members and 8.33 per cent of non-
members of KMF were found to have good level of knowledge about recommended dairy
management practices.
Ramkumar and Pashkaran (1990) reported that participant farmers in correspondence course
on dairying had a better knowledge level compared to the non-participant farmers.
Dixit and Narwal (1991) reported that the mean knowledge score about artificial insemination
in respect of farmers of adopted village was much higher than their counterparts of non-adopted
village.
Sheela (1991) found that 62 per cent of the dairy practicing women of Bidar district of
Karnataka state had a medium level of knowledge about improved dairy practices. An equal number
of respondents (19%) were belonging to low and high knowledge categories.
Beerannavar (1995) conducted a study in Dharwad district and reported that 56 per cent of
the respondents had medium knowledge level, while almost 22 per cent each of respondents belong
to high and low knowledge categories about improved dairy practices.
Thangavel (1996) reported that more than one half (majority) of the buffaloes farmers
possessed knowledge about feeding and breeding, however, low level of knowledge was observed
with respect to management of disease control practices.
Shinde et al. (1998) revealed that majority of the dairy farmers were in medium knowledge
group, followed by high and low knowledge group.
Chandrakala (1999) conducted a study in Anekal taluk of Bangalore urban district and
reported that 58 per cent of farm women laborers had high knowledge, followed by medium (21%)
and low (21%) level of knowledge of improved dairy management practices, respectively.
2.3 ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Ingole et al. (1987) reported that though very less number of respondents were found in the
category of low adoption. The vast majority was seen in the category of medium adoption of improved
animal husbandry practices.
Reddy (1987) reported that 98.33 per cent of the respondents adopted the practice of
castration of scrub bulls and 94.17 per cent of them adopted the practice of artificial insemination.
They further reported that only 15.00 per cent of them adopted the feeding of dairy cattle with pre-
mixed concentrate feed practice.
Ningappa (1988) reported that the majority of farm women had adopted the simple practices
such as cleaning of feeding vessels, providing clean drinking water for dairy animals, vaccinating dairy
animals annually, whereas practices like cleaning of dairy animals regularly, feeding the colostrums to
newly born calves within 24 hours were adopted by just around 50.00 per cent of dairy farm women.
Ramkumar (1990) reported that 100.00 per cent farmers had adopted the practices of giving
concentrates to cows, 85.00 per cent of the farmers were the adopters of the artificial insemination
practice, 45.00 per cent of them adopted the vaccination schedule for the cows. All of them
adopted the practice of de-worming of calves. The least adopted practice was scientific milking.
Benki (1990) reported that 50.00 per cent of the KMF members were found to have high level
of adoption of recommended dairy management practices, while just 11.64 per cent of the non-
members of KMF had similar adoption level.
He further reported that the practices like regular cleaning of dairy animals and colostrums
feeding to newly born calves were adopted by majority of the members as well as non-members of
KMF.
Sheela (1991) reported that of the 12 major improved dairy practices practicing of treatment
of repeat breeders (75.00%), proper housing system (69.00%) colostrums feeding to the calves
(61.00%), feeding concentrate to making animals (53.00%) and vaccinating the animals for foot and
mouth disease (51.00%) were followed by dairying women. Inseminating the animals at appropriate
3
time after noticing heat symptoms was followed by 41.00 per cent of the respondents and
42.00 per cent of them had adopted pregnancy test to their animals in early period.
Kunzne et al. (1994) revealed that, the overall extent of adoption in both member and non-
members of co-operative systems, was at he medium level. Approximately 23.00 per cent of the
respondents of the member fell into the high level of overall adoption against approximately 5.00 per
cent of the respondents in non-member cooperative system. Further, mean scores of adoption with
regard to all the technologies were found to be high in members of co-operative system.
Beerannavar (1995) reported that the adoption level of dairy practices by the farmers of
selected farming systems indicated that farmers belonging to sugarcane farming system had slightly
higher adoption level compared to farmers belonging to ragi based farming system.
He further reported that majority of the respondents adopted the practices such as artificial
insemination (59.00%), inseminating the animal at appropriate time after noticing heat symptoms
(70.00%) feeding of colostrums immediately after calf birth (67.00%).
Chandrakala (1999) revealed that 42.00 per cent of the farm women labourers had medium
level of overall adoption followed by 32.00 and 26.00 per cent under low and high level of overall
adoption.
Shreeshailaja (2000) reported that among several practices, large majority of farm women
adopted the practices like maintenance of separate cattle shed, location of the cattle shed, type of
floor for cattle shed feeding colostrums to the calf within six hours, artificial insemination, drying period
of the pregnant animal, frequency of milking the animal, green grasses grown, keeping the sick
animal separately, method of controlling diarrhea, method of controlling ticks and lice and burying the
dead animals.
Singh et al. (2001) observed that colostrums feeding, paddy straw feeding, maintenance of
sire hygiene, mineral mixture better supplementation, bathing and deworming were adopted by
41.33, 37.33, 27.33, 26.67, 24.76 and 10.67 per cent of the farmers, respectively.
2.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DAIRY FARM WOMEN
2.4.1 Age
Kadian (1992) found that age of the respondents was negatively correlated with the overall
knowledge level on dairy practices is case of farm women.
Chandrakala (1999) revealed that 52.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to middle age
group, followed by 48.00 per cent of them in young age group.
Chauhan et al. (2004) observed that 28.00 per cent of respondents were under the age group
of 36 to 45 years, followed by 46 to 55 years (27.00%), above 55 years (25.00%), 26 to 35 years
(16.00%) and only 4 per cent of them were under the age group of below 25 years,
respectively.
2.4.2 Education
Sheela (1991) reported that a large majority of the respondents (86.00%) were illiterates.
Primary education was received by only 3.00 per cent of them. While, 6.00 per cent of them
studied up to middle school and 5.00 per cent studied up to high school and above.
Chandrakala (1999) observed that 86.00 per cent of respondents were illiterate, 6.00 per cent
had primary school education, while 5.00 and 3.00 per cent of them attended middle and high
schools, respectively.
Chauhan et al. (2004) found that 30 per cent of the dairy farmers were educated up to high
school level, followed by primary school level (27.5%), middle school level (19%) and college level
(13.5%) Whereas, 10 per cent of them were illiterate.
2.4.3 Land Holding
Chauhan and Sharma (1990) reported that dairy farmers having large land produced more
forages as compared to small farmers.
4
Ravindakumari (1996) in a study conducted in Shimoga district found that 24.30 per cent of
the Lambani women had just about two acres of dry land.
Chauhan et al. (2004) revealed that 54.00 per cent of dairy farmers had 2.1-4.0 ha of land,
followed by 46.00, 45.00, 30.00 and 25.00 per cent of 4.1 6 ha, below 2.0 ha, above 8 ha
and 6.1 8.0 ha of land, respectively. There was positive and highly significant correlation between
land holding and milk production.
2.4.4 Family size
Beerannarai (1995) reported that 47.43 per cent of the trained farmers were from medium
sized families, while 37.11 per cent of them were from big families and remaining 15.46 per cent of
them belong to small families.
Manjunatha (2002) observed that 33.30 per cent of the non-beneficiaries belong to
small families. While, 47.00 per cent of them were from medium families and remaining 20.00 per cent
of them had big family size. In case of the beneficiaries, 38.60 per cent of them were from small
families, while 33.00 per cent of them were from medium families and 28.40 per cent of them belong
to big families.
2.4.5 Annual Income
Shantasheela (2002) reported that 60.00 per cent of the respondents had an annual income
of Rs. 50,000 and above, followed by annual income of Rs. 25,000 and below (27.40%) and only
12.33 per cent of them belonged to Rs 25,000 to Rs. 50,000 income category.
Mankar (2003) reported that 47 per cent of the respondents were from medium income group,
followed by low (28.89) and high (24.13%) income categories, respectively.
2.4.6 Social participation
Shantasheela (2002) observed that 26.00, 20.55 and 17.81 per cent of the respondents were
members of cooperative milk societies; self-help groups, TANVA and cooperative bank, respectively
and only 1.37 per cent of them were members in Nehru Yuva Kendra.
Manjunatha (2002) studied that around 43.40 per cent of the beneficiaries and 33.30 per cent
of the non-beneficiaries had high social participation and almost equal per cent (28.30% and 26.70%)
of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries had medium social participation. While 28.30 and 40.00 per
cent of them had low social participation.
2.4.7 Size of herd
Beerannavar (1995) reported that 65.00 per cent of the respondents possessed buffaloes and
70.00 per cent of respondents did not possess even a single cross bred cow.
Chandrakala (1999) reported that a high majority of the farm women labourers (92.50%)
possessed one cross bred cow and rest of them were owners of two cross bred cows.
Manjunatha (2002) observed that 45.00 per cent of the beneficiaries possessed medium live
stock, followed by low level of live stock (38.30%) and high livestock (16.70%), respectively.
Whereas, 55.00 per cent of the non-beneficiaries possessed medium live stock, while 15.00 and
30.00 per cent of them possessed low and high livestock, respectively.
2.4.8 Experience in dairying
Chandrakala (1999) revealed that 54.00 per cent of the respondents had medium experience
followed by 25.00 per cent of respondents had more experience and remaining 21.00 per cent of
them had less experience in dairy management.
Fami (2000) reported that 38.00 per cent of rural women had medium and high level of
experience in animal husbandry. Whereas, 33.30 per cent of them had medium level and 29.00 per
cent of them had low level of animal husbandry experience.

5
2.4.9 Mass media exposure
Fami (2000) conducted a study in Iran and reported that 48.00 per cent of rural women
had medium level of exposure to mass media, followed by 33.00 per cent of them had low mass
media exposure and remaining 19.00 per cent of them had high mass media exposure, respectively.
Mankar (2003) revealed that more than two- third of the respondents (66.35%) had medium
mass media exposure. 21.59 and 10.60 per cent of them had low and high mass media exposure,
respectively.
2.4.10 Extension participation
Kalakaravar (1999) revealed that majority of women members majority of belonged to the
medium category of extension contact (37.00%) followed by high (34.00%) and low extension
contact (24.00%), respectively.
Further, the researcher revealed that 44.00 per cent of them had low extension participation,
Whereas, 20.00 per cent of them had medium participation and remaining 36.00 per cent of them
participated more numbers of extension activities compared to TP (6.66%) and ZP (16.66%)
members.
Mankar (2003) revealed that 53.33 per cent of the respondents belong to medium extension
participation category, followed by high (28.89%) and low extension participation categories (13.65%),
while 4.13 per cent of them did not participate in any extension activities.
2.4.11 Decision making
Khandekar and Kunru (1997) stated that the decision regarding economic activities
concerning cattle, the tribal women and their husbands made buffalo and goat enterprise jointly. As
far as matter involving out door activities was concerned, the tribal men took the decision alone.
Chandrakala (1999) reported that 36.00 per cent of the farm women laborers had medium
level of decision making ability, while 35.00 and 29.00 per cent had high and low level of decision
making ability, respectively.
Shreeshailaja (2000) revealed that 54.00 and 41.00 per cent of the dairy farm women belong
to low and high productivity group, respectively and tribal women were also involved in the decision
making process.
2.4.12 Risk orientation
Laksminarayan (1997) reported from a study conducted in Mandya district that about 42.00
per cent of the sustainable sugarcane farmers had medium risk orientation, while 34.00 and 24.00 per
cent of them had low and high risk orientation, respectively.
Manjunatha (2002) revealed that 36.70 and 33.30 per cent of the beneficiaries and non-
beneficiaries had high risk orientation, respectively and 35.00 and 26.70 per cent of them had medium
risk orientation. Whereas, 28.30 and 40.00 of them had less risk orientation, respectively.
2.4.13 Level of aspiration
Ankush et al (1996) found that 38.60 per cent of the respondents aspired for increase in their
land holding by five to six acres and 72.00 per cent of them aspired for increase by two times more
than their present income. The study further revealed that a majority of the farmers (51.40%) aspired
for mud wall thatched sheds for their animals.
2.4.12 Economic motivation
Manjunatha (2002) revealed that as high as 53.30 and 41.70 per cent of the beneficiaries and
non-beneficiaries had high economic motivation. Again, about equal of beneficiaries (33.30%) and
non-beneficiaries (38.30%) had medium economic motivation. While, 18.40 per cent and 20.00 per
cent of them had less economic motivation.
6
2.5 EXISTING MARKETING CHANNEL IN DAIRYING
Banat Singh et al. (1987) studied production and marketing channels of milk in different
regions of Punjab state and reported that the Milk Federation had played a commendable role in the
collection and distribution of milk particularly in rural areas, where in the role of milk vendor was still
dominant and concluded that the selling milk through milk federation was more profitable compared to
other channels of marketing.
Bhanja et al. (1987) examined the critical factors in organizing Dairy Co-operatives in three
milk production zones in Mehasana district of Gujarat and observed that the societies were successful
in a case of members who joined a society besides economic reasons, and realization of social
benefits. Milk producers who were selling through milk vendors had come to know some malpractices
of vendors.
Banat Singh et al. (1987) studied production and marketing channels of milk and found that
the milk federation had played a commendable role in the collection and distribution of milk particular
in rural areas.
Chalal et al. (1988) examined the rural development through milk co-operatives in Punjab and
observed that the development of dairying was increasingly undertaken through cooperatives. Milk
producers were provided with better marketing facilities and were given better prices for their milk and
consumers were supplied with better quality of milk at reasonable prices. They concluded that the co-
operatives had not only raised the economic status of rural producers but also created a congenial
atmosphere for improving the status of people belonging to the weaker sections of the rural society.
Hirevenkanagoudar et al. (1998) studied the impact of dairy development on the weaker
sections in Bangalore North and Doddaballapur Taluks of Karnataka and found that more than
56.00 per cent of Karnataka Dairy Development Corporation (KDDC) farmers were getting 50.00 to
75.00 per cent of their family income from dairy enterprise, Whereas, 60.00 to 87.00 per cent of non-
KDDC farmers were getting only 25.00 per cent of family income. More than 64.00 per cent
of KDDC farmers had repaid 75.00 to 100.00 per cent of dairy loan, whereas only 10.00 to 25.00 per
cent of non-KDDC farmers had repaid 75.00 to 100.00 per cent of their dairy loan. Increase milk
prices paid to producers by up to 50.00 percent, but also led to a steepening of the price gradient with
distance from urban consumption centers. Market liberalization therefore expanded the role of the raw
milk market and the participation of the dairy farmers cooperative societies in milk marketing and the
provision of input services.
Anonymous (1993) reported that in many countries women are the main operators in the
traditional dairy sector. In some countries like Congo and Ethiopia, they are also engaged in trading of
goats, sheep, and and goats sheep products. In Ghana, about 80 per cent of all traders and nearly all
fish traders are women.
Owango et al. (1998) found that in the dairy industry of Kenya ,the dairy farmers cooperative
societies play a central role in meeting the needs of dairy producers. Most notable one has been a
large increase in the role of the unregulated raw milk market.
Ntengua (1999) concluded from a study on dairy products demand and marketing in
Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania that African dairy industries have to build marketing systems which
provide incentives for local farmers and supply consumers of competing multiple channels involving a
pedestal, cooperatives and private traders. There was ample evidence that the system was efficient,
with producers obtaining as much as 78.00 per cent of the final milk price.
Bhanja et al. (2000) reported that livestock products have a short life and perishable quality in
the absence of proper cold storage facilities and have a shelf life of 4-5 hours at normal room
temperature. It is always necessary for some intermediary processing and sterilized packaging of live
stock products before its long distance transport for marketing.
2.6 SUGGESTION OF THE FARMERS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF DAIRY ENTERPRISE
Belli (1990) reported permission to be sought to use the forest land for grazing, providing
water facilities and establishment of veterinary clinics near Gavali settlements were the suggestions of
the Gavalis of Dharwad Taluka for better dairying.
7
Benki (1990) reported that provision for subsidy to purchase good quality dairy animals,
regular supply of cattle feeding, veterinary medicines, green fodder at reasonable rates, timely credit
at reasonable rates of interest to meet operating expenses and frequent technical guidance and
advice were the suggestions of the members as well as non-members of KMF.
Sheela (1991) reported that the major problems faced by the women dairy farmers in Bidar
districts were, non-availability of loan facilities and taking their sick animals for long distances.

1
III. METHODOLOGY
The study was conducted during the year 2004-05 in the Dharwad district of Karnataka. This
chapter deals about the procedure and methods followed in conducting the study provided under the
following headings.
3.1 Locale of the study
3.2 Selection of villages
3.3 Selection of respondents
3.4 Variables and measurement
3.5 Procedure followed in data collection
3.6 Statistical tools used in the study
3.1 LOCALE OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka. The district was purposively
selected for the study as it is the one of the milk procuring union of state. Further, Dharwad and
Kalaghatagi taluks, which have maximum dairywomen societies, have been selected purposively as
locale of the study. Since these societies have made a successful story of dairy development and are
day-by-day becoming popular.
3.2 SELECTION OF VILLAGES
Villages were selected using the criteria of maximum women dairy farmers as members of
dairy co-operative society. Top five villages with maximum women dairy farmers were selected from
both the taluks of the district.
3.3 SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS
From each selected village, a list of dairywomen farmers was prepared. From each village, 12
women farmers were selected randomly.
Thus, 120 dairywomen farmers spread over in 10 villages of Dharwad and Kalaghatagi taluks
(five each) constituted the sample for the study.
3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT
3.4.1 Dependent variables
Knowledge and adoption were the two dependent variables considered for the study.
3.4.1.1 Knowledge
Knowledge is operationalized as the amount of information understood by dairy women about
improved dairy practices.
The teacher made test was developed to measure the knowledge level of dairywomen about
improved dairy practices, which constituted of 23 knowledge questions. The question and answers
were carefully framed in consultation with dairy specialists of the University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad. The answer elicited from the farmers were quantified by assigning one score to correct
answer and zero to wrong one.
Based on the total scores, the respondents were classified into three categories. Low,
medium and high by using mean and standard deviation as measures of check.

2
Categories Score
Low < (X 1 SD) Upto 11.69
Medium (X + 1 SD) 11.69 to 16.11
High > (X + 1 SD) Above 16.11

3.4.1.2 Adoption
It refers to the adoption of recommended improved dairy practices by the women farmers.
All the important management practices of dairying were selected in the major areas of
breeding, feeding, management and health cares which were selected based on the review of
literature and by consulting the dairy specialists of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
The answers elicited from the farmers were quantified by giving 1, 0.5 and zero scores for adoption,
partial adoption and non-adoption, respectively.
Based on the total scores the respondents were grouped into three categories as low,
medium and high by using mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.
Adoption categories Score
Low < (X 1 SD) Upto 15.05
Medium (X + 1 SD) 15.05 to 18.99
High > (X + 1 SD) Above 18.99
3.4.2 Independent variables
Age
Education
Family size
Annual income
Land holding of the family
Dairy animal
Experience in dairying
Social participation
Mass media exposure
Risk orientation
Decision-making
Level of aspiration
Economic motivation

3
3.4.2.1 Age
It is referred to as the chronological age of the respondents in completed years at the time
of investigation. The procedure followed by Chandrakala (1999) was used to categories the
respondents.
Adoption categories Score
18-30 years Young
21-50 years Middle
Above 50 years Old

3.4.2.2 Education
Respondents were categorized according to their level of formal education, following the
procedure by Chauhan et al. (2004), as under.
Education categories Score
Illiterate (Dont know to read and write) 0
Primary school (1-4 standard) 1-4
Middle school (5-7 standard) 5-7
High school (8-10 standard) 8-10
PUC 11-12
Graduate 13-15

3.4.2.3 Family size
Family size of the respondents was defined as total number of members residing in the family
of the respondents. The procedure followed by Narayanaswamy and Jalihal (1990) was followed.
Family size Score
Up to 4 members Small
5-8 members Medium
More than 8 members Big

3.4.2.4 Annual income
It was operationalized as the total annual income from agriculture, dairying and other sources
in a year and was expressed in rupee. Further, categorization was done based on the procedure
followed by Chandregowda (1997) as per the norms prescribed by Ministry of Rural Development,
Government of India.
4
Categories Annual income (Rs.)
Low income group up to 30,000
Medium income group 30,001-50,000
High income group Above 50,000

3.4.2.5 Land holding of the family
It referees to the number of acres of land possessed by the farmer. The criteria prescribed by
the Karnataka Land Reforms Act 38 to 1966 (Part-B) 99 and 195-96 under section 2(a) 32. was
adopted whereas one acre of irrigated or garden land was equated to 3 acres if dry land.
Farmers categories Land holding (acres)
Marginal up to 2.50
Small 2.50 to 5.00
Medium 5.01 to 10.00
Big Above 10.00

3.2.4.6 Dairy animal
It referred to the different categories and number of dairy animals possessed by the
respondents such as cross bred cow, buffaloes and local cows. The scoring pattern followed was as
follows.

Types of dairy animal Score
No dairy animal 0
Local cow or buffaloes 1
Cross bred cows 2

The dairy animal possession score of each respondent was obtained by summing the score
of all the items in the above scale.
Based on the responses obtained, further the type of dairy animals possessed were also
categorized as follows.

5
Types of dairy animal Possession
Cross bred cows 1
2
3 and above
Buffaloes 1
2
3 and above
Local cows 1
2
3 and above

3.4.2.7 Experience in dairying
It refers to number of years of experience in draying by the women farmers. The experience
of the women farmers in completed years at the time of investigation was considered and was
categorized into three groups as per the procedure followed by Fami (2000).
Categories Years of experience
Low Up to 10 years
Medium 10 to 20 years
High Above 20 years

3.4.2.8 Social participation
It referred to the degree of involvement of a respondent in formal social organizations, wither
as member or as office bearer. It was categorized on the basis of procedure develop by Trivedi
(1963). Scoring Procedure followed is as follows.

6
a) Member/office bearers
Type of participation Score
Not a member in any organization 0
Member in one organization 1
Member in more than one organization 2
Office bearer in one organization 3
Office bearer in more than one organization 4
b) Attendance in the meetings of the organization
Frequency Score
Never (does not attend any of the meetings) 0
Occasionally (attend same of the meetings) 1
Regularly (attend all the meetings)) 2

3.4.2.9 Mass media participation
It referred to the exposure of respondents to mass communication media and participation in
the related activities. The variable was quantified by using the procedure followed by Mankar (2003).
The respondents were classified into three categories as given below.
Categories Score
Low < (X 1 SD)
Upto 3.96
Medium (X + 1 SD)
3.96 to 12.04
High > (X + 1 SD)
Above 12.04

3.4.2.10 Risk orientation
It refers to the degree to which a farmers is oriented towards risk and uncertainly and has
courage to face the problems in farming. This risk orientation scale developed by Supe and Singh
(1969) and as followed by Fami (2000) was used to measure the risk orientation of the respondents.
The scale included 6 statements in which five were negative and one was positive. The statements
were rated on a five point continuum ranging with weightages of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive
statements and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements, respectively. The maximum and minimum
score on individual could obtain were 30 and 6, respectively. Based on the score obtained, farmers
were grouped into three categories by using the mean and standard deviation score as measures of
check.

7
Categories Score
Low < (X 1 SD)
Upto 16.47
Medium (X + 1 SD)
16.47 to 20.05
High > (X + 1 SD)
Above 20.05

3.4.2.11 Decision making ability
Their was referred to the degree to which an individual dairy woman participates in decision
making. Based on the extent of participation in decision making, responses were expressed in terms
of percentage. The procedure followed by Shreeshailaija (2000) was used. The respondents were
grouped into three categories based on mean and standard deviation as measures of check.
Categories Score
Low < (X 1 SD)
Upto 2.91
Medium (X + 1 SD)
2.91 to 6.07
High > (X + 1 SD)
Above 6.07
3.4.2.12 Level of aspiration
Scale developed by Sagar (1983) and followed by Bheemappa (2001) was employed. To
facilitate the process of obtaining clear respondents from farmers, the items were provided with five
point response categories from 0 to 4 score. The maximum score that one could get was 16 and
minimum was zero. Later, the responses were group into three categories based on the mean and
standard deviation as measures of check.
Categories Score
Low < (X 1 SD)
Upto 6.35
Medium (X + 1 SD)
4.43 to 8.27
High > (X + 1 SD)
Above 4.43

3.4.2.13 Economic motivation
It referred to the occupational success in terms of profit maximization and the relative values
on individual place on economic ends. The scale developed by Supe and Singh (1969) and followed
by Manjunatha (2002) was used. The scale included 6 items and the scoring procedure followed was
similar to that of risk orientation. The respondents were classified into low, medium and high by using
mean and standard deviation as measures of check.

8
Categories Score
Low < (X 1 SD)
Upto 17.46
Medium (X + 1 SD)
17.45 to 22.88
High > (X + 1 SD)
Above 22.88

3.5 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED FOR DATA COLLECTION
The data in line with the objective were collected with the help of structured and pre tested
interview schedule. The procedure followed for developing and administering the interview schedule
are explained below.
3.5.1 Development of interview schedule
A schedule was developed in consultation with the experts in the fields of extension education
and dairying. The schedule was divided in to five parts. In the first part, the general information of the
respondents and information about socio-psychological and economic characteristics of the
respondents was elicited. The second part was divided to collect about the marketing behaviour and
marketing channel used by farmers. The questions related to the knowledge and adoption level of the
farmers about the improved management practices by women farmers were included in the third and
fourth parts, respectively. The questions related to get their feed back, suggestions upon better
dairying were in the fifth part.
3.5.2 Administration of interview schedule
Required data were collected by personal interview method using the schedule. The respondents were
contacted individually either at their residence or farm. The filled in interview schedule were scrutinized and
tested immediately after the interview for their completeness in all respects.
3.6 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED IN THE STUDY
The data collected from the respondents were scored, tabulated and analyzed using suitable
statistical methods. The statistical methods used in the present study are describe below.
Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to interpret the personal,
social psychological and economic characteristics and knowledge and adoption level of the
respondents. They were also used for interpreting the marketing behaviour and channels and
suggestions given by the respondents.
1
IV. RESULTS

The results obtained from the analysis of the data collected have been presented under the
following heads.
4.1 The milk yield of dairy animals maintained by women dairy farmers
4.2 Knowledge of improved dairy management practices among the women dairy farmers
4.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers
4.4 Socio-economic characteristics of the women dairy farmers
4.5 Existing marketing channels followed by the women dairy farmers
4.6 Suggestions of dairy women farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise

4.1 THE MILK YIELD OF DAIRY ANIMALS MAINTAINED BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS
The data presented in Table 1 indicated that 64.70 and 35.29 per cent of the
women farmers obtained 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 litres of milk yield by their cows, respectively.
In case of crossbred cows, 40.74 per cent of the farm women received yield upto 5 litres per
day. While, 37.03 per cent of them used to get milk yield between 5 to 8 litres per day. Only 22.22 per
cent of cross bred cows owners obtained the highest milk yield of above 8 litres per day.
In case of buffaloes, 23.52 per cent of farm women received yield upto 3 litres per day. While,
58.84 per cent of them used to get milk yield between 3 to 4 litres per day. Only 17.64 per cent of
buffaloes owners got the highest milk yield of above 4 litres per animal per day.

Table 1: Milk yield of dairy animals obtained by the women dairy farmers
Categories Milk yield (lit/day) Frequency Percentage
1. Local cows (n=34)
a. 2-3 litres 22 64.70
b. 3-4 litres 12 35.29
2. Cross bred cows (n=27)
a. Upto 5 litres 11 40.74
b. 5-8 litres 10 37.03
c. Above 8 litres 6 22.22
3. Buffaloes (n=85)
a. Upto 3 litres 20 23.52
b. 3-4 litres 50 58.84
c. Above 4 litres 15 17.64

2

4.1.2 Average cost of production in different types of milk animals by women dairy farmers
The data presented in Table 2 indicated that total cost of each type of animals were Rs.
5,200, Rs. 10,350 and Rs. 6,220 for local cow, cross bred cow and buffaloes, respectively. For local
cow, total feed costs itself accounted for 63.20 per cent of the total cost, while laborers and
depreciation and interest changes accounted for 13.46 and 19.23 per cent.
In case of crossbred cows, feed cost was the major constituent (67.63 % of total cost). This
was followed by labourers (9.60%) and depreciation and interest (19.32%) as in the case of local
cows. The cost of the medicine and veterinary services accounted for 2.90 per cent of the total cost.
In case of buffaloes, feeds alone constituted for 65.91 per cent, whereas, 49.81 per cent is for
concentrated feeds as 16.08 per cent for roughages. This was followed by depreciation and interest
(19.21%) and labourers (11.25%) and medicine and veterinary service accounted for 3.22 per cent of
the total cost.

4.1.3 Average cost of production per litre, milk production per annum and benefit cost ratio for
different types of milch animals
The data in Table 3 indicated that the total return of the local cow, cross bred cow and
buffaloes were Rs. 7,597, Rs. 19,000 and Rs. 10,895 respectively. In this respect, the returns from
sale of milk, dung and calf were considered for estimating the returns from dairy enterprise.
The average milk yield per annum for local cows, cross bred cows, buffaloes were 780, 1,792
and 1,067 litres, respectively.
The cost of milk production, per litre was computed and results for local cows, cross bred and
buffaloes were Rs. 6.69, Rs. 5.77 and Rs. 5.83, respectively.
The value of benefit cost ratio, which indicates the return per rupee invested in dairy
enterprise, which was 1.46, 1.84 and 1.75, for local cows, cross bred cows and buffaloes,
respectively.

3

Table 2: Average cost of milk production in different types of milch animals by women dairy
farmers
(n=120)
Components of cost
Rupee per annum per animal
Local cows (n=34)
Cross bred crows
(n=27)
Buffaloes (n=85)
Rs % Rs % Rs %
1. Depreciation and
interest
1000 19.23 2000 19.32 1200 19.29
2. Roughages 900 17.31 1300 12.56 1000 16.08
3. Concentrates 2380 45.76 5700 55.07 3100 49.83
Foods total 3280 63.07 7000 67.63 4100 65.91
4. Labour 700 13.46 1000 9.66 700 11.25
5. Medicine of veterinary
service
200 3.82 300 2.90 200 3.22
6. Miscellaneous 20 0.38 500 0.48 20 0.32
Total cost 5200 100.0 10350 100.0 6220 100.0

4
Table 3: Average cost of milk production, milk yield and cost benefit ratio for different types of
milk animals by women dairy farmers

(n=120)
Categories Local cows (n=34)
Cross bred cows
(n=27)
Buffaloes (n=85)
Average milk yield per
annum (lit)
780 1792 1067
Total cost
(Rs./annum/animal)
5200 10350 6220
Total return
(Rs./annum/animal)
7597 19000 10895
Average cost of production
per lit of milk (Rs.)
6.67 5.77 5.83
Cost benefit ratio 1.46 1.84 1.75

Table 4: Distribution of respondents according to contribution of dairy enterprises to
the total family income

(n=120)
Proportion of
contribution
Frequency Percentage
Up to 25% 39 32.5
25 to 50% 76 63.33
50 to 75% 3 2.5
Above 75% 2 1.66
Total 120 100.00

4.1.4 Contribution of dairy enterprise to the total family income
The data presented in Table 4 showed that 32.50 per cent of the respondents were getting up
to 50.00 per cent of their family income from dairying. Majority of them (63.33%) were getting 25.00 to
50.00 per cent of their income from dairying. Only 2.50 per cent and 1.66 per cent of women farmers
were getting 50.00 to 75.00 and more than 75.00 per cent of their income from dairying, respectively.

5

4.2 KNOWLEDGE OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG THE
WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS
The data presented in Table 5 indicated that majority of the respondents (65.00%) had
medium knowledge level about improved dairy practices and 18.63 and 16.67 per cent of them were
found to have high and low knowledge level about improved dairy practices, respectively.

4.3 ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY THE WOMEN DAIRY
FARMERS
4.3.1 Overall adoption level of women dairy farmers
With regard to overall adoption of dairying management practices, it is evident from Table 6
that 22.33, 24.16 and 52.50 per cent of the respondents belong to high, low and medium adoption
categories, respectively.

4.3.2 Adoption of improved dairy practices (regarding milk productions practices) by dairy
farm women
The data presented in Table 7a indicates that out of 8 production practices, majority of the
respondents adopted extra fodder feeding (62.50%) and recommended green fodder feeding
(52.30%) to pregnant animals.
In case of practicing concentrate feeding, 22.50 per cent of the respondents used more than 3
kg of concentrate, 28.33 and 30.83 per cent of them feed 2 to 3 and 1 to 2 kg of concentrate per day
per animal. Only 8.83 of them did not feed any concentrates to their animals. Whereas, 54.16 per cent
of respondents adopted the improving practice of fodder by soaking overnight in water. Only 16.67
per cent of them practiced with molasses and urea.

6

Further, the results indicated that all the respondents followed colostrum feeding, whereas
46.66 and 53.33 per cent them fed unlimined and limited amount of colostrum, while 39.17 per cent of
them cultivated fodder in their own field and nearly 61.00 per cent of them did not cultivate fodder.
The practice of growing fodder tree was not adopted by majority of the respondents (87.50%) and
no one of them adopted the practice of silage making.

4.3.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices by women dairy farmers
The results of adoption of improved dairy practices is presented in Table 7b.
Thirty per cent of the respondents used to wash their animals regularly, 25.00 and 28.33 per
cent of them use to do it on alternate day and twice in week, respectively. The least adopted practices
was weaning the animals.
Adoption behaviour of dairy women was studied in respect to 22 improved dairy
practices. Out of 22 dairy practices, 13 practices were related to maintenance and veterinary
practices. Table 7b indicates that majority of the respondents were found practicing regular cleaning
of feed vessels (75.83%) followed by providing sufficient drinking water (69.17%), vaccinating the
animals (81.66%) undertaking artificial insemination (68.33%), drying the pregnant animals (58.33%)
maintaining milk production and income records (55.83 and 100.0%) and inseminating the animal at
appropriate time after noticing heat symptoms (54.16%). Deworming the calves regularly and caring
of sick animals by separated them were followed by 48 per cent each of the respondents, while 45.83
per cent of them had adopted pregnancy diagnosis of the animals in early period.

7
Table 5: Knowledge of women dairy farmers about improved dairy management practices

(n=120)
Knowledge categories
Respondents
Low (upto 11.69) 20 16.67
Medium (11.69 to 16.11) 78 65.00
High (above 16.11) 22 18.33
Total 120 100.00

Mean = 13.90 SD = 2.21

Table 6: Overall adoption level of women dairy farmers about improved dairy practices

(n=120)
Adoption categories
Respondents
Low (upto 15.05) 29 24.17
Medium (15.05 to 18.99) 63 52.50
High (above 18.99) 28 22.33
Total 120 100.00

Mean = 17.02 SD = 1.97

8

Table 7a: Adoption of improved milk production practices by women dairy farmers

(n=120)
Sl.
No.
Production practices
Respondents
1 Concentrate feeding
a. Not fed 10 8.83
b. 1-2 kg/day 37 30.83
c. 2-3 kg/day 46 38.33
d. Above 3 kg /day 27 22.50
2. Green fodder feeding
a. Green fodder 63 53.50
b. Chaffed green fodder 37 30.83
c. Not practiced 20 16.67
3. Improvement of dry fodder
a. With molasses and urea 20 16.67
b. Soaking overnight in water 65 59.16
c. No need 35 29.16
4. Extra fodder feeding pregnant animal
a. Followed 75 62.50
b. Not followed 45 37.50
5. Colostrum feeding
a. Limited feeding 64 53.33
b. Unlimited feeding 56 46.66
6. Fodder cultivation in own field
a. Practiced 47 39.17
b. Not-practiced 73 60.83
7. Growing of fodder trees
a. Grown 15 12.50
b. Not grown 105 87.50
8. Silage making
Practiced 0 0.00
Not practiced 120 100.0

9

Table 7b: Adoption of improved dairy management practices by women dairy farmers

(n=120)
Sl.
No.
Maintenance and veterinary practices
Respondents
1 Cleaning of feed vessels
a. Regular 91 75.83
b. Alternate day 29 24.16
2. Providing drinking water per day
a. Thrice 37 30.83
b. Twice 83 69.17
3. Washing the animals
a. Regularly 36 30.00
b. Alternate day 30 25.00
c. Twice in a week 34 28.33
4. Vaccinating the animals
a. Followed by vaccination programme 98 81.66
b. Once a year 7 5.83
c. Not vaccinated 15 12.5
5. Caring of sick animals
a. Separation 58 48.33
b. Helps from first aid 28 23.33
c. Immediately show doctor 34 28.33
6. Examining the animal for pregnancy
a. 2-3 months after insemination 55 45.83
b. After 3 months 12 10.00
c. No need 53 44.16
7. Type of floor of cattle sheds
a. Muddy 67 55.83
b. Made of stone 42 35.00
c. Cement 11 9.16

Contd

10

8. Animal breeding
a. Artificial insemination 82 68.33
b. Natural service 22 18.33
c. Both 16 13.33
9. Deworming the calves
a. Followed by regular programmes 58 48.33
b. Within two weeks after birth 27 22.50
c. Not followed 35 29.16
10. Breeding animal after noticing heat symptoms
a. Within 8 hrs 30 25.00
b. Within 12-20 hrs 65 54.16
c. Within 20-24 hrs 25 20.83
11. Drying the pregnant animals
a. 8 months of pregnancy 70 58.33
b. 9 month of pregnancy 50 41.67
c. Not followed 10 8.33
12. Weaning the animal
a. Followed 34 28.33
b. Not followed 86 71.67
13. Record maintaining
a. Maintained income record 120 100.0
b. Maintained milk production record 67 55.83
c. Maintained health record 38 31.67
d. Maintained expenditure record 15 12.50

4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS
4.4.1 Age
Table 8 gives the distribution of respondents according to their age at the time of
investigation. All the respondents are grouped into three groups namely, young (up to 30 years),
middle aged (31 to 50 years) and old age (above 50 years).
The Table indicates that, majority of the respondents (59.17%) were middle aged, followed by
young aged (22.5%) and old aged (18.33%), respectively.

4.4.2 Education
A large majority of the respondents (60.83%) were illiterates, primary education was received
by 22.50 per cent and 10.83 per cent of them studied upto middle school, while 4.17 per cent of them
up to high school and only 1.67 per cent of the respondents have studied upto collage level (Table 9).

11
Table 8: Distribution of respondents according to their age

(n=120)
Age categories
Respondents
Young (Less than 30 years) 27 22.5
Medium (30 to 50 years) 71 59.17
Old (More than 50 years) 22 18.33
Total 120 100.00

Table 9: Distribution of respondents according to their education

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Illiterate 73 60.83
Primary school 27 22.50
Middle school 13 10.83
High school 5 4.17
College (PUC and above) 2 1.67
Total 120 100.00

4.4.3 Family size
The results of family size of respondents are presented in Table 10.
Sixty eight per cent of the respondents had 5-8 family members, 20 per cent of them had
more than 8 members and about 12 per cent of them had upto 4 members in their families.

12
4.4.4 Annual income of the family
The results presented in Table 11 revealed that majority (45.00%) of the respondents were
getting medium income, followed by low income (29.16%). However, about 23.33 per cent of them
were high income earners.

4.4.5 Land holding of the family
The data in Table 12 gives clear picture of land holding status of the respondents family. It
was found that 33.00 per cent each of them belonged to small and marginal land holding groups,
while 29.17 per cent of them fell under medium land holding groups and the remaining 4.16 per cent
of them had large land holdings.

4.4.6 Material possession
The data in Table 13 indicates that majority of respondents possessed bullock carts (91.66%),
cycles (79.17%) and radios (80.00%). It was observed that 23.33 per cent of them had television sets
and the 16.67 per cent of them had motor cycle. Only 12.50 per cent of the respondents possessed
telephones and two respondents owned cars.

Table 10: Distribution of respondents according to their family size
(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Small (Upto 4 members) 15 12.50
Medium (5 to 8 members) 81 67.50
Big (Above 8 members) 24 20.00
Total 120 100.00

13
Table 11: Distribution of respondents according to their annual income
(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Low (Upto Rs. 30,000) 38 31.67
Medium (Rs. 30,000 to Rs.
50,000)
54 45.00
High (Above Rs. 50,000) 28 23.33
Total 120 100.00

Table 12: Distribution of respondents according to their land holding

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Marginal (0.1 to 2.5 acres) 40 33.33
Small (2.6 to 5.0 acres) 40 33.33
Medium (5.1 to 10.0 acres) 35 29.17
Big (Above 10 acres) 5 4.17
Total 120 100.00

14

Table 13: Distribution of respondents according to their material possession

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Bullock cart 110 91.66
Cycle 95 79.17
Motor cycle/scooter 20 16.67
Telephone 15 12.50
Radio 97 80.00
Car 2 1.67
Television 28 23.33
Note : More than one response obtained

4.4.7 Size of herd
The data in Table 14 shows that 32.50 per cent of the respondents possessed at least one
buffalo, 34.16 per cent of them had 2 buffaloes and 5.13 per cent of them had 3 buffaloes.
It was also observed that 19.16 per cent of them had one local cow, while 9.16 per cent of
them possessed more than one local cow.
It was revealed that 17.50 per cent of the respondents possessed one cross bred cow, 4.16
per cent of the had two cross bred cows and only one respondent possessed three cross bred cows.

The data in Table 15 indicates that majority (74.16%) of the respondents had low experience
in dairying, followed by medium level experience (15.00%). About 10.83 per cent of them had greater
experience dairying.

4.4.9 Organization participation
The data in Table 15a indicated that 80.00 per cent of the respondents had medium
organization participation and 20.00 per cent of them had high organization participation.
An observation of Table 15b indicates that majority of the respondents were the members of
milk cooperative society (83.33%) and farmers cooperative society (46.66%). While, 13.33 per cent of
them were the members of panchayat. About 8.00 per cent and 12.00 per cent were the members of
youth club and mahila mandals, respectively.

15
Table 14: Distribution of respondents according to their herd size

(n=120)
Categories Frequency Percentage
1. Cross bred cows
a. 1 27 22.50
b. 2 5 4.17
c. 3 and above 1 0.83
2. local cows
a. 1 23 19.16
b. 2 8 6.67
3. Buffaloes
a. 1 39 32.5
b. 2 41 34.16

Table 15: Distribution of respondents according to dairy experience

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Low (up to 10 years) 89 74.16
Medium (10 to 20 years) 18 15.00
High (Above 20 years) 13 10.83
Total 120 100.00
16

Table 15a: Distribution of respondents according to their organization participation

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Low (up to 0.4) 0 0.00
Medium (0.4 to 3.82) 96 80.00
High (Above 3.82) 24 20.00
120 100.00

17
Table 15b: Distribution of respondents according to their organization participation

(n=120)
Organization
Membership Participation
Member Office bearer Regular Occasionally Never
F % F % F % F % F %
Panchayat 16 13.33 - - 6 37.50 10 62.05 - -
Milk cooperative
society
120 100.00 20 16.67 87 72.50 33 27.50 - -
Farmers
co-operative society
58 48.33 2 1.67 14 24.13 10 17.24 - -
Youth club 10 8.33 1 0.83 - - 3 27.27 8 72.72
Mahila mandal 14 11.67 2 1.67 10 12.50 5 31.25 1 6.25

Note : More than one response obtained
18
Further, 17.00 per cent of the respondents were the office bearers of milk cooperative
societies and negligible 1.66 per cent each of them were the office bearers of farmers co-operative
societies and mahila mandals. Only one respondent was working as office bearer of youth club.
Further, showed that large number of members were regular participants in various activities
of milk cooperative society (72.50%) and mahila mandals (62.50%). About 37.50 per cent of them
were members of panchayat and 24.13 per cent of them cooperative society were regularly
participating in the activities of their respective organizations. Few of them were found to be
occasional participants.

The data presented in Table 16 reveals that radio sets were possessed by majority of the
respondents (80.0%). 23.33 per cent of respondents possessed television and 11.66 per cent of
respondents were subscribers of newspapers whereas negligible number of respondents owned
books and magazines.
Majority of the respondents listen to radio sets regularly (71.67%) and 9.17 per cent of them
occasionally and 19.15 per cent of them did not listen.
Majority of respondents were never in the habit of reading newspaper regularly and
occasionally (80.0%). Only 11 per cent of them were regularly readers of newspaper.
While, 18.33 and 33.33 per cent of the respondents were in the habit of viewing television
regularly and occasionally. Only five per cent each of them go through dairy magazines.

It is clear from Table 17 that considerable percentage of respondents participated in
extension activities such as, training programmes (97.50%), discussion meetings (91.66%) and
animal health camps (61.66%). While, 25.00 and 21.00 per cent of them participated in exposure
visits and field days, respectively. Krishi Mela and demonstrations meeting were attended by 12.50
and 16.66 per cent of them respondents.

The high level of risk orientation was noticed among 17.50 per cent the respondents, medium
level of risk orientation was possessed by 62.50 per cent and 20 per cent of them had low level of risk
orientation (Table 18).

4.4.13 Decision making
The data in Table 19 indicated that high level of decision making was noticed by only 6.67 per
cent of the respondents and medium level of decision making was exhibited by 79.16 per cent and the
remaining 14.16 per cent of them were having low decision making behaviour.

Table 16: Mass media participation by the respondents
(n=120)
Mass media
Owned Listening/viewing/reading
F %
Regular Occasional Never
F % F % F %
Radio 97 80.00 86 71.69 11 9.19 23 19.16
Television 28 23.33 22 18.33 40 33.33 58 48.33
Newspaper 14 11.66 14 11.66 10 8.33 96 96.80
Books/magazines on
animal husbandry
7 5.83 7 5.83 4 3.33 10 90.83

19
Table 17: Distribution of respondents according to their extension participation

(n=120)
Activities
Attended
Training programmes 117 97.5
Discussion meetings 110 91.66
Calf rallies/animal health camp 74 61.66
Krishi Mela 15 12.5
Demonstration meeting 20 16.55
Field days 25 20.83
Exposure visit 30 25.00
Note : more than one response obtained

Table 18: Distribution of respondents according to their risk orientation

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Low (up to 16.47) 24 20.00
Medium (14.47 to 20.05) 75 62.50
High (Above 20.05) 21 17.50
120 100.00

Mean = 18.26 SD = 1.78

20

Table 19: Distribution of respondents according to their decision making

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Frequency
Percentage
Low (upto 1.91) 17 14.16
Medium (1.91 to 6.07) 95 79.16
High (Above 6.07) 8 6.67
Total 120 100.00

Mean = 3.99 SD = 2.08

Table 20: Distribution of respondents according to their aspiration level

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Low (upto 4.43) 24 20.00
Medium (4.43 to 8.28) 79 65.83
High (Above 8.28) 17 14.16
120 100.00

Mean = 6.35 SD = 1.92

21
4.4.14 Level of aspiration
It is clear from the Table 20 that majority of respondents had medium level aspirations
s(65.83%) and followed by low (20.0%) and high levels aspirations (14.16%), respectively.

4.4.15 Economic motivation
It is clear from the Table 21 that the high economic motivation was noticed among 24.16 per
cent and medium level of economic motivation was exhibited by 67.50 per cent and only 8.33 per cent
were found to have low economic motivation.

4.5 EXISTING MARKETING CHANNELS FOLLOWED BY THE WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS
The data presented in Table 22 revealed that dairy cooperative society was the main source
of marketing for all members, whereas only 16.67 per cent of them use to sell their milk directly to the
consumers as well as through cooperative society.

4.6 SUGGESTIONS OF DAIRY WOMEN FARMERS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF DAIRY
ENTERPRISE
Careful examination of the results presented in Table 23 revealed that cent per cent of the
respondents suggested better price for their milk products.
The loan amount for the purchase of dairy animals (80.83%), to provide water facility for their
animals (87.50%), more field visits are to be organized at all important operation of fodder
demonstrations (50.00%), more educational trip to the organized by dairy cooperative society
(58.33%), to educating them an improvement of dairy management practices (62.50%), training to be
given for concentrates preparation using local resources (58.33%), fodder production to be
undertaken in community land (50.0%) and small scale dairy industries are to be encouraged at
village level to produce dairy products (62.5%) were the major suggestions offered by majority of the
members.
Some of suggestions offered by them were regular and timely supply of green fodder at
reasonable rate, establishment of veterinary hospital near their settlements. Cost of veterinary
services and medicine to be reduced, proportion of profit should be used in infrastructure
development of their village and training has to be organized in values added milk production.

22
Table 21: Distribution of respondents according to their economic motivation

(n=120)
Categories
Respondents
Low (upto 17.45) 10 8.33
Medium (17.45 to 22.99) 81 67.50
High (Above 22.99) 29 24.17
120 100.00

Mean = 20.72 SD = 2.27

Table 22: Sources of marketing of milk followed by women dairy farmers

(n=120)
Sources Frequency Percentage
Dairy co-operative society 100 83.33
Directly to consumer 0 0.00
Both 20 16.67
120 100.00

23
Table 23: Suggestions offered by women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise
(n=120)
Sl.
No.
Suggestions Frequency Percentage
1. Better milk price for the producer 120 100.0
2. Providing water facilities, by sinking open
wells, tube wells or by constructing small
tanks, for their animals sufficiently
105 87.5
3. The loan amount for the purchase of dairy
animals to be increased
97 80.83
4. More important to be given to educating then
on improvement of dairy management
practices especially on feeding of milch
animals, pregnant animals, care of pregnant
animals
75 62.5
5. Small scale dairy industries are to be
encouraged at village level to produce dairy
products
75 62.5
6. More educational trips to be organized by
dairy co-operative society for the benefit of
dairy enterprises
70 58.33
7. Training to be given for concentrates
preparation using local resources
70 58.33
8. Field visits are to be organized at important
operation of fodder demonstration
60 50.0
9. Fodder production to be conducted in
community land
60 50.0
10. Regular and timely supply of green fodder at
reasonable rate
58 48.33
11. Establishment of veterinary hospitals near
their settlements
56 46.66
12. Some proportion of profit should be used in
infrastructure development of their village
45 37.5
13. Training has to be organized in value added
milk production
42 35.0
14. Cost of veterinary services to be reduced 40 33.33

24

1
V. DISCUSSION

The results of the present study are discussed under the following headings.
5.1 The milk yield of dairy animals of women dairy farmers
5.2 Knowledge of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers
5.3 Adoption of improved dairy management practices by the women dairy farmers
5.4 Socio-economic characteristics of women dairy farmers
5.5 Existing marketing channels followed by the women dairy farmers
5.6 Suggestion elicited by women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise

5.1 THE MILK YIELD OF DAIRY ANIMALS OF WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS
The result presented in Table 1 indicated that the milk yields obtained by 64.70 and 35.29 per
cent of dairy women farmer from local cows were 2 to 3 liters and 3 to 4 respectively.
In case of cross bred cows, 40.74 per cent of the cross bred owners were getting yield up to 5
liters per day. 37.03 per cent of the cross bread owners were getting the milk yield between 5-8 liters
per day only 22.22 per cent of cross bred owners were getting the highest milk yield of above 8 liters
per day.
In case of buffalo owners 58.84 per cent of them were getting yield up to 4 liter per day,
followed by up to 3 liters (23.52%) and more than 4 liters (17.64%) per day, respectively.
The reason for above results may be the of medium knowledge for dairying, poor feeding
practices, sub-optimum nutrition, local breeds and low prices offered for milk.
The above findings were inconformity with the findings of Singh et al. (2004).

5.2 KNOWLEDGE OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY THE
RESPONDENTS
As it is evident from the table 5, majority of the respondents (65.00 %) had medium
knowledge level about improved dairy practices, followed by high (18.16%) and low (16.67 %)
knowledge level about improved dairy practices.
The reason for above results may be due to the fact that majority of the respondents are
middle aged, belong to medium social participation, had better mass media exposure and belong to
medium extension participation.
The above findings were inconformity with the findings of Sheela (1991), Beerannavar (1995)
and Shinde et al. (1998).

5.3 ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY RESPONDENTS
5.3.1 Over all adoption levels of women dairy farmer
The results from the table 7 revealed that half of the respondents (52.50%) had medium
adoption level of dairy management practices, followed by low (24.16%) and high (22.63%) level of
adoption of dairy management practices, respectively.
The above findings were in line with the findings of Kunzne (1994), Chandrakala (1999).

5.3.2 Adoption of individual improved milk production practices by dairy farm women
The data in Table 6b indicated that out of eight production practices, majority of the
respondents adopted two practices i.e., recommended green fodder feeding (53.50%) and extra
fodder feeding to pregnant animals (62.50%). This may be due to the fact that pregnant animals
require more amount of food at the time of pregnancy and also for the growth of healthy calves
further.
Further, 30.86 per cent of the respondents used 1 to 2 kg of concentrates per day per animal
followed by 2 to 3 kg of concentrates (28.33%) and more than 3 kg of concentrates (22.50%).
Whereas, 54.16 per cent of them practiced improvement of fodder by socking overnight in water. Only
16.67 per cent of respondents practiced with improvement of fodder by molasses and urea. The
reason given by respondents was that, their animals were not used to feed on concentrates and if
ones fed and later discontinued, animals would not give good milk yield. The poverty also contributed
to this factor to some extent. Further, the high cost of concentrates might have forced them not to
feed concentrates to all categories of dairy animals.
The above findings were in conformity with the Nataraju and Channegowda (1986) and
Sheela (1991) and Singh et al. (2004).
Cent percent of the respondents were feeding colostrum to calves. Among them, 53.33 per
cent of the respondents fed limited amount of colostrum and 46.67 per cent of them fed unlimited
2
amount. This may be due to the simplicity and familiarity of the practice as well as no cost
involvement in this practice. The above finding are in conformity with the result of Beerannavar (1995)
It is interesting to note that nearly 61.00 per cent of the respondents did not cultivate fodder,
Whereas, 39.17 per cent of them cultivated fodder in their own fields. This may be due to the fact that
33.00 per cent of the farmers belonged to small and marginal land holding categories. So, they
wanted to grow fodder crops.

5.3.3 Adoption of individual improved dairy maintenance and veterinary practices by dairy
farm women
The results presented in Table 6 a indicated that 13 practices were coming under
maintenance and veterinary practices of dairy animals. Among them majority of the respondents
(75.83 %) were regularly practicing cleaning of feed vessels, providing sufficient drinking water
(69.17%), vaccinating the animals (81.66%), artificial insemination (68.33%), drying the pregnant
animals (58.33%), maintaining income in milk production records (58.83%) and inseminates the
animals at appropriate time after heat symptoms (54.16%), while 48.00 per cent of them were
following regularly de-worming the calves and 45.83 per cent of them had adopted pregnancy
diagnosis in the early period.
This might be due to the reason that these practices do not require more cost and
respondents may perceived them easy to follow. This may also be due to the awareness of these
practices and facilities available at their disposal.
The above finding are inconformity with the findings of Manjit et al. (2001) and Benki (1990).

5.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
5.4.1 Age
It can be revealed from table 8 that majority of the respondents (59.17%) belonged to the age
group of 31 to 50 years, 22.50 per cent of them were young and 18.33 per cent of them belong to old
age category. The reason for the above result may be due to the fact that dairying is a recurrent
income generating programme. It adds significantly to the family income. The income from dairy is an
assured source unlike agriculture which is uncertain one. Therefore more of young and middle aged
women are taking up dairying as subsidiary occupation. The above results are in line with the findings
of Chauhan et al. (2004).

5.4.2 Education
It can be revealed from table 9 that majority of the respondents (60.83%) were illiterates.
Primary education was received by 22.50 per cent of them. While, 10.83, 4.17 and 1.67 per cent of
them studied up to middle school, high school and college level, respectively.
The above results may be due to the fact that the respondents may feel that it is not important
to undergo formal education and even if they are interested also their customs and traditions wont
allow them to go to schools. Another reason may be their parents are also illiterates.
The above results are in line with the finding of Sheela (1991).

5.4.3 Family size
The results presented in Table 10 indicated that majority of the respondents (68 %) had
medium family size, followed by big family size (20%) and small family size (12%), respectively.
The reason for this might be that majority of the respondents had nuclear families. Above
findings are in line with the findings of Beerannavar (1995) and Manjunatha (2002)

5.4.4 Annual income
The results presented in Table 11 revealed that, 45.00 per cent of the respondents were
getting medium, income followed by low level income earners (29.16 %) and high income earners
(22.33%), respectively.
It appears that the additional income from dairying has probably contributed much to the total
income. The experience gained and information collected by the investigators at the time of data
collection indicated that most of the respondents had only dry land cultivated one crop in a year. So,
the income from single crop yield certainly can not be higher.
The above results are in line with findings of Mankar (2003).

3
5.4.5 Land holding
The data in Table 12 showed that, 33.00 per cent each of the respondents belonged to small
and marginal land holdings categories. While, 29.17 per cent of them fell under the medium land
holding category and remaining 4.16 per cent of them owned larger land holding. The reason for
possession of small size land in might be due to subdivision of land because of separation of the
families.
The above results were in conformity with the finding of Ravindrakumari (1996).

5.4.6 Social participation
The data in table 15 indicated that 80.00 per cent of the respondents had medium social
participation and 20.00 per cent of them had high social participation. An observation of Table 15a
and 15b, indicated that cent percent of the respondents were associated with dairy cooperative
society, 83.33 per cent of them were members and 16.66 per cent were office bearers in DCS.
Whereas, 46.66 per cent of them were members in farmers cooperative society and 13.33 per cent in
Panchayat, about 8.33 and 11.66 per cent of them were the members of youth clubs and Mahila
Mandls, respectively.
The reason might be that all the respondents are members in Dairy cooperatives. Further,
now a days self help groups especially womens self help groups are gaining importance hence
respondents are participating in that activities as well as mahila mandals, youth clubs, panchayat and
farmers cooperative.

5.4.7 Material possession
The data in table 13 indicated that majority of respondents possessed Bullock carts (91.66
%), cycles (79.17 %) and Radio sets (80.00 %). It was observed that 23.33 per cent of them had
television sets, 16.67 per cent of them had motorcycle and 12.50 per cent of them possessed
telephones and only 2 respondents owned cars.
Since the main occupation of these respondents is agriculture, it is necessary for them to
posses the bullock carts and hence majority of them are possess the same.

5.4.8 Size of herd
The data in table 14 showed that 32.5 % of the respondents possessed one buffalo, followed
by two buffaloes (34.16 %) and three buffaloes (5.13 %), respectively.
In case of local cows, 19.16 per cent of respondents had one local cow and 9.16 per cent of
them had more than one local cows.
It was revealed that 17.50 per cent of the respondents possessed one cross bred cow, 4.16
per cent of them had two cross breed cows and only one respondent possessed three cross breed
cows.
The reason for not possessing more number of crossbred cows might be due to the high cost
involved in purchasing of these animals. Another reason might be that crossbred cows required extra
care for their maintenance. So, majority of the respondents prefer to posses buffaloes.
The above findings were in line with the finding of Beerannarvar (1995).

The data in table 15 indicated that majority of respondents (74.16 %) had low experience
in dairying followed by medium level experience (15.00%) and high level experience (10.83 %),
respectively.
The reason for this may be due to the fact that in recent years it is found that more and more
young women are gradually taking interest in dairying as an enterprise.

The results presented in table 16 indicates that majority of the respondents possessed radio
sets (80.00%) while, 23.33 per cent of them possessed television, whereas, 11.66 per cent of them
respondents were subscribers of news paper. Majority of the respondents listen to radio programme
regularly (71.67 %) and but were not in the habit of reading newspaper regularly (88.34%) and
occasionally (91.67 %). 18.33 and 33.33 per cent of them were viewing television programme
regularly and occasionally.
The reason for the above result may be that the respondents are lazy, have no time and
illiterates, so they could not read news papers. Another reason might be that they feel they can get
the necessary information from the radio itself.
4
It is clear from the Table 17 that all most all the respondents participated in training
programmes (97.50 %) Discussion meetings (91.66 %), while 61.66 per cent of them participated in
animal health camps. Further, 25.00 and 21.00 per cent of them participated in exposure visits and
field days programs, respectively. Only 12.50 per cent of respondents participated in Krishimila and
16.66 per cent of them attended in demonstration meetings.
The main reason for the above result is that all the respondents were the members of dairy
cooperative societies, which used to organize extension programmes regarding the dairy specially for
women dairy farmers.

At it is evident from the Table 18, majority of the respondents (62.50%) possessed medium
risk orientation, 20.00 per cent of them had low level of risk orientation and only 17.50 per cent of
them were in the categories of high level of risk orientation.
The reason for this might be illiteracy and the respondents are not in a position to withstand
economic losses.
The above finding was inconsonant with the finding of Laksminarayan (1997).

5.4.13 Decision Making
With respect to decision making pattern, it was revealed from the data in table 19 6.17, 70.16
and 14.16 per cent of the respondents belonged to low, medium and high categories, respectively.
The about results might be due to the fact that the decision making with respect to financial
matters and outside home activities rests with their husbands.
The above finding was in line with the finding of Chandrakala (1999) and Veeranna and Singh
(2004)

5.4.14 Level of Aspiration
It is clear from the Table 20 that majority of the respondents had medium level of aspirations
(65.83 %), followed by low level aspirations (20%) and high level aspiration (14.16 %), respectively.
The above result might be due to the fact that majority of the respondents possessed small
and marginal land holdings, belong medium social participation and medium annual income
categories. Since majority of the respondents are illiterates, they do not expect their children to
become literates.

5.4.15 Economic Motivation
It is clear from the Table 21 that the majority of respondents (67.5%) to medium level
economic motivation category, followed by high (24.16 %) and low (8.33 %) economic motivation
categories, respectively.
The reason for medium economic motivation of the respondents might be due to low
economic position of the respondents and most of the decisions are made by the male member of the
family. There responsibilities of women were restricted to care and management of dairy animals.

5.5 EXISTING MARKETING CHANNEL FOLLOWED BY RESPONDENTS
The data presented in Table 22 revealed that dairy co-operative societies was the main
source of marketing for all the respondents. Whereas, only 16.17 per cent of them sold milk directly to
the consumers as well as through cooperative society.
The above result might be due to fact that all the respondents were members of dairy
cooperative societies and it is the rule of the co-operative society that all the members must sell their
milk to DCS itself. Another reason might be the benefits like timely payment, discount in prices of
feeds, veterinary facilities that were available to the members of the cooperative societies encouraged
them to go through this channel only.

5.6 SUGGESTIONS OFFERED BY DAIRY WOMEN FARMERS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF
DAIRY ENTERPRISE
In the present study, an attempt was made to invite suggestions from the respondents to
overcome their problems in the adoption of improved dairy managements practices.
The loan amount for the purchase of dairy animals (80.83%) to provide water facility for their
animals, more field visits are to be organized at all important operation of fodder demonstrations
(50.0%) more educational trip to the organized by dairy cooperative society (58.33%) to educating
them an improvement of dairy management practices (62.50%), training to be given for concentrates
preparation using local resources (58.33%) fodder production to be undertaken in community land
5
(50.00%) and small scale dairy industries are to be encouraged at village level to produce dairy
products (62.50%) were the major suggestions offered by majority of the members.
Some of suggestions offered by them were regular and timely supply of green fodder at
reasonable rate, establishment of veterinary hospital near their settlements. Cost of veterinary
services and medicine to be reduced, proportion of profit should be used in infrastructure
development of their village and training has to be organized in values added milk production.
1
VI. SUMMARY
Livestock and dairy has been one of the sectors in India where female work force participation
has been high. Majority of rural women are involved in animal husbandry, but the nature and extent of
their involvement varies widely and is strongly influenced by their economic status, caste and ethnic
background. Women are the prime decision makers in dairy production activities such as utilization of
milk, care of pregnant animals and calves, brining of fodder and feeding of concentrate (Veeranna
and Singh, 2002).
Winner of the prestigious Magsaysay Award, Mrs. Ela Bhatt, highlights the need for giving
women their due place in dairy development. For their empowerment and economic well-being,
womens assess to training in modern dairying and cooperative management is essential. The
employment of women is an index of their economic and social status in society.
Dairying can be utilized as an important means of raising the incomes of families of rural
people by setting up milk co-operatives, which are owned and operated by the producers themselves.
In 1963, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was formed under the ministry of Agriculture,
as an autonomous body entrusted with the task of organizing milk producers co-operatives based on
the Anand pattern.
The membership in most of Indias 70,000 village-level dairy cooperative societies (DCS) is
heavily dominated by men. The picture is now gradually changing in the favor of women. Efforts are
onto give them their due place in dairy development. Presently, some 2476 all women DCS are
functioning in the country in selected states. Out of 9.20 million, total membership in DCS, 18 per cent
are women (1.63 million).
Keeping the above facts in mind, the present study was designed to understand how women
are performing in dairying in Dharwad district of Karnataka, where most of the milk producing co-
operative societies are managed by women successfully. The following specific objectives were
formulated for the study.
1) To Study the milk yield of dairy animals of women dairy farmers
2) To find out the knowledge of respondents with respect improved dairy management practices
3) To study adoption of improved dairy management practices by the respondents
4) To find out the existing marketing channel followed by women dairy farmers
5) The elicit suggestions of women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise
The study was conducted in Dharawad district of Karnataka state in the year 2005. The
district was purposively selected for the study as maximum milk production by Dharwad milk union.
Further, in Dharwad district, Dharwad taluk and kalghatagi taluk which have maximum dairy women
societies have been selected purposively for the study. From each taluk 5 villages were selected
using the criteria of maximum women dairy farmers who were members in dairy cooperative society
(DCS). Totally 120 respondents were selected randomly.
MAJOR FINDINGS
1. Majority of the respondents (65.00%) had the milk yield of 2 to 3 litres from local cows and
35.29 per cent of them had milk yield between 3 to 4 liters.
2. Fourty one per cent of women formers were getting yield of up to 5 liters per day from cross
bred. 37.00 per cent of cross bred owners were getting the milk yield between 5 to 8 liters
per day and only 22.00 per cent of them were getting the highest milk yield of above 8 liters
per day.
3. Fifty eight per cent of the women farmers were getting the yield of 4 liters per day per
buffalo, followed by up to 3 liters (23.52%) and more than 4 liters per day (17.64%),
respectively.
4. Majority of the respondents (65.0%) had medium knowledge level, 18.16 per cent had high
level and 16.67 per cent of them had low level of knowledge about improved dairy
management practices.
2
5. Cent per cent of the respondents adopted the practice of colostrums feeding and majority of
them adopted improved dairy maintenance and veterinary practices such as regular
cleaning of feed vessels (76.83%), providing sufficient drinking water (69.17%), regularly
vaccinating the animals (81.61%), artificial insemination (68.33%), drying the pregnant
animal (58.33%), maintaining income and milk production records (100.00 and 58.83%) and
inseminating the animals at proper time (55.16%).
Majority of the respondents adopted the improved milk production practices such as
sufficient green fodder feeding for dairy animal (53.50%) and extra fodder feeding to
pregnant animals (62.50%). The least adopted practices in the study area were
concentrate feeding to all categories of animals and improvement of fodder by using
molasses and urea.
6. Majority of the respondents (59.17%) belonged to middle age category, while 22.5 per cent
belong to young group and 18.33 per cent of them belonged to old age group.
Majority of the respondents (60.86%) were illiterate and only 39 per cent of them
attended the formal schooling.
Sixty eight per cent of the respondents had 5-8 family members where as 20.00 per cent of
them had more than 8 family members and 12.00 per cent of them had up to 4 family
members, respectively.
Forty five per cent of the respondents had the family income between Rs. 30001 50000 and
29.00 and 22.00 per cent of then had income up to Rs 30,000 and above Rs 50,000,
respectively.
An equal per cent (33.00%) of the respondents had up to 2.5 acres and 2.5 to 5 acres of land,
29.00 per cent of respondents possessed 5.01 to 10 acres of land and only 4.16 per cent of
them had above 10 acres of land, respectively.
Majority of the respondents (72.00%) possessed buffaloes and 28.00 and 22.00 per cent
of them had local cows and cross bred cows, respectively.
Majority of the respondents had low experience in dairying whereas 15.00 per cent of them
had medium level of experience and 11.00 per cent of them had higher level experience in
dairying.
Eighty per cent of the respondents had medium social participation and rest of them had high
social participation.
Majority of the respondents possessed at least bullock carts (91.66%), cycle (74.17%) and
radio sets (80.00%), respectively.
Majority of the respondents (72.00%) were listening to radio programme and 52.00 per cent of
them viewed television programme and only 11.66 per cent of them were the subscribing to
news papers.
Majority of the respondents participated in training programmes (97.50%). Discussion
meetings (91.66%) and Animal health check up camps (61.66%)
Majority of the respondents (62.50%) had medium level of risk orientation, while 20.00 and
17.50 per cent of them belonged to low and high level of risk orientation, respectively.
Majority of the respondents (79.16%) exhibited medium level of decision making, while 14.00
and 7.00 per cent of them belonged to low and high level of decision making, respectively.
Majority of the respondents (65.50%) had medium level of aspiration, while 20.00 and 14.00
per cent of them had high and low level of aspiration, respectively.
Majority of respondents (67.50%) had medium level of economic motivation, while 24.00 and
8.00 per cent of them had high and low economic motivation, respectively.
7. Cent per cent of the respondents sold their milk to dairy cooperative society, only 16.17 per
cent of them used both dairy cooperative societies and direct consumers for this purpose.
8. Cent per cent of the respondents suggested better price for their milk products. Majority of
the respondents suggested more loan available for the purchase of dairy animals, for water
facilities and organization of more field visits.
3
IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the findings of the present study, review of literature and investigators own
observations and experience, certain specific suggestions were made for improvement of dairy
enterprise.
1. Price of milk should be fixed based on the cost of milk production so as to provide good
price for the milk and to encourage the dairy activities in the rural area.
2. The most of the women dairy farmers had better knowledge about improved practices of
dairying is a clear index of the progressiveness of the KMF trained dairy farmers. It is to
accept that dairy co-operative societies were really effective. Still there is scope for dairy co-
operative societies to organize more extension education programmes like, training, calf
mela, fodder demonstration programmes and other activities to increase the knowledge of
women dairy farmers.
3. To provide good employment and income generation activities for dairy women farmers ,it
is better to establish small scale industries to prepare the milk products like, ghee, curd,
butter, cheese, cova, etc.
4. The cost of feed constitute nearly 75 to 80 per cent of cost of milk production .To reduce the
cost of milk production the fodder production may be taken up jointly through co-operatives
associations in the common land available in the village, especially for small and marginal
farmers and agricultural laborers.
5. There is a need to provide timely and appropriate veterinary service facilities to the dairy
animals in the rural areas.
6. The Karnataka Milk Federation may also organize more number of off-campus training
programmes for dairy women farmers, so. as to provide an opportunity for maximum
participation in training programmes. This is because dairy women farmers may not
participate in the training centers all the times.
7. The financial institutions should increase the quantum of loan amount to purchase the
quality dairy animals. At present with an amount of Rs 7000 to 8000, with this amount they
are not getting good quality dairy animals. Therefore, the loan amount should be increased
to the extent of Rs. 18000 to 27000.
8. Educational tours may be organized for the dairywomen farmers to visit successful dairy
farms and also the fodder demonstration units.
9. The training institution may concentrate the training programmes on dairy management
practices like, improved feeding management of pregnancy animals, preparation of feeds
and concentrates.
10. It is suggested that the Dairy Co-operative Societies may collect some per cent of profit out
of sale of milk. Amount may be utilized for the improvement of local infrastructure facilities
like, education, health and efficient common resources management.
FUTURE LINE OF WORK
Research studies in the area of dairying should be conducted in other taluks of Dharwad
district, for generalizing and conclusion about the impact of KMF societies on dairy farm women.
1
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Study on Knowledge and Adoption of Improved Dairy Management Practices
by Women Dairy Farmers in Dharwad District, Karnataka

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

PART - I
I. Name of dairy farm women
Village
Taluka
District
II. AGE (in completed years)
Below 30ears
31 50years
Above 50 years
III. EDUCATION
a) Illiterate
b) Primary School
c) Middle School
d) High School
e) College Education and above
IV. FAMILY
Type: Nuclear family
Joint family
Size: Small (1-3 members)
Medium (4-6 members)
Large (7-9 members)
Very large (above 9 members)

SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS
a) HOUSE
a) Shed thatched
b) Mud wall thatched
c) Brick wall and tiled
d) Concrete house
b) OCCUPATION
1. Main occupation and income per year
- Agriculture -Rs
- Dairy -Rs.
- Others -Rs.
2. Subsidiary occupation and income per year
a) Labor -Rs..
b) Business -Rs
c) Services -Rs

2
c) SOCIAL PARTICIPATION
Sr
No
Name of the organization
Member Office Bearer
Past Present Past Present
1. Panchayat
2. Milk producers co-operative society
3. Other co-operative societies
4. Youth club
5. Mahila mandals
6. Any other

d) LAND HOLDING
1) Big (10.01 and above)
2) Medium (5.01 10.00 acres)
3) Small (2.51 5.00 acres)
4) Marginal (1.01-2.50acres)

e) MATERIAL POSSESSION
1) Bullock cart
2) Cycle
3) Motor cycle / Scooter
4) Car
5) Telephone
6) Radio
7) T.V.
8) Refrigerator
9) Lactometer
10) Any others

SIZE OF THE HERD

Sr.
No.
Type of cattle Name of breed Number
1. Indigenous cattle
a) Cows milch
- not in milking

b)calves / Heifers
2. Crossbred cattle
a) Cows milch
- not in milking

b) Calves / Heifers
3. Buffaloes
a) She buffaloes milch
- not in milking

b) Calves / Heifers

EXPERIENCE IN DAIRYING
1) 0 5 years
2) 5 10 years
3) 10 15 years
4) More than 15 years

3
MILK PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PATTERN

Milch animals No
Total milk production
Day Month
Cows
Indigenous
Crossbred

She-buffaloes

ANNUAL INCOME FROM DAIRY

Sr.
No.
Particulars Amount
1. Sale of milk
2. Sale of milk products
3. Sale of animals
4. Sale of dung

TRAINING
1. Have you undergone training in dairy? Yes / No
2. If yes, in which type -
a) Fodder / AI / Dairy management/ Any other
b) Duration ________ days
3. Have you undergone more than one training? Yes / No
If yes, what are they?
1) Which type ___________
2) Duration __________ days

MASS MEDIA EXPOSURE
Sr. No. Source Subscription
Frequency
Rarely Occasionally Daily
1. Radio
2. T.V.
3. Newspaper
4. Books / Magazines on animal
husbandry

6. Others

SERVICES
1. Do you have the veterinary facilities?
2. How often you visit veterinary centre?
Occasionally / Very often / Rarely?
3. If veterinary services is not available, where you will take animals for treatment?
a. Local members (naati vaidya) __________
b. Home medicines __________
c. Any others __________

4
RISK ORIENTATION
A set of statements is given below which represents risk orientation of farmers. Please, state
the degree of your response Agree (A), Disagree (DA) and Undecided (UD) about each statement.

Sr.
No.
Statement
Agree Undecided Disagree
3 2 1
1. A dairywoman should raise different types of
livestock such as dairy, poultry, piggery etc.
to avoid greater risk involved in raising only
one enterprise.

2. A dairywoman should take rather more of a
chance in making a big profit than to be
content with a smaller but less risky profits.

3. A dairywoman who is willing to take greater
risks than the average, success is fairly high.

4. It is good for dairywoman to take risks when
she knows her chance of success is fairly
high.

5 It is better for a dairywoman not to try new
dairy practices unless most other
dairywoman has used them with success.

6. Trying an entirely new practice in farming by
a dairywoman involves risk but it is worthy.

Role of Respondents in decisions making

Indicate the role you play in decision-making regarding following dairy firm activities

No. Decision Making Activities
Only
woman
Wife and husband
Husband/ot
hers Most often
Wife
Often
Wife
Sometime
Wife
1 Type of dairy animals to be reared
2 Purchase / sale of dairy animals
3 Construction of cattle shed
4 Care of pregnant animals and
calves

5 Sale and utilization of milk for your
family

6 Future investment planning
7 Procurement of green and dry
fodder and concentrate

5

Level of Aspiration
1 ) What level you expect to increase your son education in next three years?
(no education /primary/middle/ high school /college)
2) What level you expect to increase your daughters education in next three years?
(no education /primary/middle/ high school /college)
2) What is your aspiration in respect to increase your income in the next three years?
(None/ less than 25%/ 25 to 50%/50 to 75%/ more than 75%)
4) What is your expectation to invest your profit from dairy enterprise in the next three years?
None / Education / Entertainment / Social and Cultural Welfare / Improved dairy enterprise

Economic Motivation

Statements SA A UD DA SDA
1 Dairy women should work towards more yield and
economic profit

2 A most successful farm women is the one who
makes the most profit

3 A dairy women should try any new farming idea
which may earn more money

4 Dairy women should rear more number of animals
and produce more milk to increase monetary profits
in comparison to rear dairy animals and produce
milk for home consumption.

5 It is difficult for the children to make good start
unless she provides them with economic
assistance.

4 A dairy women must earn her living but the most
important thing in the life cannot be defined on
economic status

6
Extension participation

Items
Participation
Regularly Occasionally Never
a. Training programmes
b. Discussion meetings
c. Calf rallies/animals health
camps

d. Krishi Mela
e. Demonstrations meeting
f. Others, if any (specify)

PART II
1. How many litres of milk do you consume per day?
a.0.25 lts
b.0.50 lts
c.0.75 lts
d.1lts
2. What is the quantity of milk will you sell per day?
3. Where did you sell the milk? Indicate the following:
a) Dairy co-operative society
b) Local Merchants / Gavalis
c) Directly to the consumer
d) Any other (specify)
i)
ii)
4. What is the average price per liter of milk? Rs. ______ / litre.
5. Are you satisfied with the marketing facilities available for milk production?
Yes / No
If no, which of the following, if established in your village will help you to market milk?
a) Establishing marketing facilities in the interior villages.
b) Provide good transport facilities to send milk directly to city.
c) Organizing Dairy Co-operative societies.
d) Fixing milk price in accordance with cost of milk production.
6. Which one of the above source is best suited for you to sell your milk and why?
Source:
Give reasons: a) _______ _______ _______ _______
b) _______ _______ _______ _______
c) _______ _______ _______ _______
d) _______ _______ _______ _______
7. What is proportion of dairy income to the total family income ?
a) 25 per cent.
b) 50 per cent
c) 75 per cent
d) More than 75 per cent.

7
PART III
Knowledge and adoption of selected dairy management practices
A. Knowledge about selected dairy practices:
Please indicate the correct answer to the following questions:
1) The most suitable breed for Dharwad district is:
a) Holstein Friesion
b) Jersey
c) Red-dane
d) Deoni
2) An ideal dairy cow in the present socio-economic situation should produce.
a) 1000 lits of milk
b) 1500 lits milk
c) 2000 2500 lits of milk in a period of 290 320 days / year.
3) Crossbred heifers need calve within:
a) 20 months
b) 25 months
c) 30 months
4) The calving interval in cross bred cow should be between:
a) 9 12 months
b) 12 15 months
c) 15 18 months
5) it is preferable to inseminate the cow within :
a) 100 days of calving.
b) 150 days of calving.
c) 200 days of calving.
6) For better results dairy cows need be fed with:
a) 1 kg
b) 2 kg
c) 5 kg at least green fodder every day.
7) For better conception rate the cows need the inseminated during :
a) Early part of the heat period (1 8 hours after heating)
b) Later part of the heat period (16 24 hours after heating).
c) Late part of mid heat and early part of late heat (12 - 20 hours after heating)
8) The occurrence of contagious disease like foot and mouth, rinderpest, HIS and back quarter
can be avoided by:
a) Regular vaccination programme for every year.
b) Vaccinating the animals whenever the disease occurs.
9) Cow inseminated should be tested for pregnancy :
a) 2 months after insemination.
b) 3 months after insemination.
c) 4 months after insemination.
10) A healthy cow yielding 8 lits of milk per day requires:
a) 1.5 kgs of concentrates.
b) 2.5 kgs of concentrates at a time twice daily.
c) 3.5 kgs of concentrates.
d) More than 3.5 Kgs of concentrate.
11) It is preferable to wean the calf,
a) Immediate after birth.
b) 8 10 days after birth.
c) Not to wean the calf.
12) Keeping records like service, milk production, feed, income and expenditure etc, will.
a) Improve management and income.
b) Not improve management and income.
13) In rearing young calves, they should not be kept in hurled way. Yes / No.
14) It is better to purchase pregnant heifers or lactating animals, instead of dry animals. Yes / No.

15) Health hazards are less in buffaloes than in cross bred cows. Yes / No.
16) Calf mortality is more in buffaloes than in cows. Yes / No.
17) Periodic spray of premises as well as all animals with Malathion / Sumathion / Acricides is always
better to control ticks. Yes / No.
8
18) It is better to plant trees like Subabul, sesbania on the bunds and along the fences to get green
fodder during the off-season. Yes / No.
19) Cleanliness of calf sheds will reduce incidence of intestinal (worms etc.) and respiratory diseases
(pneumonia). Yes / No.
20) By chaffing dry and green fodder its utilization will be increase. Yes / No.
21) Soaking chaffed dry fodder overnight in water will increase its consumption. Yes /No.
22) Colostrums feeding provides disease resistance and energy rich food. Yes / No.
23) Milk kept close to strong smelling or spicy materials absorbs its flavor. Yes / No.

9
PART IV
B. Adoption of recommended dairy management practices:

Practices Adopted
Partially
Adopted
Not
Adopted

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.
19.
20.

21.

Do you clean the feed vessels everyday
Have you made any separate arrangement to provide
clean and sufficient water for dairy animals?
Do you wash the animals regularly with fresh water (esp.
during summer
Do you vaccinate your dairy animals regularly? If Yes,
How many times did you vaccinate your diary animals
during a year / once for each disease
What care you are going to take about the sick animals
- Separation
- Helps from first aid
- Immediately show doctor / veterinary help
Do you clean and groom your dairy animals every day. If
no, once in how many days
Do you feed the concentrate to your milking animals? if
yes, what is the quantity of concentrates
If feeding less concentrate it is due to the green grass /
fodder

Do you make pregnancy test for dairy animals two
months after insemination.

Do you feed extra fodder for your pregnant dairy animals
during the last three months
Do you improve your dry fodder with molasses and urea
Do you feed sufficient colostrum for the calf immediately
after birth with sufficient time
Do you grow grasses in your field.
If yes, mention the grass variety which you grow
What is the type of the floor of cattle sheds. Indicate the
type of the floor.
a. Muddy
b. Made of stones
c. Cement.
Have you adopted artificial insemination for your
animals? If yes, how many days after calving you go for
insemination for dairy animals
Do you feed chaffed green fodder for dairy animals
Have you planted the trees like sesbania, subabul in your
field?
Do you know the silage making
Do you practicing dehorning for dairy animals
Do you follow deworming to control internal parasite in
calf. If yes what is the interval do you observe the heat
cycle of dairy animals
Do you allow your milch animals to drying at 8 month of
pregnancy
What method of feeding to calve do you follow, is it
a) Weaning method
b) Allowing the calf to stay with mother
Do you maintain records for dairy enterprise

10
22.

23.

PART V

A. What are the problems to you in adopting improved dairy management practices
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

B. What are the suggestions from respondents for dairy improvement?

STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS IN DHARWAD
DISTRICT

ABSTRACT

The study of knowledge and adoption of improved dairy management
practices by women dairy farmers in Dharwad district was conducted during 2004-
2005, involving 120 respondents were selected using random sampling procedure
from purposively selected taluks of Dharwad district.

The objectives of the study were to Study the milk yield of dairy animals, to
find the knowledge of women dairy farmers with respect improved dairy
management practices, to study adoption of improved dairy management practices
by them, to find out the existing marketing channel followed by them and the elicit
suggestions of women dairy farmers for improvement of dairy enterprise

Data was collected by interview method using structure, pre-tested interview
schedule. The study revealed that Majority of the respondents (65.00%) had the
milk yield of 2 to 3 liters from local cows and 35.29% of them got 3 to 4 liters, 41%
of respondents were getting yield of up to 5 liters per day from cross bred cows,
followed by 5 to 8 liters (37.00%) and above 8 liters (22%), respectively. Fifty eight
per cent of the farmers were getting the yield of 4 liters per day per buffalo, followed
by up to 3 liters (23.52%) and more than 4 liters per day (17.64%), respectively.
Majority of the respondents (65.0%) had medium knowledge level, 18.16% had
high level and 16.67% of them had low level of knowledge about improved dairy
management practices. In adoption of dairying management practices, 22.33,
24.16 and 52.50% of the respondents belong to high, low and medium adoption
categories, respectively. Cent per cent of the respondents sold their milk to dairy
cooperative society, 16.17% of them used both dairy cooperative societies and
direct consumers. Cent per cent of the respondents suggested better price for their
milk products. Majority of the respondents suggested more loan, water facilities and
field visits.

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KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF IMPROVED DAIRY

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS IN

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