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e
( )
off p
out
t V
C
I
e e sin =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p
out
off
V C
I
t
e e
1
sin
1
To simplify calculations, we use the trigonometric identity . x x ~
) ( sin
1
p
out
off
V C
I
t
2
e
~
We find V
off
by plugging t
off
+ T/2 into v
out
(t,off) .
( ) ( )
D
p
out
p off out off out off
V
V C
I
V t v T t v V 2 cos off , off , 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = + =
e
The discharging capacitor causes the output voltage to drop. V
off
is the voltage at the beginning of the off phase. The
output voltage declines linearly with time with a slope dependant on the output current and the capacitor value.
( ) ( )
( )
C
t t I
V dx x i
C
V t v
off out
off
t
t
cap off out
off
= + =
}
off ,
1
off ,
Based on the previous equation, the output voltage can be made steadier by increasing the capacitor size. Although the
circuit more resembles an ideal constant voltage source, the diode current during the on phase is higher, meaning
higher power diodes are necessary. In the design of rectifier circuits, limits are usually placed on the amount of ripple
allowed in the output voltage, so V
on
(the minimum output voltage reached during each cycle) is usually specified for
the circuit along with the output current I
out
. The next step is to find the capacitor values that would provide the
specified amount of ripple. We first solve for t
on
, the time at the beginning of the on phase, at which time the output
voltage has dropped off the specified amount.
( ) on ,
on out on
t v V =
( )
D on p on
V t V V 2 cos = e
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
p
D on
on
V
V V
t
2
cos
1
1
e
3
During the first part of the on phase, the capacitor current is positive, and the output current is fed directly out of the
bridge diodes. At the peak output voltage, the capacitor current reverses, and the capacitor and diodes both contribute
to the output current. The current going into the capacitor during the on phase is
( ) ) sin( on , ) on , ( t V C t v
dt
d
C t i
p out cap
e e = =
We now have enough information to solve for the capacitor value. We solve for C by setting V
on
equal to v
out
(t
on
,off).
( ) off ,
on out off on
t v V V =
( )
C
t t I
V V
off on out
off on
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p
out
on
out
D
p
out
p on
V C
I
t
C
I
V
V C
I
V V
2
2 cos
e
e
We will use the third-order Taylor series polynomial to approximate cosine: .
2
1 ) cos( x x ~
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p
out
on
out
D
p
out
p on
V C
I
t
C
I
V
V C
I
V V
2 2 2 2
2
2 1
e e
( )
p
out
p
out
on out D p on
V C
I
V C
I
t I V V V C
2
2
2
2
2
e e
+ = +
D p on
on out
V V V
t I
C
2 +
=
The equation above is a rough approximation for the output capacitor, and will give higher capacitor values than
needed. The lower the value of V
on
is, the higher the error from the approximation.
The selection of rectifier diodes must take into account the initial surge current, I
max
. This current is a result of the
capacitor having no charge stored at the beginning of the first conduction cycle. The initial surge current is
out p max
I V C I + = e
I
on
is the maximum current during the conduction cycle, which is at time t
on
.
( )
out on p on
I t V C I + = e e sin
The root mean square (rms) diode current is useful, since it is used for calculating the power dissipation in the diodes.
The diode current is the same as the input current i
in
(t), except for that each diode turns on every other cycle. To find
the rms current, we integrate the square of the input current over the on phase, find the average square current over a
two-cycle interval by dividing by T, then take the square root of the result.
( )
( ) | |
T
dt t V C I
T
dt on t i
I
T t
t
p out
in
D
off
on
}
}
+
+
= =
2
2
on
2
rms ,
sin
,
e e
We will work with the integral part of the equation.
( ) | |
}
+
+
2
2
sin
T t
t
p out
off
on
dt t V C I e e
( ) ( ) | |
}
+
+ + =
2
2 2 2 2
sin sin 2
T t
t
p out p out
off
on
dt t V C t I V C I e e e e
4
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
2 2 2
cos sin
2
1
cos 2
T t
t t
p out p out
off
on
t t t V C t I V C t I
+
=
)
`
+ = e e e e e
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
cos sin
2
1
cos 2
2
1
T t
t t
p out p p out
off
on
t t V C t I V C V C I t
+
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ = e e e e e
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( | |
off off on on p
off on out p p out on off
t t t t V C
t t I V C V C I t
T
t
e e e e e
e e e
cos sin cos sin
2
1
cos cos 2
2
1
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
)
We use the trigonometric identity ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 sin 2 sin
cos sin cos sin
y x
y y x x
= to simplify this equation.
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
off on p off on out p p out on off
t t V C t t I V C V C I t
T
t e e e e e e 2 sin 2 sin
4
1
cos cos 2
2
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
The final equation for RMS current is
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
T
t t V C t t I V C V C I t
T
t
I
off on p off on out p p out on off
D
e e e e e e 2 sin 2 sin
4
1
cos cos 2
2
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
rms ,
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
=
5
Output voltage and capacitor current for the full-wave rectifier during one conduction cycle
Summary of equations for the full-wave bridge rectifier
Variable Equation
Off phase
2 2 T k t t T k t
on off
+ < s +
On phase
( ) 2 1 2 T k t t T k t
off on
+ + s s +
v
out
(t)
( )
( )
phase On 2 cos
phase Off
D p
off s off
V t V
C t t I V
e
i
cap
(t)
phase On ) sin(
phase Off
t V C
I
p
out
e e
i
in
(t)
( )
out cap
I t i +
t
on
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
p
D on
V
V V 2
cos
1
1
e
C
D p on
on out
V V V
t I
2 +
t
off
p
out
V C
I
2
e
V
off
D
p
out
p
V
V C
I
V 2 cos
|
|
.
|
\
|
e
V
max
D p
V V 2
I
on
( )
out on p
I t V C + e e sin
I
max
out p
I V C + e
I
D,rms
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
T
t t V C t t I V C V C I t
T
t
off on p off on out p p out on off
e e e e e e 2 sin 2 sin
4
1
cos cos 2
2
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+