Comp. Mod I

Amity Business School
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Amit y School of Business
Amity School of Business
BBA, Semester 1
Computer For Manager
Mr . Ar pan Sinha
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Module - I
Wor l d of Computer
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Int r oduct ion t o Comput er s
The Significance of Information Technology (IT) is
well recognized today. It has become a must for the
survival of business houses, with constantly growing
need for qualitative information technology. One of the
major components of information technology, that has
gained increased popularly, is the computer.
Many people believe that knowing how to use a
computer, is one of the basic skills needed to succeed
in the workplace. In order to use the computer it is
necessary to understand how the computer works.
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What is Comput er ?
Definition : The word computer literally means
something that computes or calculates. But
considering a computer to be merely a calculating device
would to severely limit its powers.
A device that can operate upon information or data.
The computer is an electronic device that making
calculations or controlling operations that are
expressible in numerical or logical terms.
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It perform four primary operations are:
1. INPUT Entering data into the computer
2. PROCESSING performing operations on the data
3. OUTPUT presenting the results
4. STORAGE saving data, or output for future use.
Input Output
ALU
CU
MEMORY
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Dat a
Data is a collection of facts, figures and statistics
related to an object. Data can be processed to create
useful information. Data is a valuable asset for an
organization.
Data can be used by the managers to perform
effective and successful operations of management.
It provides a view of past activities related to the
rise and fall of an organization. It also enables the
user to make better decision for future. Data is very
useful for generating reports, graphs and statistics.
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Example
Students fill an admission form when
they get admission in college. The form
consists of raw facts about the
students. These raw facts are student's
name, father name, address etc. The
purpose of collecting this data is to
maintain the records of the students
during their study period in the college.
Dat a
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Inf or mat ion
The manipulated and processed form of data is called
information. It is more meaningful than data. It is
used for making decisions. Data is used as input for
processing and information is used as output of this
processing.
Example
Data collected from census is used to generate
different type of information. The government can
use it to determine the literacy rate in the country.
Government can use the information in important
decision to improve literacy rate.
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Char act er ist ics of a Comput er
Now-a-days computer is playing a main role in
everyday life it has become the need of people
just like television, telephone or other
electronic devices at home. It solves the human
problems very quickly as well as accurately.
The characteristics of a computer are:
1. Speed
2. Spontaneous (Automatic)
3. Storage
4. No Feelings
5. Consistency
6. Communications
7. Diligence
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Computer s in Your Lif e
Computers in the home
Look up information, exchange e-mail, shop, download
music and movies, research products, pay bills and
manage bank accounts, check news and weather, store
and organize digital photos, play games, plan
vacations, work at home, and more.
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Computers in Education: K-12 schools, from straight
drill-and-practice programs to using the computer as
an overall student-based learning tool. Colleges and
universities, classrooms, computer labs, dorms,
libraries
Computers in the workplace: Multinational
corporation CEOs, check-out clerks, traveling
salespeople, police officers, insurance adjusters,
doctors and nurses, auto mechanics
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Computers on the go:
portable PCs, Wi-Fi
hotspots, Internet
cafes, ATM machines,
gym ID cards, gas or
parking smart cards,
portable GPS.
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Comput er Har dwar e
The physical parts of a computer are known as
computer hardware. You can touch, see and feel the
hardware. The hardware consists of electronic
circuits and mechanical equipment etc. used to
perform various functions in the computer.
The hardware components are:
1. Input devices
2. Output devices
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4. Memory unit
5. Storage devices
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Input and Input Devices
Input is any data or instructions entered into the
computer in the form of signals. The input into the
computer can be entered:
Through keyboard (by typing characters).
By selecting commands (icons) on the screen and then
clicking with mouse.
By pressing finger on a touch screen.
By speaking into a microphone.
By scanning data printed on paper through scanner
etc.
Therefore, the devices that are used to enter data
and instructions or commands into the computer are
called input devices or units. The input devices are the
eyes and ears of computers. In old computers the
punched card readers, paper tape readers were used
as input devices.
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Now-a-days, the commonly used input devices are:
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Microphone
Digital Camera
Optical Bar Code Reader
Optical mark recognition (OMR)
Touch Screen
Joystick
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Note : floppy drives, hard disks and CD drives are used
for both input and output devices. 16
Out put and Out put Devices
The processed input data into a useful form is called output
when input data is processed, computer generates several
types of output, depending upon the hardware and
software used and the requirements of the user. The user
use output on a screen, prints it on a paper or hear it
through speakers.
Therefore, output is normally classifieds as:
Softcopy Output : The output received on the display
screen or in the audio or video form is called softcopy
output. This kind of output is not tangible and can not the
touched. The most popular and commonly used softcopy
output device is display screen
Hardcopy Output : The output printed on the paper is
called hardcopy. The printers and plotters devices are used
for this purpose.
Sound Output : The output received into the form of
sound is called sound output. The speakers are most
commonly used to receive the sound output.
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Out put Devices
An output device is a hardware component used to get
output from the computer. A number of output devices
are available. The commonly used output devices are :
Monitors: The monitor is a popular and most commonly
used output device. The monitor consists of a screen
and the electronic components that produce the output
on the screen for a temporary period. The output
received on the screen is called softcopy. Most
monitors used in personal computers display text,
graphics and video information.
Plotters: A plotter is a special output device used to
produce hardcopies of graphs and designs on the paper.
A plotter is typically used to print large-format graphs
or maps such as construction maps or engineering
drawings.
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Speaker : A speaker gives you sound output from
your computer. Some speakers are built into the
computer and some are separate.
Printers: These are most commonly used output
devices used to get prints of documents on the paper.
The output printed on the paper is called hard copy.
Two types of Printers:
1. Impact Printer
2. Non-impact Printers
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Pr int er
1. Impact Printers : An impact printer prints
characters and graphics on the paper with the strikes
of hammer on a ribbon. A simple example of an impact
printer is typewriter, which uses small hammers to
strike the ribbon. Each hammer is embossed with the
shape of alphanumeric character; that shape is
printed on the paper through inked ribbon. there are
many types of impact printers but the most popular
and commonly used is the dot matrix printer.
2. Non-Impact Printers: The printers that produce the
output on a paper without striking the paper are
known as non-impact printers. The main features of
non-impact printers are:
Faster than impact printers.
Print high quality output.
Produce no noise during printing.
Examples of non-impact printers are Laser printer, Inkjet
printers etc.
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Impact Pr int er s
Dot-Matrix Printers : are called impact printers
because they print by hammering the pins on the
inked ribbon to leave ink impressions on a paper.
Hence, they can be used to produce multiple copies by
using carbon paper or its equivalent.
A dot matrix printer makes a hard copy by printing
one character at a time.
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Non-Impact Pr int er s
Inkjet Printers : are called non-impact printers because
they print by spraying ink on the paper. Being of non-
impact type, they cannot be used to produce multiple
copies of a document in a single printing. Inkjet printers
is more expensive than a dot-matrix printer.
Laser Printer: A Laser printer is the fastest and high
quality non-impact printer. Laser printers are most
expensive than Inkjet printers and their print quality is
also higher. The print quality and printing speed of Laser
printers make them ideal for offices and business. The
price of Laser printer depends on the quality and
printing speed. The color printers are most costly than
black and white Laser printers. The higher the
resolution and speed the more expensive the printer.
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Gener at ions of Comput er s
The term generation indicates the type of technology used in
the computer construction. As new technology was emerging,
it was being used in the making of computer. The new
technology improved the speed, accuracy and storage
capacity of the computers. Different technologies have been
used for computers in different times. Therefore,
computers can be divided into five generations depending
upon the technologies used.
These are:
First Generation (1942 - 1955)
Second Generation (1955 - 1964)
Third Generation (1964 - 1975)
Fourth Generation (Since 1975)
Fifth Generation
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Advant age of Comput er
* * **
Research
On-line game
Information Storage
Watch video and listen the music
To send mail messages
To chat with people
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Disadvant age of Comput er
Un-Employment
Cyber-crime
Computer can perform only what is it programmed to
do.
Computer need well defined instructions to perform
any operation
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Appl icat ion of Comput er
Computer is playing very important role in every
field of life.
Computers are everywhere such as at home, at
school. In daily life a large number of activities are
dependent on computers.
The main fields where computer is playing very
important role are:
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1. Education
2. Entertainment
3. Science
4. Publishing
5. Agriculture
6. Government
7. Home
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Component s of Comput er
Syst em
Computer is an electronic machine that is used to solve
different kinds of problems according to a set of
instructions given to it. Computer consists of different units
that perform various functions. All the operations of the
computer are controlled by the program instructions. These
program instructions are known as software. A system is a
group of related components that make up a body to
perform a specific function. Therefore computer system is
defined as:
The computer along with various units and software that
performs different activities in data processing are
collectively known a computer system. A computer system is
divided into two sub-systems:
1. Computer Software
2. Computer Hardware
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Sof t war e
A set of instructions given to the computer in machine
code that tells the computer what to do and how to
perform the given task of the user is known as
computer software. The software is developed in
computer programming languages. You can not feel,
touch or see software inside the computer memory.
The Computer software is classified into two main
categories:
1. Application Software
2. System Software
3. Utility Software
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Appl icat ion Sof t war e
A set of programs used to solve particular problems of
user through computer is called Application software.
It is also known as application package. The ready
packages are also available in market on CDs for
various purposes. These are used by user who does not
know the computer programming. The users solve their
problems by using ready packages more easily and
quickly.
Some of application packages are:
1.Word processing software (e.g Word)
2.Spreadsheet software. (e.g Excel)
3.Database Management System software. (e.g Oracle,
Microsoft Access)
4.Graphics software (eg: Adobe Page Maker, Coral Draw )
5.Communication software (e.g Internet Explorer )
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System Software: A Software which operates
computer system is called system software. This
software is used to give the instruction with the help
of any hardware.
For example : operating system and drivers.
Utility Software: Also known as service routine,
utility software helps in the management of computer
hardware and application software. It performs a
small range of tasks. Disk defragmenters, systems
utilities and virus scanners are some of the typical
examples of utility software.
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Memor y
Memory refers to chip-based storage. When the
term memory is used alone , it refers to chip based
storage used by the computer-usually the amount of
the computers main memory (called RAM), which is
located inside the system unit. In contrast, storage
refers to the amount of long-term storage available
to a PC- usually in the form of the PCs hard drive or
removal storage media such as CDs, DVDs, and USB
flash drives.
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
When the computer is powered on, certain operating
system files load into RAM from the storage device
such as a hard disk. Then operating system remains in
RAM as long as the computer has continuous power.
holds its data as long as the computer is switched on
All data in RAM is lost when the computer is switched
off
Described as being volatile
It is direct access as it can be both written to or
read from in any order
There are two types of main memory, Random Access
Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM)
Types of Main Memor y
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The RAM is further divided into:
1. DRAM 2.SRAM
DRAM : DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access
Memory. DRAM is the most common type of RAM used
to store data & instructions. In order to maintain data
in DRAM chip, the chip is refreshed frequently
(hundreds of time a second), otherwise data may be
lost. During the refreshing process the CPU has to wait
to read & write data in DRAM. It is because DRAM
decreases the processing speed of the computer.
SRAM
SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is
faster than DRAM because it does not have to be
refreshed frequently and the CPU has not to wait to
read & write data. SRAM chips however are more
expensive than DRAM chips. Special applications such as
cache use SRAM chips.
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ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The ROM contains
instructions that are permanently stored by the
manufacturers when they manufacture the chips.
In fact recording data and instructions permanently
into this kind of memory is called "burning in the data".
The instructions stored in ROM can only be read but
cannot be modified. This is the reason why it is called
Read Only Memory.
ROM is a semiconductor chip programmed at the time of
its manufacture and is not re-programmable by the user.
The programs stored in ROM are called firmware.
It is a non-volatile memory. The contents of ROM are
not lost when the computer is turned off.
Read Onl y Memor y (ROM)
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The ROM contains the Basic Input / Output System
(BIOS) which is a set of instructions that are
automatically activated when the computer is turned on.
It means that computer uses the instructions of ROM at
the time of booting for the following purposes.
To check different units of computer system.
To load the operating system into computer memory
etc.
Data can be read by the CPU in any order so ROM is also
direct access
The contents of ROM are fixed at the time of
manufacture
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Types of READ ONLY
MEMORY
Many other devices also contain ROM chips. For
example a printer has a ROM chip that contains data
or information for fonts. You can say that each
electronic device has ROM chip that contains
information about that device.
The ROM is further divided into:
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
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Cache memor y
Data and program instructions are moved from RAM to CPU's
registers during data processing. It is most time consuming
method and CPU has to waste a lot of time to access data
from memory.
Cache memory is similar to RAM but it is extremely fast than
RAM. It is normally used between RAM and CPU. Cache
speeds up processing speed of computer because CPU stores
frequently used instructions and data in it. When the
program is running and the CPU needs a specific data or
program instructions, the CPU first checks it in cache
memory. If the data is not there, the CPU reads the data
from RAM into its registers, but it also loads a copy of the
same data or instruction in cache memory. The next time the
CPU uses it if required again and saves the time needed to
load it from RAM.
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Types of Comput er s
Computers can also be divided into three categories
depending upon their instruction and form of input
data that they accept and process. These are:
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers
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It is low in cost. It is costly.
It is general purpose in use. It is used only in scientific,
industrial and medical fields.
It is easily programmed. It is not easily programmed.
Have large number of functions. Have fewer functions.
Have large internal memory. Have low internal memory.
Output is accurate. It may have some errors in output.
Accept input data in digital form
and output is received in digital
form.
Accept input data in continuous
form and output is measured on a
scale
DIGITAL ANALOG
Dif f er ence bet ween Anal og and
Digit al
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On t he Basis of Pr ocessing
Speed and St or age Capacit y
Computers are classified according to their data
processing speed, amount of data that they can hold and
price. Generally, a computer with high processing speed and
large internal storage is called a big computer. Due to
rapidly improving technology, we are always confused among
the categories of computers.
Depending upon their speed and memory size, computers
are classified into following four main groups.
Supercomputer
Mainframe computer
Mini computer
Microcomputer
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