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E
D
m
2t
c
Y
B31
\
|
|
.
:= o
m
22464psi =
STEP 4- Determine the ratio of the induced circumferential bending stress to the circumferen
membrane stress at the circumferential position of interest (max value at 0, 2
t
, ...)
Note: The ovality of this field bend is considered "Global" as the ovality at the ends of the bend
are at least equal to 50% of the mid-elbow (or mid-bend) region. For conservatism, the
maximum level of ovality, which happened to occur in the bend, is used in the calculation.
4) Global Out-Of-Roundness Of an Elbow Or Pipe Bend (no limitation on bend radius)
R
D
m
t
c
2
:=
R is the mean radius of the cylinder (mid-wall)
Ovality
D
max
D
min
D
o
:=
R
b
3R cos 2u ( )
t
c
L
f
D
max
D
min
D
o
|
\
|
|
.
1 3.64
P R
E
y
t
c
\
|
|
.
R
t
c
|
\
|
|
.
2
+
:=
Ovality 3.903% =
STEP 5- Determine the remaining strength factor
R
bs
R
b
:= o
ms
f
wm
o
m
:=
RSF min
H
f
S
a
o
m
1 R
b
+
( )
o
ms
1 R
bs
+
( )
+
(
(
1.0 ,
(
(
:= RSF 1 =
STEP 6- Evaluate the results by comparing RSF to RSF
a
(RSF
a
=0.9 per Table 2.3)
Summary if RSF RSF
a
<
( ) ( )
:=
Summary "Acceptable per Level 2" =
Copyright 2012 ASME 8
Figure 5 von Mises stress in global model considering all loads
Figure 6 Axial stresses in global model considering independent loading
Compressive stresses generated in this region
due to thermal expansion of the pipeline.
Axial Stress for Pressure Only Load Case
S11
max
=14.7 ksi
Axial Stress for Temperature OnlyLoad Case
S11
max
=21.2 ksi
Copyright 2012 ASME 9
Figure 7 Von Mises stress state at design conditions (1,440 psi and 160F)
Figure 8 Maximum principal strain at design conditions (1,440 psi and 160F)
Contours plotted in RED exceed 52 ksi
Maximum von Mises stress of 59.0 ksi
Maximum principal strain of 2.96%
Geometry for pipe bend based on actual
field measurements made by SES.
Contours plotted in RED exceed 0.50%
Copyright 2012 ASME 10
Figure 9 Figure for Table 2 showing parametric FEA geometries
16-inch Pipeline Design Load versus Ovality Ratio
Results from finite element modeling work with ovality measured at the center of the field bend. Ovality ratio is calculated
by dividing percentage of center ovality by ovality at the ends of the bend.
5% Ovality: y=-40.666x
2
+339.42x+1398
10% Ovality: y=-50.708x
2
+437.4x+755.11
15% Ovality: y=-37.414x
2
+344.59x+592.82
20% Ovality: y=-35.214x
2
+327.89x+393.6
25% Ovality: y=-32.5x
2
+298.83x+305.11
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Ovalit y Rat io
(center ovality divided by ovality measured at ends of the bend)
D
e
s
i
g
n
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
L
o
a
d
(
p
s
i
)
Ovality =5% Ovality =10% Ovality =15% Ovality =20% Ovality =25%
Poly. (Ovality =5%) Poly. (Ovality =10%) Poly. (Ovality =15%) Poly. (Ovality =20%) Poly. (Ovality =25%)
Figure 10 Curve fits and equations for the design pressure curves
(colored curves represent ovality measured at center of bend, design margin of 0.6 included)
Secti on 1
Section 2 Secti on 2
Section 3
Section 3
Fine Mesh
Region
R = 5D = 80 inch
35 Deg
3D = 48 inches
Section 1 =Highest Ovality Section
Section 2 =Ovality defined by Ovality Ratio
Section 3 =Ovality of 1% (for smooth transition of ovality)
Ovality =(D
max
D
min
) / D
nominal
Ovality Ratio =Ovality at Section 1 / Ovality at Section 2
Copyright 2012 ASME 11
Center Ovality: 11.3
Ovality Ratio A: 7.23
Ovality Ratio B: 1.61
Yield Strength 52,000
Calculations for End A (uses Ovality Ratio A)
Center Ovality x
2
x
1
x
0
P
below
P
above
P
design
0 -40.662 339.42 1398 2078.6 2079 0.0
5 -40.662 339.42 1398 1674.4 2079 0.0
10 -50.708 437.4 755.11 1380.4 1674 1598.0
15 -37.414 344.59 592.82 1152.7 1380 0.0
20 -35.214 327.89 393.6 986.8 1153 0.0
25 -32.5 298.83 305.11 986.8 987
End A Design Pressure: 1598 psi
Calculations for End B (uses Ovality Ratio B)
Center Ovality x
2
x
1
x
0
P
below
P
above
P
design
0 -40.662 339.42 1398 1839.1 1839 0.0
5 -40.662 339.42 1398 1327.9 1839 0.0
10 -50.708 437.4 755.11 1050.6 1328 1255.8
15 -37.414 344.59 592.82 830.2 1051 0.0
20 -35.214 327.89 393.6 702.0 830 0.0
25 -32.5 298.83 305.11 702.0 702
End B Design Pressure: 1256 psi
Designated Design Pressure: 1427 psi
1427 psi
2544 psi
1605 psi
1937 psi
SMYS for 16-inch x 0.340, Grade X52 pipe 2210 psi
72% SMYS for 16-inch x 0.340, Grade X52 pipe 1591 psi
psi (model based on Grade X52 pipe)
Note: Default model has a thickness of 0.340 inches
Other considerations that will modify the Design Pressure
percent
(Does not use values greater than 5 or less than 1)
(Does not use values greater than 5 or less than 1)
Field bend thickness of 0.430 inches
Intrados thickness of 0.420 inches
Effect of Yield Strength
Addition of 0.50-inch Armor Plate Pipe Wrap
(based on average of ends A and B)
Figure 11 EXCEL spreadsheet ovality calculator with input and output data
Figure 12 Close-up photograph of burst failure
Copyright 2012 ASME 12
Figure 13 Photomacrograph of the ductile overload cross-section.
Image shows reduction of cross-section where necking is clearly observed.
Scale divisions are 1/10 inches.
Collapse Loads for Various Bend Configurations
Results show the effects of various factors including increasing the wall thickness
of the field bend and the using of composite reinforcement
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Original Thicker Intrados
(0.42")
Thicker Walls (0.42") With Composite
(APPW E-glass)
FEA Model Conf igurations
C
o
l
l
a
p
s
e
L
o
a
d
(
p
s
i
)
Figure 14 Effects of different variables on the bend collapse pressure
Necking
Copyright 2012 ASME 13
Table 1 Global reaction forces and moments
Load Upstream Node Downstream Node
FX -112,579 lbs -102,522 lbs
FY 12,234 lbs -51,701 lbs
FZ -4,314 lbs 9,900 lbs
MX 1,332,070 in-lbs -1,771,070 in-lbs
MY 346,083 in-lbs -287,103 in-lbs
MZ -453 in-lbs -5,402 in-lbs
Table 2 Matrix of load cases for parametric FEA study
Section1
(center)
Section2
(Offset to Center)
Section3 (1% ovality
at Extreme Ends)
% Ovality % Ovality % Ovality
0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 1 5.0 5.0 1.0
10 1 10.0 10.0 1.0
15 1 15.0 15.0 1.0
20 1 20.0 20.0 1.0
25 1 25.0 25.0 1.0
5 2.5 5.0 2.0 1.0
10 2.5 10.0 4.0 1.0
15 2.5 15.0 6.0 1.0
20 2.5 20.0 8.0 1.0
25 2.5 25.0 10.0 1.0
5 5 5.0 1.0 1.0
10 5 10.0 2.0 1.0
15 5 15.0 3.0 1.0
20 5 20.0 4.0 1.0
25 5 25.0 5.0 1.0
Ovality
Ratio
(OR)
Ovality