Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, No.

4, December 2012 15
ISSN 2277-5056 | 2012 Bonfring
Abstract--- In the present paper an investigation has been
performed to examine the behavior of various alternative 3D
models using ETABS software for reinforced concrete
structure with central core wall with outrigger and without
outrigger by varying the relative flexural rigidity from 0.25 to
2.0 with step of 0.25. Also the position of outrigger has been
varied along the height of the building by considering a
parameter relative height of outrigger from 0.975 to 0.4.
The parameters discussed in this paper include variation
of bending moments, shear force, lateral deflection, peak
acceleration of the core; inter-storey drifts for static and
dynamic analysis for a 3-dimensional model for various
values of relative rigidity and relative height. From the
analysis of the results obtained it has been found that
performance of the outrigger is most efficient for relative
height of the outrigger equal to 0.5.
Keywords--- Bending Moment, Relative Flexural Rigidity,
Relative Height, Elastic Modulus, Outriggers, and Shear
Force

I. INTRODUCTION
HE major factor that affects the design of tall structures is
its sensitivity to the lateral load. One of the important
criteria for the design of tall buildings is lateral drift at top.
The acceptable drift limit(top deflection in tall building)
for wind load analysis (according to the IS-875-part3 (1987)
[16]) is 1/500 of the building height. The acceleration is also
an important factor which actually brings about the feel of
drift to human perception.
The use of core-wall system has been a very effective and
efficient structural system used in reducing the drift due to
lateral load (wind and earthquake loads). However, as and
when the height of the building increases, the core does not
have the adequate stiffness to keep the wind drift down to
acceptable limits. For such tall structures a structural system
known as outriggers may be introduced. Outriggers are deep,
stiff beam which connects the central core to the exterior most
columns which helps in keeping the columns in their position
in turn reducing the sway. This system helps in reducing the

Kiran Kamath, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal
University, Manipal, India. E-mail:kiran.kamath@manipal.edu
Divya, Mtech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal
University, Manipal, India. E-mail:divinagraj2@gmail.com
Asha U Rao, Assosiate Proffessor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Manipal University, Manipal, India. E-mail:asha.prabhu:manipal.edu

DOI: 10.9756/BIJIEMS.1655
movement of the core when compared to the system with
freely standing core without outriggers. The restrain caused by
the outrigger reduces the lateral drift at top. The stiffness of
the structural system increases by 20 to 30 percent by
introducing the outrigger structural system [14]. The use of
outriggers in high-rise buildings started about 5 decades ago.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
[1], Parametric study of outrigger-braced tall building
structures and studies on the behavior of outrigger-braced tall
building structures taking into account the flexibility of the
outriggers were carried out. Expressions for the core moment
distribution, the top drift and the optimum location of the
outriggers for minimum top drift were developed.
Formulae for optimum drift resistance of outrigger braced
tall building structures have been presented by [2]. [3],
presented a study on lateral load response of belted tall
building structures. He presented the results of an
investigation on drift reduction in uniform and non-uniform
belted structures with rigid outriggers under several lateral
load distributions which are likely to be encountered in
practice. Design aids in the form of graphical presentations of
the somewhat complex solutions are provided to assist the
practicing engineer in the preliminary design stages. [4],
documented the use of outrigger and belt trusses, which
connect planar vertical trusses and exterior frame columns.
[16], demonstrated that the optimum location for a single
outrigger is approximately in the middle height of the building
for minimizing the top lateral displacement under wind load,
however such location may or may not be available.
Studies were conducted on [5], the use of outrigger and
belt truss system for high-rise concrete building subjected to
wind or earthquake load. Eight 40storey two dimensional
models of outrigger and belt truss system are subjected to
wind load, and five 60storey three dimensional models are
subjected to earthquake load, analyzed and compared to find
the lateral displacement reduction related to the outrigger and
belt system location. [6], [7], presented a study on analysis of
high-rise braced frames with outriggers. A graphical method
of analysis for the preliminary design of tall building
structures comprising braced frames with outrigger trusses
subjected to horizontal loading is given.
[8] Studied the structural performance of multi-outrigger
braced tall buildings. The paper gives the optimum designs of
multi-outriggers in tall building structures, through the
analysis of structural performance of outrigger-braced frame-
core structures. [9], presented a study on shear wall with
outrigger trusses on wall and column foundations. A graphical
A Study on Static and Dynamic Behavior of
Outrigger Structural System for Tall Buildings
Kiran Kamath, N. Divya, Asha U Rao

T
Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2012 16
ISSN 2277-5056 | 2012 Bonfring
method of analysis is presented for preliminary design of
outrigger truss-braced high-rise shear wall structures with non-
fixed foundation conditions subject to horizontal loading. [10],
documented the restraining moments of outriggers acting on
the core wall and the equation of the horizontal top deflection
based on a simplified outrigger model. The deformation
compatibility conditions between outriggers and core wall as
well as the finite rigidities of outriggers are also [12], carried
out the analysis to find the optimum location for the second
outrigger by changing the position of second outrigger along
the height of the building and placing it in all the possible
locations, i.e. on every floor and analyzing. [11], presented a
study on behavior of outrigger beams in high rise building
under earthquake loads. It has been shown from this study that
the structure is optimized when the outrigger is placed
between 0.44 0.48 times its height (from the bottom of the
building). Investigation on the deflection control by effective
utilization of belt truss and outrigger system on a 60-storey
composite building subjected to wind loads was carried out
[13].
III. MODELS CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS
In the present study a three-dimensional 40 storey building
with 7m x 8m central shear wall is considered (Figure 1a &
Figure 1b). The typical floor height is 3.5m giving a total
height of 140m. The beams, columns, shear walls and
outriggers are assumed as concrete structure. Column and
beam sizes considered in the analysis are 0.75m x0.75m and
0.23m x 0.45m respectively.
A total of 6 different arrangements of outriggers by
varying H
s
/H ratio from 0.975 to 0.4 having relative stiffness
(EI
O
/EI) between 0.25 and 2 has been modeled and analyzed
(ref Table 1).
IV. ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING
For static behavior purpose the analysis is carried out for
lateral wind load conforming to IS-875-part3 (1987) and
equivalent static analysis for seismic in accordance with IS
1893-2002 has been carried out. For dynamic behavior
purpose response spectrum analysis is carried out for historical
earthquake time histories. The acceleration time histories were
obtained from records of past historical earthquakes occurred
in the California region.
The first two accelerograms, LA03 (El Centro Array 5,
James Road)( LA stands for Los Angeles) and LA06 (El
Centro Array 6) are taken from the1940 El Centro earthquake
with a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.386g and 0.23g
respectively, the third accelerogram LA14 (Northridge,LA
County Fire Station) is from the 1994 Northridge Earthquake
with a PGA of 0.64g. The ground motions are part of
historical recordings from M6 - M7.3 range earthquakes which
were scaled to match the 10% probability of exceedance in 50
years uniform hazard spectrum for Los Angeles, California.






















Figure 1a: Elevation











Figure 1b: Plan

Table 1: Description of the Models used for the Analysis














The dynamic analysis of structure has been carried out by
response spectrum method using ETABS. The core wall and
outrigger has been modeled as shell element with meshing,
beams and columns are modeled as beam elements. The
spacing between the frames has been considered as 8m (Figure
1b).
Model EIo/EI () Hs/H
1 No outrigger For each value
Ratio is varied
between 0.975 to 0.4
(0.975, 0.75,0.5 and
0.4)

2 0.25
3 0.5
4 0.75
5 1
6 1.25
7 1.5
8 1.75
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V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results obtained from analysis are compared and
discussed as follows.
The variation of lateral drift as indicated in Figure 2, it is
observed that the lateral displacement is reduced by 37% by
providing the outriggers at the top and it is reduced up to 61%
by providing the outriggers at mid height. Further, it can be
observed from graphs in Figure 2, that there is curvature
change at the outrigger locations this is due to the rotation of
the wall which is partially restrained at these points by
outrigger-column interaction.









Figure 2: Variation of Lateral Displacement for Wind Loads
(Static Analysis)








Figure 3: Variation of Shear Force in Core due to Wind Load
(Static Analysis)
Figure 3, clearly indicates reduction in shear force the
outrigger location. The reduction remains nearly constant
throughout the height of the shear wall below the outrigger.
However total Shear force remains unchanged.












Figure 4: Variation of Bending Moment in Core due to Wind
Load
The magnitude of reduction in bending moment in core at
the base is of the order of 95% by providing outriggers at
around mid height of the core. At the positions where
outrigger is present the bending moment in the core reduces
due to restraining movement of columns to the outrigger
system. It is also oberved that there is 34% reduction
displacement at the top due to earthquake loads when the
outrigger is placed at the top and it is reduced by 64% when
outriggers are placed at at the mid height (Hs/H=0.5) of the
structure.
Figure 5 and 7 shows variation of storey displacement and
bending moment due to applied static earthquake load and the
behavior is similar to those observed due to wind loading.
However it can be observed from Figure 6 that the sheer force
variation is negligible due the introduction of outrigger at any
level.











Figure 5: Variation of Lateral Displacements for Static
Earthquake Loads
Figure 8 shows the variation of lateral displacement due to
LA06 and earthquake loading. The behavioral trend is similar
to that due to static earthquake loads. Figures 9 and 10 show
the variation of shear force and bending moment due to LA06
earthquake history. It may be observed that the trend is similar
to that due static load cases.








Figure 6: Variation of Shear Force in Core due to Earthquake
Load






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Figure 7: Variation of Bending Moment in Core due to
Earthquake Load









Figure 8: Variation of Lateral Displacement with Different
Locations of Outrigger for La06
Figures 11, 12 and 13 show the variation of lateral
deflection, shear force and bending moment respectively for
LA14 earthquake history and the trend remains the same as
that for static load case. Even though the peak accelerations
are different there is no significant variation in the behavior.









Figure 9: Variation of Shear Force in Core due to La06
Earthquake


















Figure 10: Variation of Bending Moment in Core due to La06
Earthquake








Figure 11: Variation of Lateral Deflection with Different
Locations of Outrigger for La14
From Table 2 shows that the peak acceleration and it can
be noticed that peak acceleration is reduced up to 30% by
providing the outrigger at top level. Figure 14 indicates the
variation of the interstorey drift and clearly indicates the effect
of providing outriggers in reducing the interstorey drifts.









Figure 12: Variation of Shear Force in Core due to La14
Earthquake






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Figure 13: Variation of Bending Moment in Core due to La14
Earthquake









Figure 14: Drift index for LA03
Table 2: Peak Acceleration due to Wind Loads
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The use of outrigger structural systems in high-rise
buildings increases the stiffness and makes the structural form
efficient under lateral load.
Based on the analysis results obtained following
conclusions made:
When the criterion considered is lateral displacement
then the optimum position of the outriggers is at mid
height for both static and dynamic behaviour for the
structure considered.
The outrigger placed at the top of the building is about
less efficient, however in many situations it may be
more permissible to locate the outrigger at building
top, therefore although not as efficient as when at mid
height, the benefits of placing it at top are quite
impressive resulting up to 50% reduction in drift.
When the criterion for design is peak acceleration the
optimum position of outrigger is at top where it is
reduced up to 30%.
There is substantial reduction in forces in core,
bending moment in particular when outrigger system
is added to the structure.
The outrigger structural systems not only proficient in
controlling the top displacements but also play
substantial role in reducing the inter storey drifts.
REFERENCES
[1]. B. Smith, Parameter Study of Outrigger Braced Tall Building
Structures, Journal of the Structural Division, Volume 107, No.10,
October 1981.
[2]. B. Smith, and Salim, Formulae for Optimum Drift Resistance of
Outrigger Braced Tall building Structures, Volume 17, Issue 1, Page no.
45-50, 1983.
[3]. Rutenberg and Tal, Lateral Loads Response of Belted Tall Building
Structures, Engineering Structures, Volume 9, Issue 1, Page no. 53-67,
January 1987.
[4]. Iyengar (1995), Hal, Composite and Steel High Rise Systems. Habitat
and the High-Rise, Tradition & Innovation. Amsterdam, the
Netherlands, Bethlehem, Pa: Council on Tall Building and Urban
Habitat, Lehigh University. In Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress.
Page no. 14-19 May 1995.
[5]. Kian and Siahaan, The Use of Outrigger and Belt Truss System for
High-rise Concrete Buildings, Dimensi teknik sipil, Volume 3, No. 1,
Page no. 36-41, 2001.
[6]. Hoenderkamp and Bakker, Analysis of High-rise Braced Frame with
Outriggers, The Structural Design of Tall Buildings and Stuctures,
Volume 12, Page no. 335-350, 2003.
[7]. Hoenderkamp and Snijder, Preliminary Analysis of High-rise Braced
Frames with Facade Riggers, Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE,
May 2003.
[8]. Wu and Li, Structural Performance of Multi-Outrigger Braced Tall
Buildings, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings,
Volume 12, Page no. 155-176, 2003.
[9]. Hoenderkamp, Shear Wall with Outrigger Trusses on Wall and Column
Foundations, The Structural Design of Tall And Special Buildings,
Volume 13, Page no. 73-87, 2004.
[10]. Zhang, Zhang, Zhao, Zhu and Zhou, Safety Analysis of Optimal
Outrigger Location in High-rise Building Structures, Journal of Zhejiang
University Science A, Volume 8 (2), Page no. 264-269, 2007.
[11]. Herath, Haritos Ngo and Mendis, Behaviour of Outrigger Beams in
High-Rise Buildings under Earthquake Loads, Proceedings of
Australian Earthquake Engineering Society Conference, 2009.
[12]. Gerasimidis, Efthymiou and Baniotopoulos, Optimum Outrigger
Locations of High-Rise Steel Buildings foe Wind Loading, Proceedings
of EACWE-5, 19
th
to 23
rd
july, 2009.
[13]. Fawzia and Fathima, Deflection Control in Composite Building by
Using Belt Truss and Outrigger System, World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, 2010.
[14]. Taranath.B Structural Analysis & Design of Tall Buildings. New
York, McGraw Hill 1998.
[15]. IS 1893 (part 1):2002 Provision on Seismic Design of Buildings,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[16]. IS 875 (part 3):1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.








Hs/H 0.975 0.75 0.5 0.4
MODEL NO.
1 0.261 0.261 0.261 0.261
2 0.186 0.205 0.3 0.27
3 0.186 0.206 0.253 0.27
4 0.186 0.2062 0.2534 0.2701
5 0.186 0.207 0.2538 0.269
6 0.1862 0.2067 0.2534 0.2701
7 0.186 0.2074 0.2538 0.2689
8 0.186 0.207 0.253 0.269
9 0.186 0.251 0.2531 0.2695
peak acceleration m/s
2
Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2012 20
ISSN 2277-5056 | 2012 Bonfring
Kiran Kamath Birth place: Sholapur, Maharastra,
India. Date of birth: 30
th
July 1966. Completed
graduation in Civil Engineering from National Institute
of Technology (N.I.T.K) Surathkal, India in 1988, Post
graduation in Marine structures from N.I.T.K,
Surathkal, India in 1992, pursued PhD in Marine
structures and completed in 2010 from N.I.T.K,
Surathkal.. Dr. Kamath has 20 years of teaching
experience and around 2 and half years in Consultancy
firm of repute WS ATKINS. During teaching he has been structural consultant
for many building project. During his tenure in WS ATKINS he has designed
many Tall buildings. He is presently working as Professor in the department
of civil engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India. Dr,
Kamath is member and fellow of many professional bodies. He is Fellow of
Indian Association of Structural Engineers, India and Indian institute of
valuers. He has 3 publications in International Journals and 2 in National
Journals and around 15 in national and international conferences. Current and
previous research interests end the paragraph.