1

Questions
1. What are variables?
2. What are the characteristics of
variables?
3. Can studies be conducted
without variables?
2
Type of Variables
Dependent
Independent
Extraneous
3
Dependent Variables
Also refers to outcome of the study
Measurable by researcher
Changed according to intervention or
situation
Example
- Spelling test score
- Aptitude score
- Number of question answered in one
minute
4
Independent Variables

It may be a form of intervention, example:
intervention to reduce mental patients
stress

Can be controlled/changed by the researcher
Example: Type of intervention sweet pills vs.
original drug
5
Extraneous Variables
Unexpected factors that affect the dependent
and independent variables
To overcome: made them constant same for
each group
Build them into the design
Example:
- Both experimental and control group receive
extra tuition, television programme

6
Example
The effect of temperature on
students achievement in
Mathematic test
1) Dependent variable: ???
2) Independent variable: ???
3) Extraneous variable: ???
7
1) Mathematical test
2) Classroom temperature
3) Type of food consumed
4) The clothing material
5) Position in the classroom
8
Exercise:
Identify the: 1) Dependent; 2)
Independent; and 3) Extraneous
variables for the following examples:
a) Effect of questioning on students
science concept mastery
b) Effect of teaching experience on
childrens intellectual development
9
c) Correraltion of goal orientation
with the use of self-regulated
learning strategies
d) Emotional intelligence for male
and female students
e) Safe school policy: Exploration in
a zone within Kuala Lumpur
10
Research Process
1. Identification of problem
2. Forming of hypotheses
3. Determine the method and
instruments of the study
11
5. Report on the findings
4. Data collection and
interpretation
Question: What constitute a research
proposal?
12
General Guidelines in
proposal writing (Quantitative)
Title page
- Title page
- Content
- List of table
- List of figure
- Bibliography
- Appendix
13
Chapter 1: Introduction
- Background
- Rationale of the study
- Statement of problem
- Research objective
- Research question
- Research Hypothesis (if any)
14
- Significance of the study
- Limitation of the study
- Definition Operational
- Summary
15
Chapter 2: Review of
Literature
- Introduction
- Related theories
- Review of past studies
- Conceptual framework
- Summary

16
Chapter 3: Methodology
- Introduction
- Research design
- Population of the study
- Sample of the study
- Sampling
- Instrument of the study
17
- Validity and Reliability
- Pilot study
- Data analysis
- Summary

18
Guidelines for writing
research proposal (Qualitative)
Title Page
- Title page
- Content
- List of table
19
- List of figure
- Bibliography
- Appendix

Chapter 1: Introduction
- Background / Research context
- Review of literature

20
- The researchers interest
towards focus of the study
- Purpose of the study
- Research question
- Significance of the Study
- Limitation of the study

21
Chapter 2: Methodology
- Introduction
- Research design
- Researchers role as instrument
- Population / Sampling

22
- Data collection procedure
- Method
- Pilot study
- Ethics of research
- Interpretation and data analysis
- Data verification method

23
Chapter 3: Case / Issues
- Introduction
- Display the case or issues with
different writing approach

24
Chapter 4: Conclusion
- Discuss the findings with the case or
issues in research
- Discuss implication of findings
- Recommendation for future study
Bibliography
Appendix
25
Get the group assignment title
and individual assignment title