Course: EEE 307

Experiment # 3

Section: 02

Name of the experiment: Generation of FM signal.

Group: 05
1. Mustafa
2008-3-80-011
2. Khondoker Fazle Rabbi
2009-1-80-020
3. Subir Sarker
2009-1-80-023
4. Md. Ismail Hossain
2009-1-80-038
Submitted to: Sharmin R. Ara
Submission Date: 08.03.2011

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to get familiar with the wave shape and frequency spectrum
of frequency modulated signal and compare the theoretical analysis with the simulated results.

Block Diagram:

Figure 1: Generation of FM signal.

Figure 2: Module connection for FM generation.

Mustafa
2008-3-80-011

Q/As :
1. Calculation of Jn() from experimental data:
Formula:
AC = (3.927 / 2)V = 1.9635V
AC /2= 0.98175V

Formula used:
10log10(X) = Y in dB
X= 10 (Y / 10)

From Vertical reading:

AC /2(J0()) = -3.74dB = 0.422668614
J0()=0.430525708
From chart of Bessel function of 1st kind:
J0(1.4) = 0.5668551204
J0(1.6) = 0.4554021676
J0(1.8) = 0.339986411
1.6
AC /2(J2()) = -4.56dB = 0.349945167
J2()=0.356450386
From chart of Bessel function of 1st kind:
J2(1.8) = 0.3061435353
J2(2) = 0.3528340286
J2(2.2) = 0.39505866875
2
From Horizontal reading:
AC /2(J0()) = -3.58dB = 0.438530697
J0()=0.446682656
From chart of Bessel function of 1st kind:
J0(1.4) = 0.5668551204
J0(1.6) = 0.4554021676
J0(1.8) = 0.339986411
1.6
AC /2(J2()) = -4.59dB = 0.347536161
J2()=0.353996599
From chart of Bessel function of 1st kind:
J2(1.8) = 0.3061435353
J2(2) = 0.3528340286
J2(2.2) = 0.39505866875
2
Taking the mean value of the approximated s:
Approximate value of =

= 1.8

2. Basic circuit diagram of a VCO is given below:

Expression for VCO(Voltage controlled oscillator) output is given below:

C(t) = C0 + k0m(t)
When m(t)=0,the frequency of the tuned circuit is given by

So for nonzero

m(t),we have

Assuming that

And using the approximations

We obtain

3. MATLAB code for a FM signal generation applying the equations provided in the lab
sheet is given below:
clc
clear all
clf
Ac=1.9635;
%amplitude of Carrier signal
fc=10.26e3;
%Frequency of Carrier signal
fm=2.076e3;
%Frequency of Message signal

Beta=1.8
%Approximated Value of Beta for FM
t=0:1e-6:1e-3;
mt=(3.807/2)*cos(2*pi*fm.*t); %Message signal in time domain
%Implimentation for first formula start here
ut_1=0;
for n=-7:7
ut_1=ut_1+Ac*besselj(n,Beta)*cos(2*pi.*t*(fc+(n*fm)));
end
%Implimentation for first formula end here
%Implimentation for Second formula start here
ut_2=Ac*cos((2*pi*fc.*t)+(Beta*sin(2*pi*fm.*t)));
%Implimentation for Second formula end here
figure (1)
subplot(211)
plot(t,ut_1)
hold on
plot(t,mt,':') % ':'Dotted line
legend('u_1(t)','m(t)')
xlabel('time (t)')
ylabel('u_1(t)')
title('u_1(t) vs time plot')
subplot(212)
plot(t,ut_2)
hold on
plot(t,mt,':') % ':'Dotted line
legend('u_2(t)','m(t)')
xlabel('time (t)')
ylabel('u_2(t)')
title('u_2(t) vs time plot')

u1(t) vs time plot

2
1.5
1

u1(t)

0.5

u1(t)

m(t)

-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
time (t)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1
-3

x 10

u2(t) vs time plot

2
1.5
1

u2(t)

0.5
0

u2(t)

-0.5

m(t)

-1
-1.5
-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
time (t)

There plots of u(t) are almost similar.

Reference:

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1
-3

x 10

1. Communication Systems Engineering, 2nd Edition; Author: John G. Proakis, Masoud

Salehi
2. http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/ref/linespec.html

Khondoker Fazle Rabbi

2009-1-80-020

Source: Wikipedia, Google, Communication Systems Engineering.

Answer to the Question Number 1

Ac = 4/2 = 2
J0() = 0.0522
From chart, J0(2) = 0.2238

J2() = 0.0522
From chart, J2(3) = 0.4860

Approx. value of = 2.5

Answer to the Question Number 2

Figure 1: Basic circuit diagram of a VCO.

Output equation,
fi(t) = fc {1 - (k0/2C0) m(t) }

Answer to the Question Number 3

% 2009-1-80-020
t=0:2.5*10^-6:0.0015
Ac=2
fc=10000
fm=2000
ut=0;
for n=-7:7
ut=ut+Ac*besselj(n,2.5)*cos(2*pi*t*(fc+(n*fm));
end
plot(t,ut)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('ut')
title('Time vs ut')

Time vs ut

2
1.5
1

ut

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2

0.5

Time

1.5
-3

x 10

t=0:2.5*10^-6:0.0015
Ac=2
fc=10000
fm=2000
ut=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t+2.5*sin(2*pi*fm*t)))
plot(t,ut)
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('ut')
title('Time vs ut')
Time vs ut

2
1.5
1

ut

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2

Subir Sarker
2009-1-80-023

0.5

Time

1.5
-3

x 10

1.
Ac = 2
J0() = 0.052
Table: J0(2) = 0.223
J2() = 0.052
Table: J2(3) = 0.486
= 2.5

2.

3.
t=0:5*10^-6:0.001;
Ac=2;
fc=10000;
fm=2000;
uta=0;
for n=-7:7
uta=uta+Ac*besselj(n,2.5)*cos(2*pi*t*(fc+(n*fm)));
end
subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,uta);
utb=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t+2.5*sin(2*pi*fm*t))
subplot(2,1,2),plot(t,utb);

2
1
0
-1
-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1
-3

x 10
2
1
0
-1
-2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1
-3

x 10