Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
sp
= 2P/dl
Fig. 4.2 Tensile testing of cylinder in CTM
Fig.4.3 Specimen failed in tension (vertical crack is
appeared)
As mentioned in Section 1.4 of Chapter one above, since the
objective of the study was to understand the effects of various
factors such as the seasonal variation, weekly variation, time
of day variation, collision type, victim gender, crash location,
and vehicle type on injury severity of crashes on NH-202,
several data sources have to be used to obtain all the data
necessary to carry out the study. In order to meet this objective
of the research, which specifically is attempting to create a
better understanding the effects of these factors believed to
possibly influence injury severity, collection of accurate and
representative data was the most critical and of course
lengthiest part of the research.
5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The results of 3, 7 and 28 days compressive strength, split
tensile strength are shown in Table 5.1 to 5.2 and in Fig. 5.1 to
5.2 these results are discussed in the following sections under-
5.1 Variation of 3, 7 and 28 days compressive & split
tensile strength
150mmX150mmX150mm size cubes were casted to calculate
compressive strength. Cubes were tested after 3 7 and 28 days
curing in compression values testing machine. Results
obtained are tabulated in Table 5.1 and in Fig.5.1 to 5.2 and
compared in Fig. 51as shown below. 150mmX300mm
cylinders were casted to calculate split tensile strength.
Specimens were tested for split tensile strength after 28 days
of curing in compressive testing machine. Results obtained are
shown in Table 5.2 below.
5
Table 5.2(a) Variation of 3, 7 and 28 days compressive
strength
S.no
% of fly ash
and slag
cement
3days
compressive
strength
7days
compressive
strength
28days
compressive
strength
1 100% OPC 210KN 220KN 245KN
2 5% 197KN 192KN 195KN
3 10% 198KN 195KN 205KN
4 15% 204KN 202KN 210KN
5 20% 188KN 192KN 185KN
6 25% 176KN 170KN 170KN
Discussion
1. The compressive strength of any mix increases with
curing time. The percentage increase in compressive
strength of control mix from 7 days to 28 days is 202KN
to 210KN. This percentage increment increases up to 15%
replacement and, after 15% replacement this increment
starts decreasing and minimum at 25% replacement.
2. The compressive strength for 7 days curing period,
continuously decreases from control mix 20% to, mix for
replacement of 25%, whereas for 28 days curing period, it
increases from control mix from 5%to 15% replacement,
the increment is 210 KN from 5% to 15% after this
compressive strength suddenly decreases, this decrement
is 170KN from mix 20% to 25% mix
Table 5.2 (b) Variation of 3, 7 and 28 days split tensile
strength
S.no
% of fly
ash and
slag
cement
3 days
Split
tensile
strength
7 days
Split
tensile
strength
28 days
Split
tensile
strength
1 5% 90KN 105KN 108KN
2 10% 109KN 129KN 132KN
3 15% 126KN 130KN 138KN
4 20% 121KN 122KN 126KN
5 25% 120KN 120KN 122KN
The variation in 28 days split tensile strength is very similar
to the 28 days compressive strength, it increases from 5% mix
to 15% mix and then deceases from 15% mix to 25% mix.
The increment from 5% mix to 15% mix is 2.55% and from
15% mix to R-45 mix is 2.77%. The decrement from R-45 mix
to R-60 mix is 12.93% and from R-60 mix to R-75 mix is
19.19%.
Conclusion
Following conclusions have been drawn based on the results
obtained:
Compressive strength for 3 days for control mix was
found as 204KN. Generally it should be the about
210KN (5% of target mean strength). It may be due
to the effect of temperature of curing water as the
temperature of curing water was less than normal
temperature required. Compressive strength was
consciously increases from 5% to 15% Decrease from
20% to 25% is very less but it was more for 5% to
15%. It may be due to the increased content of fly
ash. As reaction of slag cement and fly ash starts after
some days.
Compressive strength at 7 days curing period was
found maximum for 15% total replacement (7.5%
slag cement and 7.5% fly ash). It may be due to the
decrease in porosity and due to the change of calcium
hydroxide in to CSH gel by slag cement and fly ash.
On further addition of fly ash, compressive strength
starts decreasing. This decrement is due to the
decrease in quantity of CSH gel due to the decrease
in quantity of cement in mixture. The28 days
compressive strength also found at 15% replacement
Increase in 3 & 7 days compressive strength and split
tensile strength up to 15% is due to decrease in
permeability by the finer particles of slag cement and
due to the conversion of Ca(OH)
2
in to C-S-H gel by
the fly ash, which(C-S-H gel) is responsible for the
strength of concrete.
Decrease in 3, 7 and 28 days compressive strength
and split tensile strength after total replacement of
25%, is due to increase in fly ash content. Because
due to the addition of fly ash after 25% total
replacement, percentage of cement is very less due to
which formation of C-S-H gel decreases, same time
formation of Ca(OH)
2
is also decreases. Due to
decrease in Ca(OH)
2
and increase in fly ash quantity
most of the fly ash remains useless and strength
decreases.
By using fly ash and slag cement, we can make a
concrete with higher strength as per Indian standards
which cannot be possible by using ordinary Portland
cement alone. Also by replacing cement with slag
cement and fly ash mix we can reduce the use of
cement and by this emission of CO
2
, which forms
during the formation of cement.
Use of fly ash in making concrete, results in
ecological benefits as now a days Fly ash is a major
solid industrial waste. It occupies a considerable
amount of land and pollutes air and water sources.
The disposal of fly ash is an environmental problem,
as fly ash discharged on land may quickly spread far.
6
Scope for future work
Properties of concrete discussed above can be further studied
by taking in to account
The following parameters:
1. By varying the percentage replacement of fly ash
with 5% 10% 15% 20% and 25%, more exact
variations can be found and more accurate value of
percentage replacement, which gives the strength
values, equals to strength values for control mix can
be found.
2. With the different percentage of fly ash and slag
cement.
3. Using different grade of cement i.e. 33 grade and 53
grade.
4. Using recycled aggregate.
5. Using fiber concrete in place of plain concrete.
GRAPHS
Table 5.1: 3 days compressive strength for fly ash
and slag cement
S.
No
% Fly ash and
Slag cement
3 days Compressive
strength (KN)
1 5% 197
2 10% 198
3 15% 204
4 20% 188
5 25% 176
Table 5.2: 7 days compressive strength for fly ash and slag
cement
S. No
% Fly ash
and Slag
cement
7 days Compressive
strength (KN)
1 5% 192
2 10% 195
3 15% 202
4 20% 192
5 25% 170
REFERENCES
1. Baoyu, L.; Angi, L.; and Pengfei, X., Application
of concrete incorporating both condensed slag
cementand fly ash at fancuo hydropower station, fly
ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in
concrete proceedings, third international conference,
SP-114, American concrete institute, Detroit, 1989, V. 1,
pp. 593-606.
2. D.S. Lane, C. Ozyildirim Virginia Transportation
Project Council, 530 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA
22903, USA:1998
3. Elkem microsilica, Triple blend with fly ash CS-
03 application : 2002
4. G.G. Bye, Portland cement composition production
and properties Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1983.
5. G. J. Lynsdale and M. I. Khan, Chloride and
oxygen permeability of concrete incorporating fly ash
and slag cementin ternary systems SP 192-45
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
0% 10% 20% 30%
c
o
m
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
Percentage of slag cement and fly ash
3 days Compressive strength (KN)
3 days
Compr
essiv
160
170
180
190
200
210
0% 10% 20% 30%
7 days Compressive strength (KN)
7 days
Compressi
ve