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HIGH STRENGTH TERNARY CONCRETE



[S. Kavya Priyadarshini
1
Research Scholar (M.Tech, T.E), Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad]
[D. Praveen
2
Research Scholar (M.Tech, T.E), Malla Reddy Engineering College, Kompally]

Abstract This project focused on study of the effect of
different supplementary cementitious materials (slag cement and
fly ash) on various properties of concrete, because combinations
of cement additions may provide more benefit for concrete than a
single one. In present study concrete with ternary blends of
Portland cement, slag cement and fly ash were produced to
investigate their effects on compressive strength at 3,7 and 28
days curing, split tensile strength and compaction factor at 28
days curing. Portland cement is partially replaced by slag cement
and fly ash from 0% to 25% of total cementitious material.
Compressive strength at 3, 7 and 28 days and split tensile
strength at 28 days shows same variation. Compressive strength
and split tensile strength were found maximum at 45%
replacement but modulus of elasticity was found maximum at
30% total replacement of cement by slag cement and fly ash. The
test results indicate that combination of fly ash and slag cement
can be used to increase compressive strength and to increase the
workability of concrete.
Hence an attempt has been made in the present
investigation on replacement of cement by fly ash and slag
cement together. A designed mix of 1:1.425:3.10 mix proportions
with 53 grade cement, coarse aggregate passing through 20 mm
sieve with a percentage of 100 %,sand and varying percentages of
cement and fly ash slag cement are used .Hardened concrete is
tested for cube compressive strength and split tensile strength.
An attempt has been made to study the behavior of HIGH
STRENGTH TERENARY CONCRETE with varying
percentages of fly ash and slag cement as admixtures.
KeywordsSlag Cement, ternary concerete, compressive
strngth, split tensile strength, Flay ash
1. Introduction
High performance concrete prepared from ordinary
Portland cement and various supplementary cementitious
materials are increasingly finding their use in construction
worldwide. High performance concrete is in general, cement-
based concrete which meets special performance requirements
with regard to workability, strength, and durability, that cannot
always be obtained with techniques and materials adopted for
producing conventional cement concrete. Supplementary
cementitious material such as fly ash, ground granulated blast
furnace slag and slag cement is extensively used in
construction. A partial replacement of cement by mineral
admixtures such as, fly ash, slag cement in concrete mixes
would help to overcome these problems and lead to
improvement in the durability of concrete. The primary
advantage of concrete prepared from these materials and
Portland cement is in the enhancement of fresh and hardened
properties of the concrete and ecological benefits resulting
from industrial by-products utilization ratios this would also
lead additional benefits in terms of energy savings, promoting
ecological balance and conservation of natural resources etc.
however the degree to which particular property is improved
or the rate at which a property is improved is dependent on the
type and amount of supplementary cementitious material/s
used. Among the various minerals additives used in concrete
mortars, slag cement is highly favored for its superior concrete
durability properties. Concrete is composed of fine as well as
coarse aggregates as fillers, and hydrated cement paste as a
binder resulting from reaction of cementitious materials with
water. The structure of cement hydration products is greatly
influenced by the rate of hydration reaction, type of hydration
products formed, the rate of hydration reaction and the
resulting hydration products can be substantially modified by
addition of mineral and chemical admixtures. It has been well
established that in cement-rich mixtures, the rate of hydration
reaction is high enough to cause plastic shrinkage cracks as
well as non-homogeneity in microstructure of concrete. The
accelerated hydration results significantly from evolution of
high level of heat due to hydration reaction in the mixture.
Consequently, long and thin cementing C-S-II crystals are
formed during the hydration process under such a condition.
Such crystals occupy less space compared to that formed
during normal hydration process, leading to a less dense
concrete microstructure. As a result, concrete strength and
durability properties are adversely affected. To avoid these,
low-heat cement as well as mineral and chemical admixtures
are added. Class C fly ash and slag cement can be added to
concrete to control rate of hydration reaction and to improve
its microstructure.

The improvement in microstructure occurs due to grain as
well as pore refinements, especially in the interface region
between the aggregates and Inclusion of a Class C fly ash, up
to a certain level, can exhibit hydration reaction similar to that
of concrete made with Portland cement alone. Therefore, a
blend of Class C fly ash and slag cement should produce an
improved rate of hydration reaction with a favorable
microstructure compared to a concrete mixture without the
addition of Class C fly ash and silica fume. Considering this, it
was postulated that a blend of Class C fly ash and slag cement
will result in improved concrete structure due to modification
of rate of hydration reaction as well as other benefits that are
derived when Class C fly ash and slag cement are added to
concrete. This, in turn, will help enhance mechanical and
durability properties of the concrete. This project was
undertaken primarily to verify this hypothesis in improving
concrete mechanical properties.
.





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2. NEED OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
Long term durability, high strength and good workability are
paramount concern of high performance concrete .hence it is
desired to produce a concrete having very low permeability,
high strength in flexure, compressive and split, and high
modulus of elasticity to make it a high performance. Hence the
Aims and objectives of this study are

To determine high strength ternary concrete to use
ternary blends of fly ash and slag cement
To prepare the concrete cubes & cylinders using
cement partly replaced by slag cement and fly ash.
To determine compressive strength of hardened
concrete at 3, 7 and 28 days of curing & compare
various mixes.
To determine compaction factor and workability
using slump cone and vee bee test
To determine split tensile strength at 28 days of
curing & compare various mixes

3 SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY

The scope of present experimental investigation is to study
about replacement of cement by the combination of fly ash
and slag cement together in producing high strength concrete.
Cement was replaced by the combination of fly ash and slag
cement together by weight of cement at varying percentage of
0, 5,10,15,20 and 25

The cubes were tested for compressive strength at ages of 3
days 7 days and 14 days cylinders and for split tensile strength
at 28 days. In the manufactures of concrete pipes, addition has
shown to increase the external load bearing capacity of the
increased resistance against chemical attack. Concrete
containing CSF is known as to have improved resistance to
freezing thawing attack, chloride penetration and deiler
making it useful for road construction. Other special
applications are like prepacked concrete and ready mixed
concrete etc.

Due to the above reason slag cement can be advantageously
utilized for preparing concrete mixes, which are stronger,
more durable and also economical. The addition of slag
cement does improve the performance of concrete
substantially. But availability and cost are likely to limit its
utilization at least for the present, only to special concretes
suitable for specialized applications.

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The selection of mix materials and their required proportion is
done through a process called mix design. There are number
of methods for determining concrete mix design. The methods
used in India are in compliance with the BIS (Bureau of Indian
Standards). The objective of concrete mix is to find the
proportion in which concrete ingredients-cement water fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate should be combined in order
to provide the specified strength workability and durability
and possibly meet other requirements as listed in standards
such as IS: 456-2000. The specification of a concrete mix
must therefore define the materials and strength work and
durability to be attained IS: 10262-2009 given the guidelines
for concrete mix designs. In this study design mix are
calculated using w/c ratios as 0.45. And nearest results are
obtained for mix (1:1.425:3.125, w/c = 0.45). Five mixtures
are prepared by replacing slag cement as 5% to 25% of total
cementations material in all mixtures and variation of class-C
fly ash(recommended by BIS) from 5% to 25 % (total
replacement is from 0% to 25%)

HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE:

The definition of high strength concrete in quantitative term
which is acceptable to everyone is not possible. In North
American practice high strength concrete is usually considered
to be a concrete with a 28 day compressive strength of at least
40 M pa. It is defined as concrete having minimum 28 day
strength of 60 M pa. In many developed countries the concrete
producers arbitrarily defined the high strength concrete as the
concrete having the 28 day cube strength of above

40 M pa when the normal weight aggregate is used. Clearly
then, the definition of high strength concrete is relative, it
depends up on both the period of time in question.
The use of high strength concrete results in many advantages,
such as reduction in beam and column sizes and increase in
the building height with many stories. In pre-stressed concrete
construction, a greater span depth ratio for beams may be
achieved with the use of high strength concrete. In marine
structures, the low permeability characteristics of high strength
concrete can perform much better in adverse climatic
conditions, and can reduce maintenance and repair costs.
Extensive research works both at national and international
level has been done on the use of various mineral admixtures
in mortars and concrete with common goal.

To combat the environmental hazards from the
industrial wastes.
To modify the properties of traditional concrete to the
desired level suitable to the specific circumstances.
To converse the natural resources used in the
production of construction materials.
To bring down the increasing cost economies of
cement, building blocks and high strength concretes.

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To rehabilitate the existing structures which are deteriorated
over period of time. In India, only government educational and
research institutions and constructions departments are
responsible for research while in advanced countries, the most
remarkable break through has been achieved by the building
material industries and their R & D laboratories.
An accepted fact in that these encouraging results on the use
of admixtures are not penetrating into the user community and
the entire research work is flocked their origination. With the
result, the very purpose of research work is questioned. Along
with R & D units, the policy makers and consultants should
take more interest in handling these issues directly keeping not
only the techno economics in view but also national
obligations.
An attempt is made in this section to review the literature on
mineral admixtures. With special reference to slag cement and
fly ash there by summering the constructive conclusions of the
researchers at one place for a glancing scan through.

TERNARY CONCRETE

High strength concrete or high performance concrete will be
produced by using pozzolonic materials like fly ash, slag
cement etc. The replacement of cement by any of this
pozzolonic material is called binary concrete. The replacement
of cement by one or more pozzolonic materials is called as
ternary concrete. In the present investigation the pozzolonic
materials slag cement and fly ash is used.

Mix proportion

Five mixtures were prepared by using ternary system of
OPC, slag cement, and fly ash. One is control mix and
other five mixes are made by replacing cement by slag
cement as 5% to 25% in all mixtures and fly ash and slag
cement varying from 5% to 25%.detailing of these
mixtures is given in table 3.9.

Materials used are as follows-

Total cementitious material = 5 kg/m3

Water = 7.5 lit/m3
Fine aggregate = 7.125 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 15.5 kg/m3
W/c ratio = .45
Cement: F.A:C.A = 1:1.425:3.10

Mix Design

S.no
Mix
design
Cement
(kg/m
3
)
Slag
cement
%
Fly
ash
%
w/c
ratio
1 5% 5 0 0 0.45
2 10% 4.5 2.5 2.5 0.45
3 15% 4 5 5 0.45
4 20% 3.5 7.5 7.5 0.45
5 25% 3 10 10 0.45

Size of Moulds

S.no Moulds Size
Specimen
casted
1
Slump
cone
--
Compaction
Factor
2 Cube
150 mm X150
mmX150mm
Compressive
Strength
3 Cylinder
300mm
X150mm
Split Tensile
Strength

Testing Procedure and experimental setup

After the specified period of curing the specimens were taken
out of the curing tank and their surfaces were wiped off. The
various tests were performed as described below.

1 . Compressive Strength of cubes at 3, 7 14 and 28 days.

2. Split Tensile Strength of cylinders at 28 days.


Compressive Strength

The specimens were tested at the age of 3, 7 14 and 28 days.
The cubes were tested on compression testing machine after
drying at room temperature according to IS 516- 1959. The
load was applied continuously without impacts and uniformly
140kg/cm/minute. Load was continued until the specimen
failed and maximum load carried by the specimen was
recorded. The cube compressive strength was obtained by
considering the average of three specimens at each age.

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Fig.4.1 Compression testing machine

4.2 Split Tensile Strength

The splitting tests are well known indirect tests used for
determining the tensile strength of concrete. The test consists
of applying a compressive line load along the opposite
generators of a concrete cylinder placed with its axis
horizontal between the compressive plates. due to the
compression loading a fairly uniform tensile stress is
developed over nearly 2/3 of loaded diameter as obtained from
an elastic analysis. Due to this tensile stress a vertical crack is
appeared in the cylinder at the failure. The magnitude of this
tensile stress
sp
(acting in a perpendicular to the line of action
of applied loading) is given by the formula(IS : 5816-1970) :

sp
= 2P/dl


Fig. 4.2 Tensile testing of cylinder in CTM



Fig.4.3 Specimen failed in tension (vertical crack is
appeared)

As mentioned in Section 1.4 of Chapter one above, since the
objective of the study was to understand the effects of various
factors such as the seasonal variation, weekly variation, time
of day variation, collision type, victim gender, crash location,
and vehicle type on injury severity of crashes on NH-202,
several data sources have to be used to obtain all the data
necessary to carry out the study. In order to meet this objective
of the research, which specifically is attempting to create a
better understanding the effects of these factors believed to
possibly influence injury severity, collection of accurate and
representative data was the most critical and of course
lengthiest part of the research.

5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The results of 3, 7 and 28 days compressive strength, split
tensile strength are shown in Table 5.1 to 5.2 and in Fig. 5.1 to
5.2 these results are discussed in the following sections under-

5.1 Variation of 3, 7 and 28 days compressive & split
tensile strength

150mmX150mmX150mm size cubes were casted to calculate
compressive strength. Cubes were tested after 3 7 and 28 days
curing in compression values testing machine. Results
obtained are tabulated in Table 5.1 and in Fig.5.1 to 5.2 and
compared in Fig. 51as shown below. 150mmX300mm
cylinders were casted to calculate split tensile strength.
Specimens were tested for split tensile strength after 28 days
of curing in compressive testing machine. Results obtained are
shown in Table 5.2 below.



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Table 5.2(a) Variation of 3, 7 and 28 days compressive
strength

S.no
% of fly ash
and slag
cement
3days
compressive
strength
7days
compressive
strength
28days
compressive
strength
1 100% OPC 210KN 220KN 245KN
2 5% 197KN 192KN 195KN
3 10% 198KN 195KN 205KN
4 15% 204KN 202KN 210KN
5 20% 188KN 192KN 185KN
6 25% 176KN 170KN 170KN

Discussion

1. The compressive strength of any mix increases with
curing time. The percentage increase in compressive
strength of control mix from 7 days to 28 days is 202KN
to 210KN. This percentage increment increases up to 15%
replacement and, after 15% replacement this increment
starts decreasing and minimum at 25% replacement.

2. The compressive strength for 7 days curing period,
continuously decreases from control mix 20% to, mix for
replacement of 25%, whereas for 28 days curing period, it
increases from control mix from 5%to 15% replacement,
the increment is 210 KN from 5% to 15% after this
compressive strength suddenly decreases, this decrement
is 170KN from mix 20% to 25% mix


Table 5.2 (b) Variation of 3, 7 and 28 days split tensile
strength

S.no
% of fly
ash and
slag
cement
3 days
Split
tensile
strength
7 days
Split
tensile
strength
28 days
Split
tensile
strength
1 5% 90KN 105KN 108KN
2 10% 109KN 129KN 132KN
3 15% 126KN 130KN 138KN
4 20% 121KN 122KN 126KN
5 25% 120KN 120KN 122KN

The variation in 28 days split tensile strength is very similar
to the 28 days compressive strength, it increases from 5% mix
to 15% mix and then deceases from 15% mix to 25% mix.
The increment from 5% mix to 15% mix is 2.55% and from
15% mix to R-45 mix is 2.77%. The decrement from R-45 mix
to R-60 mix is 12.93% and from R-60 mix to R-75 mix is
19.19%.
Conclusion

Following conclusions have been drawn based on the results
obtained:
Compressive strength for 3 days for control mix was
found as 204KN. Generally it should be the about
210KN (5% of target mean strength). It may be due
to the effect of temperature of curing water as the
temperature of curing water was less than normal
temperature required. Compressive strength was
consciously increases from 5% to 15% Decrease from
20% to 25% is very less but it was more for 5% to
15%. It may be due to the increased content of fly
ash. As reaction of slag cement and fly ash starts after
some days.
Compressive strength at 7 days curing period was
found maximum for 15% total replacement (7.5%
slag cement and 7.5% fly ash). It may be due to the
decrease in porosity and due to the change of calcium
hydroxide in to CSH gel by slag cement and fly ash.
On further addition of fly ash, compressive strength
starts decreasing. This decrement is due to the
decrease in quantity of CSH gel due to the decrease
in quantity of cement in mixture. The28 days
compressive strength also found at 15% replacement
Increase in 3 & 7 days compressive strength and split
tensile strength up to 15% is due to decrease in
permeability by the finer particles of slag cement and
due to the conversion of Ca(OH)
2
in to C-S-H gel by
the fly ash, which(C-S-H gel) is responsible for the
strength of concrete.
Decrease in 3, 7 and 28 days compressive strength
and split tensile strength after total replacement of
25%, is due to increase in fly ash content. Because
due to the addition of fly ash after 25% total
replacement, percentage of cement is very less due to
which formation of C-S-H gel decreases, same time
formation of Ca(OH)
2
is also decreases. Due to
decrease in Ca(OH)
2
and increase in fly ash quantity
most of the fly ash remains useless and strength
decreases.
By using fly ash and slag cement, we can make a
concrete with higher strength as per Indian standards
which cannot be possible by using ordinary Portland
cement alone. Also by replacing cement with slag
cement and fly ash mix we can reduce the use of
cement and by this emission of CO
2
, which forms
during the formation of cement.
Use of fly ash in making concrete, results in
ecological benefits as now a days Fly ash is a major
solid industrial waste. It occupies a considerable
amount of land and pollutes air and water sources.
The disposal of fly ash is an environmental problem,
as fly ash discharged on land may quickly spread far.



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Scope for future work

Properties of concrete discussed above can be further studied
by taking in to account

The following parameters:

1. By varying the percentage replacement of fly ash
with 5% 10% 15% 20% and 25%, more exact
variations can be found and more accurate value of
percentage replacement, which gives the strength
values, equals to strength values for control mix can
be found.
2. With the different percentage of fly ash and slag
cement.
3. Using different grade of cement i.e. 33 grade and 53
grade.
4. Using recycled aggregate.
5. Using fiber concrete in place of plain concrete.

GRAPHS
Table 5.1: 3 days compressive strength for fly ash
and slag cement

S.
No
% Fly ash and
Slag cement
3 days Compressive
strength (KN)
1 5% 197
2 10% 198
3 15% 204
4 20% 188
5 25% 176








Table 5.2: 7 days compressive strength for fly ash and slag
cement

S. No
% Fly ash
and Slag
cement
7 days Compressive
strength (KN)
1 5% 192
2 10% 195
3 15% 202
4 20% 192
5 25% 170




REFERENCES

1. Baoyu, L.; Angi, L.; and Pengfei, X., Application
of concrete incorporating both condensed slag
cementand fly ash at fancuo hydropower station, fly
ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in
concrete proceedings, third international conference,
SP-114, American concrete institute, Detroit, 1989, V. 1,
pp. 593-606.

2. D.S. Lane, C. Ozyildirim Virginia Transportation
Project Council, 530 Edgemont Rd., Charlottesville, VA
22903, USA:1998

3. Elkem microsilica, Triple blend with fly ash CS-
03 application : 2002

4. G.G. Bye, Portland cement composition production
and properties Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1983.

5. G. J. Lynsdale and M. I. Khan, Chloride and
oxygen permeability of concrete incorporating fly ash
and slag cementin ternary systems SP 192-45
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
0% 10% 20% 30%
c
o
m
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

Percentage of slag cement and fly ash
3 days Compressive strength (KN)
3 days
Compr
essiv
160
170
180
190
200
210
0% 10% 20% 30%
7 days Compressive strength (KN)
7 days
Compressi
ve

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