-

INTERNSHIP REPORT
MUHAMMUD SALMAN ALI SIDDIQUI
Aug 1st to 31st october 2013
Bayer crop science, korangi, karachi site

Submitted to
honorable sir khalid latif
plant/site manager (bcs korangi site)

1
Internship Report- Salman Ali Internee At bayer crop science, korangi site aug 1st 2013
to oct 30th 2013

Table of Contents
Introduction of Electrical Network:.............................................................................. 5
INPUT ELECTRIC SOURCES TO CAA GRID STATION.................................................. 5
DETAIL OF FEEDERS.................................................................................................... 5
Breakup and Assignment of Substations:................................................................ 6

Electrical Network Distribution With Respect to Substations: ..................................... 7

JTC Building East and West:..................................................................................... 7
Battery Bank for Security Lights (Emergency):.................................................... 8
LT Panels:.............................................................................................................. 9
Utility Building:........................................................................................................ 9
MV Switchgear breakup:....................................................................................... 9
Utility Building:...................................................................................................... 11
Utility Building Panel Distribution:...................................................................... 11
Street Lighting KIOSK:........................................................................................... 12
Vault Station:......................................................................................................... 12
Waterworks Substation:......................................................................................... 13
Components of Substation:...................................................................................... 13
T/F Ratings and Specs:............................................................................................. 14
Control System:........................................................................................................ 15
Types of Circuit Breakers Used:............................................................................. 17
Transformer Oil:........................................................................................................ 17
Dow Corning 561 Silicone................................................................................... 17
Specifications:....................................................................................................... 17
Maintenance Procedures of a Transformer:............................................................... 18
Transformer Components:........................................................................................ 18
Security and Complains:........................................................................................... 21
Cabling:.................................................................................................................... 21
Airfeild Lighting (AFL) System:................................................................................. 22
Flood Lights:.......................................................................................................... 22
Taxiway centre lights:............................................................................................ 22
Taxiway edge lights:.............................................................................................. 22
Apron edge lights:................................................................................................. 22
Runway edge lights:.............................................................................................. 22
Runway centre lights:............................................................................................ 22
Runway threshold lights:....................................................................................... 22
Runway approach lights:....................................................................................... 23
Runway End Lights:............................................................................................... 23
PAPI lights:............................................................................................................. 23

Distance Marker Board (DMB) Lights:.................................................................... 23

AGNIS PAPA System:................................................................................................. 24
Simon Boxer:............................................................................................................ 25
400HZ Aircraft Power Supply System:...................................................................... 26
400Hz APSS at JIAP:.................................................................................................. 26
Generation/Conversion:......................................................................................... 27
Outside the Conversion Room:.............................................................................. 28

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Dear Sir:

I am pleased to present my final report based upon my internship

at BCS KORANGI SITE. This report adds detail to the findings and
recommendations and specifications of various electrical
equipment and sites that i visited during my internship program.

I appreciate your cooperation and look forward for your assistance

in future

M.SALMAN ALI
Internee

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I express my gratitude to many who have helped during my

internship program. Including the honourable plant manger mr.
khalid latif , safety manager mr noaman, production incharge
mr.sohail ahmed, project engineer mr. sufyan & my lower staf
and electricians I appreciate the efort and cooperation of all of
them

safety clamps :
A total of 30 earthing clamps were ordered , 20 have to been installed at the
site , among 20 , 19 has been installed , 10 safety clamps are extra for future
needs ad purposes.. it will be indicate whether our system is safely earthed
or not, if its green light starts blinking ,it will indicate that our vessel or
structure is properly other wise not.. all of the safety clamps used at our bcs ,
korangi site is made by NEWSON GAYLE, an american leading manufacturer
and all of them are battery operated

INPUT ELECTRIC SOURCES TO CAA GRID STATION

1. From Landhi 132 KV line.
2. From Malir KDA 132 KV line
TOTAL CAPACITY OF GRID STATION (APPROX) = 100 MVA

CAPACITY SUPPLIED TO JTC BUILDING = 60 MVA = 48 MEGA WATTS

Illustration 1: safety clamp installed at mezzanine formulation

DETAIL OF FEEDERS
JTC FEEDER

SR.
NO
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

FEEDER #

CONNECTED
LOAD (KW)

LOCATION

BH-620
BH-621
BH-622
BH-623
BH-625

3200
3885
3771
3085
400

Sub-Station West
Utility Building-II
Utility Building-I
Sub-Station East
Vault Room I

6.

BH-627
TOTAL

400
14741 KW
15 MW Approx

Vault Room II

There are total of 6 Substations. Of which 5 are proper substations and one is
a KIOSK.

TH PANEL ROOM:
We worked in the TH panel room to make it less messier and installed and shifted
the workshop panel in the workshop from the T.H panel room so that all the

equipments present in the workshop can be controlled from there causing

convenience and easier acces.. the work in T.h room is constantly nder process

Jinnah Terminal is divided into the East and West Wing. Where east is the
International side and West is the Domestic transit side.
Substations are as follows

1
2
3
4
5
6

Substation for East

Wing
Substation for West
Wing
Substation for Utility
Building
Vault Station
Waterworks
Substation
KIOSK for Street
Lights

Substation Controls power and distribution for

the East wing of Jinnah Terminal
Substation Controls power and distribution for
the West wing of Jinnah Terminal
Substation Controls power and distribution of the
Utility Building
Substation for Controlling the Runway lights and
other systems on ground
Waterworks substation pumps water to all parts
of Jinnah Terminal building
KIOSK for street lights, parking lights, security
lights, and some of Model Colony main road area

A typical Substation comprises of

a. MV switchgear
b. T/F
c. LV switchgear
d. Controls include Rectifiers, Circuit breakers, isolators, Busbars,
Sectionalizers etc.
The control for the substation is based on a 60V DC Voltage.

TASK ASSIGNED:
Worked on the single line diagrams (sld's) of the whole plant , corrected , rectified and modificated it
where it was necessary and revisited the whole single line diagrams

There were 5 section slds at bcs korangi site namely

Iop/production bilding
head offce
th building
stores
b&s panel

And 1 master sld

I visited advance engineering associates twice in order make our slds as built and successfully
completed that

One of our major electrical safety audit point was to show the stabiliser in sld showing our chiller plant
and I successfully managed that

I prepared the safety interlock list of the whole plant along with its operating point mentioned on it as
the task was assigned to me on auguust 21 st meeting

Store activity

Worked in the engineering store and preapred the list of inventory palced there , took the remainaing
list of goods present at khalid khan's store and prepared a list of that

Made a quantity sheet for the store telling the qantity of each inventory present at the store
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE STORE
A proper audit of our engineering store must be conducted
in order to make sure thhe ultimate transparency, I will recoomend a store keeper there responsible ogf all the
afairs there...

cable schedule
searched, downloaded and made the format of the cable schedule which is one of our safety audit points and got an
approval from mr.sufyan
the work for cable schedule is currently under way , the cable schedule for filling is completed and the cable
schedule for formulation is currently in progress.. this work was assigned to me on 13 th october as I was constantly
enGaged in store before that
cable tagging and amrking will be done once its gets completed

EARTHING PITS
supervised the work on earthing pits in order to ensure proper grounding of our equipments
a total of 3 pits were digged and commissioned
a wire of 70 feet long was placed in each pit ensuring maximium condctivity of current
discharging stations
supervised and worked on the project of the 6 discharging stations which will help s in discharging the static charge
on our bodies,
one at filling area

one at herbicide
one each at w/p area 1&2
one atpacking hall
one at formulation
there are total 6 discharging stations at our site, out of 6 ,5 as been made alive , one ot the formulation is yet to
palced becase of the satinless steel floor work is going on there

surge arrestors:

in the case of lighting strikes at or site,in order to ground the charge, we worked on the completion on 10 surge
arrestors at our roof top
all of them are succesfully installed and working
earthing strips work
along wid or electricians worked in the installation of earthing strips at filling area, packing area, w/p are,
compressor area, in order to ensre the proper conductivity of the ground currents

recommendations
melting the solid for batch production at our site is a very cumbersome and time consuming phenomenoun , and it
always requires haevy maintaianance, in order to avoid this, I will sugest a inducrive drum heaters of thermo safe..
they are ex rated, maintaninance free and lesser time consumming
the drum cutting area at or site is very dangerous and any time can cause an injury , we need to rectify it
in order to all kind of electrical sparking in our ex rated zone in filling area , we can use festo pneumatic motors and
conveyors , instead of the conventional electric motors installed there.. the use of pneumatic equipment will totally
sideline the issue of ex areaq
for the powder filling area , one will recoommend dedicated poch saeling machines of better quality rather the one
currently in use as there rulers and gears get jammed due to the fact that powder usualyy get stick in between
gears and rulers cauusing a lat in machine operational

all of our electrical panels should bew sectionalised and separate us

Chitted and named the each and every box that which inventory or equipment is present in ehich box

V each (BH-620, BH-623) are fed into the JTC Building. One feeder is used for the East side (BH-623)
and one is used for the west side (BH-620). Although there is availability of a bus coupler in case the
east and west sections need to be coupled in case of a power failure on one of the feeders.

Capacity: 350MVA
Panel Quantity: 12 panels

The panels are manufactured by AEG (now known as Areva). And the
Transformers are manufactured by Siemens (capacity is 800KVA each). There
is also one additional panel on the HT side for Power Factor correction. Its
capacitor bank is also installed on HT side
The 11KV incoming is then stepped down to 440V, using 6 transformers each
on the east and west wing of the Jinnah Terminal Building. The transformers,
manufactured by SIEMENS, having a power rating of 800KVA each, are

present in separate chambers on the respective ends of the building. A small

setup of PFI (Power Factor Improvement) Equipment is present with each
transformer on the LT side.

6 Transformers are further distributed as discussed later on. The circuit

breakers used in these are ACBs (Air Circuit Breakers), their capacity is
around 1200A each.
The building also hosts a standby generator system on the LT side. The east
and west side both have two generators each, with a capacity of 1250KVA
and 750KVA. The 1250KVA generator is manufactured by S.D.M.O (US
Based), with its Engine manufactured by Cummins, and the alternator by
Leroy Sommer. Whereas the second generator, manufactured by Mitsubishi
Japan, is installed few years ago. The generators work on AMF (Auto-MainsFailure) and start as soon as the main supply is stopped.

All the switching in the panels and the switchgear is motorized, and is
done on a 60V DC voltage produced by a Nickel-Cadmium battery bank
installed in the facility. The batteries are manufactured by Alcade. With a
rating of 1.4V per cell, there are total 44 cells running at one time,
whereas 6 cells are spare/backup. The batteries are charged using an AC>DC rectifier circuit, installed with the battery bank.
All panel operations are motorized by 60V DC motors, but there is the
ability of manual override in case of an emergency.

Power source for control system:

The 60V for this operation is produced by a battery bank. Where there are 50
cells, each capable of producing 1.4Volts. 44 of these cells are online at a
time, whereas the remaining 6 are for backup. Rectifier systems are used for
charging of these batteries.

The building also houses a standby Security lighting system. In case the
KESC Mains and Generator both are not present due to some reason, the
security lighting, placed at diferent places in the JTC Building, provide a
sufficient lighting so that the building is not engulfed in darkness. The
batteries used are Exide lead acid batteries, operating at 2Volts per cell,
giving a total of 220Volts from 110Cells.
Battery Bank for Security Lights (Emergency):

In case of a power failure and when

there is no main or generator power,
there is a battery bank which is able to
provide security lighting, it is not as
bright is normal lighting but is able to
extinguish the darkness in Jinnah
Terminal.
It comprises of 110 cells, and each cell
produces 2Volts. The battery vendor is
Exide.

LT Panels:

There are LT Distribution panels placed on the East and West side at every
floor, from where electricity is distributed to that level (floor) only.

There are a total of 180 main and sub-distributors at JTC. Majority of the
Emergency and outdoor type equipment is manufactured by Zelin. And the
Explosion proof equipment is concealed in a Legrand Housing.
The fixed distributors are fed by LV switchgear which is located in
Substations East, West and Satellites East and West.

Utility Building:
The Utility Building for the JTC Complex houses the Air Conditioning system,
as well switchgear for operating the air conditioning system and for the
outgoing lines to the waterworks and street lighting substations.
The building takes input from two feeders (BH-621, BH-622) from the KESC
Grid station. Which are fed into the respective sides of the switchgear. Half
the switchgear is on one feeder and the other half on the other.. This
switchgear is having a facility of a bus coupler, in case of a power failure in
one of the feeders, the bus can be coupled and one feeder may bear the
whole load.

MV Switchgear breakup:

Total Panels: 16
(15 Panels originally installed and one panel installed in 2010 for Power
Factor correction)
The panel for power factor correction on HT side is manufactured by
Siemens. The power factor correction apparatus is mostly used on the LT
side, but here in this setup its used on the HT side. With its capacitor bank
installed alongside it.
The Input is taken from both the input panels from the feeders.
There is a bus sectionalizer panel which connects both the feeder buses in
case of need. It is mostly kept open (both the buses are kept separate as
both are energized by two diferent feeders in normal conditions).

Equipment
Chiller Plants
Incoming from feeders (grid station)
Bus sectionalizer
Transformer Panel (800KVA)
Outgoing for Waterworks Substation
Outgoing for Streetlights KIOSK
Power Factor Correction Equipment

No. Of Panels
4 (one for each chiller)
2 (one for each feeder)
1
3 (one for each T/F)
1
1
1

Spare Panels

There is NO standby generator available for the utility building. In case of

shutdown, power can be taken from the Nickel-Cadmium battery bank which
is located in the utility building.
The Batteries used in the battery banks are manufactured by Alcade. They
give a potential of 1.4V per cell. Total 44 cells are used at once. Whereas 6
are backup. They provide a backup of around 5 hours.
The building houses 4 chiller plants, manufactured by Carrier . They were
installed at the time of construction of JTC in 1992. They undergo periodic
maintenance and checks as per schedule.
There are 2 chillers operated by each feeder. Total 4 chillers on 2 feeders. But
one of the chillers on each feeder is kept of. And only two chillers are used
at a time. Which result in one chiller load on each feeder. This is done in
order to keep the load on the feeder less, so that maximum demand factor is
kept less, and also to prevent the feeder from overload.
Out of the three transformers, T1 and T2 are for the chillers, whereas T3 is
for the street lighting equipment and other accessories.

Utility Building:
Utility Building Panel Distribution:

Panel No.
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11

Usage
Street lighting KIOSK Substation
Waterworks substation
Spare for motor
Incoming from grid station feeder no. 3
To motor CH2
To motor CH4
To UB1 TRO1
Bus Sectionalizer
To UB1 TRO2
To UB1 TRO3
Incoming from grid station feeder no. 4

P12
P13
P14
P15
P16

To motor CH1
To motor CH3
Spare for motor
Spare for T/F
Power Factor Correction

Street Lighting KIOSK:

The Street Lighting KIOSK is a small substation comprising of a 250KVA. It is
located on the green belt which is between the incoming and outgoing roads
to Jinnah International Airport. Its electrical source is a 11KV line which is
coming from the Utility Building.
The Street Lighting KIOSK is responsible for powering all the street lights and
parking lights of Jinnah International Airport as well as some nearby areas
(Model Colony etc).
The transformer is manufactured by SIEMENS and the paneling and
switchgear is manufactured by AEG (now known as Areva). The components
are enclosed within a shed to protect them from damage and weather
efects. The incoming and outgoing lines of this substation are underground.

Vault Station:
There are two runways at Jinnah International Airport. One of them is
powered by the Vault Station. The vault station is located near the runway
and taxiway G. It houses a Transformer Room, an HT room, an LT room, a
CCR room, generator room and a battery room.

a. HT Room: The Vault station has incoming from two feeders from the
KESC Grid, namely the BH-625 and BH-627. Only one feeder is used at
one time, and the other is kept as a standby, due to the high sensitivity

of the location. If one feeder is not operational, then the other can
be used since the runway lights need to be functional at all times

b. Transformers: Two transformers are located in the vault station

transformer room. The transformers are manufactured by SIEMENS
and have a rating of 500KVA. There is one transformer for each
incoming feeder. Only one transformer is used at one time and the
other is kept of.

c. LT Room: The HT line is stepped down and forwarded to the LT room

where it is distributed accordingly.
d. CCR Room: CCR stands for Constant Current Regulator. A constant
current regulator is a circuit that regulates current delivery, limiting it
to a constant value. They are used due to the series lighting pattern of
runways. And taxiways.

e. Generator Room: The vault station has two generators, of which one is

primary and the other is standby to primary generator. The primary

generator is manufactured by AVK (Germany) and has a rating of
400KVA and the standby generator is manufactured by F.G.Wilson (U.K)
and has a rating of 200KVA. The generators have a two way selector
switch to select which generator is to be used.

f. Battery Room: there is a battery room comprising of battery cells

manufactured by Alcade, which provide DC 60V to operate the
switchgear and other operations. They are charged by a rectifier
circuit.

Waterworks Substation:

The waterworks substation is responsible for pumping water to all parts of

Jinnah International Airport and other airport areas. It houses a 500KVA
transformer. Its incoming is supplied from the Utility Building. The 11KV
incoming is stepped down by the transformer (500KVA) and then fed to the
pumps. The waterworks substation also has a generator system.

Components of Substation:
East and West wing has 6 T/F each of 800KVA
Utility Building has 3 T/Fs of 800KVA each
Waterworks has 1 T/F of 500KVA
Kiosk has 1 T/F of 250KVA

T/F Ratings and Specs:

Quantity
No Load Voltage
Ambient Temp
Iron Losses
Copper Losses
Reactance
Resistance
Voltage Regulation at Unity
P.F
Voltage Regulation at 0.8 P.F
Efficiency at 100% Load
Load Current
Short Circuit Duration
Cooling
Winding

Volts
*C
Watts
Watts

250KVA
1
11000/415
50
760W
441W
-

HT
LT
Secon
ds
HT

98.12%
13.12
347.8
3
Liquid
Disc

500KVA
1

800KVA
15

50
1100W
7800W
5.79
1.56
1.727

40
1450W
11000W
5.89
1.37
1.545

4.792
98.25%
26.24
695.62

4.678
98.46%
41.99
1112.9

LT
Insulation
Impulse Voltage
No. Of Bushings
Neutral Brought Out

HT
LT

Clyd
Class A
75KVA
3
4
Yes

Control System:
a)

Buccholz Relay:

a Buchholz relay, also called a gas relay or a sudden pressure relay, is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled
power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is
used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment.
The relay has two different detection modes.

The Buccholz relay is provided with two contacts, namely

a. Alarm
b. Tripping
On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by
decomposition of insulating accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil
level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal that also
serves to detect slow oil leaks.
If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the
conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the
path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to
isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. Buchholz relays
have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing.
Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as
overheating or arcing, whereas air found in the relay may only indicate low oil
level or a leak.

b)

Dial Type Thermometer:

The dial-type thermometer is also provided with two components
a. Temperature Alarm
b. Temperature trip

c)

Oil Conservator:
There is also an oil conservator which has an Oil level glass sight
indicator.

d)

Silicagel Breather (LDIN-42562):

The silicagel breather removes all moisture from the air. The
crystals change color from blue to pink. The crystals can be

regenerated for use by heating them between 120* to 130* for a

specified period of time.

Types of Circuit Breakers Used:

There are 2 devices mainly used for this purpose

VCBs (Vacuum Circuit Breakers)

VCBs are Vacuum Circuit Breakers, they are more efficient than oil
circuit breakers as they are maintenance free and have a long lasting
life. They are used on the Incoming feeder panel and the Coupling
Panel
Load Break Switch:

Load Break Switches are used to open the circuit in case of an

overload, They are used for T/F Panel and Bus Sectionalizer panel

Transformer Oil:
Dow Corning 561 Silicone
It provides a unique combination of dependable safety features. Heat
stable dielectric coolant does not have any environmental hazards as well.

Specifications:
Appearance: Crystal Clear Liquid
Specific Gravity: 0.960
Di-Electric Strength: 350Volts/mil
Flash Point: 545 degrees Fahrenheit.

Maintenance Procedures of a Transformer:

Period
Regular
Monthly

Check/Maintenance Procedure
Checking of temperature rise for oil and windings
a) Check oil levels and if the oil level has dropped, then
investigate the reason for abnormality in oil level
b) Check the Silicagel breather
c) Buccholz Relay: Oil Level should be checked and topped

6
Monthly
Annually
5-Yearly
7-Yearly

up
Operate the of-circuit tap changer several times
a) Check the monitoring and protective devices
b) Clean T/F bushings and insulations from dust etc
c) Check for tightness of equipment
Extract oil sample for testing. Replace oil if needed
a) Radiators: Check and clean and repair.
b) Overall check:
i)
Sediments formation in oil or moisture deposit

ii)
iii)
iv)

Check oil levels in all instruments

Check all seals for possible leaks or damage or wear
and tear
Check drying agent in breather

Transformer Components:
1) Tank
2) Trolley
3) Tank cover
4) Oil conservator
5) Oil level indicator
6) Breather
7) Low tension bushing
8) High tension bushing
9) Name plate
10)

Lifting lug

11)

Explosion vent

12)

Radiator

13)

Oil drain plug

14)

Thermometer pocket (Dial-type Model- AKM-44612)

15)

Controlling arrangement of tap changer

16)

Earthing screw

17)

Double float Buccholz relay

18)

Terminal cover box

The transformer winding is cold rolled grain oriented electrical steel

lamination 0.3mm thick. It has a specific mass of 7.65kg/m3.

The core is made on core clamping channels

The winding is made up of High conductivity electrolytic Copper.

The material used in the making of the transformer is checked for all
possible kinds of reactions with the oil used.

The transformer tank cover is made from electrically welded mild steel
sheets

The transformer is tested in all conditions and assembled with

complete kitting

The drying crystals used in the SilicaGel breather are made by KaliChemie AG (Hanover). The crystals are of 3mm to 5mm in size.

Each class cylinder contains around 1Kg of crystals.

Security and Complains:

Jinnah International Airport is equipped with state of the art smoke detection
equipment manufactured by HoneyWell. JIAP also houses a firefighting station that
is capable of dealing with emergencies of large magnitude.

There is a system called the AFCoM system. Which deals with all the automation of
all the systems in the JIAP building including switching of electrical equipment,
smoke alarms, emergency equipment etc.
All complains from the JTC are forwarded to AFCoM which then forwards it to the
related department. In some cases the complaint is directly forwarded to the
concerned department. For example, the Electrical Enquiry is responsible for
handling all kinds of electrical queries, including lighting, cables, and all other
related things.

Cabling:
The cables used in JTC are manufactured by AGE, Pakistan Cables and Pioneer
Cables. And are laid either in cable trays or underground or in concealed layout
inside the building. All kinds of precautions are taken to avoid any kind of mishap or
accident.

Airfeild Lighting (AFL) System:

The lighting system of the Apron of Jinnah International Airport is supervised and
controlled by the AFL Department. Jinnah International Airport has two runways, on
which there are various types of lighting as well as the AGNIS PAPA system which is
used to aid aircraft in parking at the gates.
There are diferent types of lights which are as follows:

Flood Lights:
The Flood lights are installed on the apron
to eliminate darkness at night. It
illuminates the whole apron including
parking and gates and other facilities.
The Lamps used in these lights are Son-T
lamps. Manufactured previously by Thorn
with a rating of 400Watts. But the new
installations are manufactured by Phillips
and Osram and have a rating of 1000Watts.

Taxiway centre lights:

There are various taxiways on Jinnah International
Airport, such as the Echo(E), Golf(G), Hotel(H), Mike(M),
and Kilo(K) taxiways. The lights are inset into the ground, and are green in
color. They help the aircraft stay on the centre of the taxiway.

Taxiway edge lights:

The taxiway edge lights are there to indicate the edges of the Taxiway, so
that the aircraft does not wander of from the taxiway during periods of
darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These fixtures are elevated and
emit blue light.

Apron edge lights:

The Apron edge lights are there to indicate the edges of the
Apron area, so that the aircraft does not wander of from the
apron during periods of darkness or restricted visibility
conditions. These fixtures are elevated and emit blue light.

Runway edge lights:

Runway Edge Lights are placed at side edges of the runway and are
illuminated during the evening when it is dark or when visibility is poor.
The Runway Edge Lights help pilots locate the edge of the runway
during landing or takeof. They come in 3 diferent categories, Low
Intensity Runway Lights (LIRL), Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL)
and High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL).
High & Medium Intensity Runway Lights can be control to alter the
brightness of the light emitted, compared to Low Intensitys which usually
only have one fixed setting

They are manufactured by Siemens and have a rating of 200Watts. They

emit white color light. They are present along both sides along the length
of the runway. Their brilliancy (intensity of illumination) can be varied from
the CCR Room.

Runway centre lights:

The runway centre lights are white colored bi-directional lights that are
used to indicate the centre of the runway. They are manufactured by
Siemens and have a rating of 200Watts.

Runway threshold lights:

There are a set of green colored lights that mark the threshold of the
runway. They are manufactured by Siemens and have a 200Watt rating.

Runway approach lights:

A lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport runway and
consists of a series of light bars, strobe lights, or a combination of the two
that extends outward from the runway end. They are manufactured by
Siemens and have a 200Watt rating.

Runway End Lights:

a pair of four lights on each side of the runway on precision instrument
runways, these lights extend along the full width of the runway. These
lights show green when viewed by approaching aircraft and red when seen
from the runway.

PAPI lights:
PAPI stands for Precision Approach Path Indicator.
The Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) is a light array
positioned beside the runway. It normally consists of four
equi-spaced light units color coded to provide a visual
indication of an aircraft's position relative to the
designated slope for the runway. They are usually placed on
the left side of the runway but can be placed on the right side of the
runway if needed.

Distance Marker Board (DMB) Lights:

The distance markers aid the pilot in determining the length
the runway left ahead of them. They are installed along the
sides of the runway at equal intervals. They are illuminated
night-time and in times of poor visibility.
All these lights are powered from three vault rooms at diferent locations.
a. Vault Station
b. JTC Satellite West Bay 15
c. Terminal 1 CAA-HQ
The lighting is controlled by Current Controlled Regulators (CCRs) and MCRs. They
are used to control and regulate the amount of current being transmitted on the
line. They convert 380V and 62A current to 3030V and 6.6A of current. They are

of
at

operated from the ATC Tower and the G.O.C (Ground Operations) but they can also
be manually turned on and of if required.
These lights are installed in series arrangement and each and every light has a
transformer of its own. The transformer provides the necessary potential to the
light.

AGNIS PAPA System:

Azimuth Guidance for Nose-In Stand is one of the most popular forms of stand
guidance. It consists of two coloured lights mounted side by side.

AGNIS is shown on the left, in this example the aircraft is right of the centreline.
On the right is a prototypical PAPA, which features no moving parts or electronics.
The two systems are not shown to scale, an AGNIS lightbox is many times smaller than a PAPA box

If the pilot is on the stand centreline they will see two green lights. If they are of
centreline, one of the lights will appear red and the pilot then steers towards the
green one. AGNIS alone provides only azimuth guidance, it does not inform pilots
when they should stop. It is relatively imprecise but cheap to implement and
reliable.

The Parallax Aircraft Parking Aid is frequently combined with an AGNIS system,
informing flight crews when to stop. The device features no electronics or moving
parts; it consists simply of a large grey box (usually with one or more sides missing)
with a large rectangular slot cut in to the front.
Inside the box, towards the rear, is a white stick or fluorescent tube, which appears
to move from one side of the slot to the other as the viewer moves closer, although
it is in fact fixed and the efect is merely due to perspective. Above and/or below
this slot will be markings in white or yellow, indicating where diferent types of
plane should stop.

Simon Boxer:

The Simon boxer is a Hydraulic lifter that is used at the Jinnah International
Airport. These machines are battery operated which are charged by AC
Current. The lifter has a 3 stage lift that is able to reach heights of more than
75 feet above the ground.

The device is used on the Jinnah International airport mainly in the Domestic
and International lounges, due to the high height of the roof. Service crew
uses the machine to reach up to heights for repair of lighting and other
systems. The lift platform of the hydraulic lifter can be tilted at various
angles according to need.

The lifter is able to be driven as a four wheel

vehicle. And its driving control is mounted on its
lift platform. It has two control panels, one on the
lift platform which is for driving and lift control,
and the other on the side of the machine which
is for lift operations only.

The power to the lift platform is delivered by the help of flexible cable trays
that run the length of the arm of the lifter.

400HZ Aircraft Power Supply System:

There are several diferent power sources on aircraft to power the aircraft
electrical systems. These power sources include: engine driven AC
generators, auxiliary power units (APUs), external power and ram air
turbines.
The primary function of an aircraft electrical system is to generate, regulate
and distribute electrical power throughout the aircraft.
The aircraft electrical power system is used to operate
(a) Aircraft flight instruments
(b) Essential systems such as anti-icing etc which the aircraft needs to be
able to continue safe operation
(c) Passenger services power that is the power that is used for cabin lighting,
operation of entertainment systems and preparation of food
Aircraft electrical components operate on many diferent voltages both AC
and DC. However, most of the aircraft systems use 115 volts (V) AC at 400
hertz (Hz) or 28 volts DC. 26 volts AC is also used in some aircraft for lighting

purposes. DC power is generally provided by self-exciting generators

containing electromagnetics, where the power is generated by a commutator
which regulates the output voltage of 28 volts DC. AC power, normally at a
phase voltage of 115 V, is generated by an alternator, generally in a threephase system and at a frequency of 400 Hz.
Higher than usual frequencies, such as 400 Hz, ofer several advantages over
60 Hz notably in allowing smaller, lighter power supplies to be used for
military hardware, commercial aircraft operations and computer applications.
As aircraft space is at a premium and weight is critical to aircraft engine

thrust and fuel burn (and thus the aircraft range and engine horsepower per
pound), 115 volts at 400 Hz ofers a distinct advantage and is much better
than the usual 60 Hz used in utility power generation.

400Hz APSS at JIAP:

Jinnah International Airport is the largest Airport in Pakistan. It serves a variety of
carriers. When an aircraft docks on to the airport gate or parking or any other area,
it needs a power supply to keep its systems running.
JIAP has a total of 12 Gates. Each gate has a 400Hz power supply facility. JIAP also
has movable ground power units which can be used to deliver power remotely if the
aircraft is not parked at the gate or the gate power supply is unavailable.

Generation/Conversion:
The 400Hz conversion takes place at the APSS room in the JIAP Building. It gets its
power from the main building but the incoming power is 50Hz AC at 400Volts.
Therefore, by the help of frequency conversion equipment, the frequency is
increased to 400Hz and the voltage is decreased to 26-28Volts.
The generated potential is sent to the corresponding gates/stations from the APSS
control room. There are switches/circuit breakers to control this process.
At each of the gates there is an APSC Unit which further controls the power flow, to
turn it of or on etc. The cable that connects the aircraft to the 400Hz system is
hung from the gate. And there is a mechanism for lowering and raising the cable.
The cable is stashed away in a box and a motor is used to extend or withdraw it.

Outside the Conversion Room:

There is an APSC fixed to every gate which has a cable attachment with it. Some
gates are equipped with double cables that are required by large aircraft such as
the Boeing 747 etc.

Due to safety risks, the power is not immediately started only with the press of the
on switch. The aircraft itself provides a small amount of potential to the 400Hz
system which acts as a trigger and thus the 400Hz supply is provided to the aircraft.
In most aircraft the 400Hz cable is attached near the front wheel of the aircraft.

In case of absence of the 400Hz supply on the gates, there is availability of ground
power units. Those provide the power to the aircraft. They need to be connected to

AC mains which are conveniently located at each of the gates and at other needed
places.
The units used at JIAP are
and PowerMaster (new).

manufactured by Axa Power (old),