Finite Volume Method in Heat

Transfer & Fluid Flow - I

Professor Parthapratim Gupta
Chemical Engineering Department
National Institute of Technology Durgapur
Conservation
Equations
Differential Conservation Equation - 1
Differential conservation eqn represents
conservation principle of a physical quantity
like Mass, Momentum & Energy

Dependent variable specific property, i.e.
property per unit mass, |
e.g. mass fraction of a species, velocity,
specific enthalpy


S T grad k div T Uc div
t
T c
p
p
+ = +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

Differential Conservation Equation - 2

Infinitesimal
Control Volume
J
x
, J
y,
J
z
- Total Flux of the property
in x, y & z directions
Conservation Principle
[Rate of change of | in the control
volume with respect to time]
+
[Net efflux of | due to convection &
diffusion out of the control volume]

=
[Net rate of generation of | in the control
volume]

Net Efflux
through the
CV faces in x
direction =
z y x
x
x
J
A A A
c
c
. . .
J div
z
z
J
y
y
J
x
x
J
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Conservation Equation - 1
Net Efflux from
the CV per unit
volume =
Mass Conservation Equation - 1
Conservation of m
l
is expressed as:


unsteady / accumulation
per unit volume

Efflux due to convective &
diffusive flux

S
l
Rate of generation of the species per
unit volume per unit time. (+) ve for
generation & (-) ve for consumption of l
t
m
l
c
c ) (
l d l
l
S J Um div
t
m
= + +
c
c
) (
) (

) (
d l
J Um div +
Mass Conservation Equation - 2
Diffusive flux expressed by Ficks law:


- Diffusivity of l
Resultant mass conservation equation:


Each term represents mass of l per unit volume
per unit time
l
I
) (
l l d
m grad J I =
l l l l
l
S m grad div Um div
t
m
+ I = +
c
c
)] ( [ ) (
) (

l d l
l
S J Um div
t
m
= + +
c
c
) (
) (

Energy Conservation Equation - 1

) ( . T grad k J
d
=
S T grad k div Uh div
t
h
+ = +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

S J Uh div
t
h
d
= + +
c
c
) (
) (

T c h
p
=
Energy Conservation Equation - 2
S h grad
c
k
div Uh div
t
h
p
+ = +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

) (
1
) ( h grad
p
c
T grad =
p p
c
S
T grad
c
k
div UT div
t
T
+ = +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

S T grad k div Uh div

t
h
+ = +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

Momentum Conservation Equation
B
x,
B
y,
B
z
Body force per unit volume in
x, y & z directions
V
x,
V
y,
V
z
Additional viscous force tems
x x
V B
x
p
u grad div Uu div
t
u
+ +
c
c
= +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

y y
V B
y
p
v grad div Uv div
t
v
+ +
c
c
= +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

z z
V B
z
p
w grad div Uw div
t
w
+ +
c
c
= +
c
c
)] ( . [ ) (
) (

General Conservation Equation - 1




| |
| |
|
S grad div U div
t
+ I = +
c
c
)] ( [ ) (
) (
Accumulation Diffusion Convection Source
Equation | I
|

Mass m
l
I
l

Energy h k/c
p

Momentum u, v, w
0 ) ( = +
c
c
U div
t

- Continuity Equation

General Conservation Equation - 2




| | | |
| | |
| | |
|
S
z z y y x x
w
z
v
y
u
x t
+
c
c
I
c
c
+
c
c
I
c
c
+
c
c
I
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
w
z
v
y
u
x t

Cartesian Coordinates (3-D)

Conservation Equation:
Continuity Equation:

Finite Volume
Method
Computation Grid
Finite Volume Method (FVM) - 1






Computation domain is divided into a
number of non-overlapping control
volumes such that there is one control
volume surrounding each grid point.
Values of the
dependent variable
| at a finite number
of locations (grid
points) in the
calculation domain
are the basic
unknowns

Finite Volume Method - 2






The differential equation is integrated
over each control volume.
Piecewise profiles expressing variation
of | between grid points are used to
evaluate required integrals
Resultant
equations
involving | are
discretized
Finite Volume Method - 3






Discretization equations are algebraic
equations correlating the unknown values
of | at chosen grid points. These are
solved.
The solutions constitute the computed
values of | only. The interpolating profiles
are used to discretize the differential
equation only.
Different interpolating profiles may be
used to integrate different terms
Finite Volume Method - 4






The most attractive feature of the control
volume is that the resulting solution
would imply that the integral
conservation of quantities such as mass,
momentum, and energy, is exactly
satisfied over any group of control
volume and the whole calculation
domain. Even a coarse-grid solution
exhibits exact integral balance.

Finite Volume Method - 5






When the number of grid points
becomes very large, the solution of
discretization equations are expected to
approach the exact solution of the
corresponding differential equations.
Finite Volume Method - 6






Finite Volume Method - 7






( )
{ .( ) } { .[ ] }
t t t t
t V V t V V
dV U dV dt dV S dV dt
t
| |
|
| |
+A +A
c
+ V = V I V +
c
} } } } } }
( )
{ ( ). } { ( ). }
t t t t
t V S t S V
dV U ndA dt ndA S dV dt
t
| |
|
| |
+A +A
c
+ = I V +
c
} } } } } }
Integrating the governing differential
equation over the control volume & the
time interval
Using Gauss Divergence
theorem the volume
integrals are converted to
surface integrals
Finite Volume Method - 8






}
=
e
A
e
fdA F
Flowrate through the CV boundary
denoted e (east face of CV), F
e

f is component of
convective/ diffusive
flux in the direction
normal to face e & A
e

is the area of face e.
e e e
A f F =
Finite Volume Method - 9






The last Volume integral is
S
|P
is the source
term S
|
at cell
center P, and AV
is volume of
control volume
V S dV S
P
V
A =
}
| |
Finite Volume Method - 9






( )
{ ( ). } { ( ). }
t t t t
t V S t S V
dV U ndA dt ndA S dV dt
t
| |
|
| |
+A +A
c
+ = I V +
c
} } } } } }

V
P
S
y
s
A
y
n
A
x
w
A
x
e
A
s
u
s
A
n
u
n
A
w
u
w
A
e
u
e
A
t
V
A +
c
c
I
c
c
I +
c
c
I
c
c
I =
+ +
A
A

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | |
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ]
0
) ( ) [(
Finite Volume Method 10






A linear profile between the neighboring
nodes assumed. The gradient of | at face
e can be written
b
N
A
N
S
A
S
E
A
E
W
A
P
A
P
W
+ + + +
=
| | | |
|
Replacing all terms in the integral and
rearranging

1-D Steady
Diffusion
1-D Steady Diffusion - 1






0 ) ( = + I S
dx
d
dx
d |
Boundary values
at A & B specified.
(Dirichlet
condition)
Grid Generation: A number of interior node
points (W, P, E, ) are placed between the
boundary grid points A & B. Control volume
faces are placed mid way between the
adjacent node points.
Computation Grid
1-D Steady Diffusion - 2






Node Points
P - Central
W - Western
E - Eastern
Control Volume Faces
e eastern
w - western
Control Volume
ox
WP
Distance between W & P
ox
PE
Distance between P & E
Ax Width of the control volume
1-D Steady Diffusion - 3






0 ) ( = + I S
dx
d
dx
d |
Discretization Control Volume
Net Diffusive transfer = Generation
Balance of | over the control volume
So, even discretized equation in FVM has a
clear physical interpretation.
S
- Average value of S over control volume
1-D Steady Diffusion - 4
Control Volume
Diffusive terms:
Source term a linear function of |

1-D Steady Diffusion - 5







The Four Basic Rules - 1






(1) Consistency at Control Volume Faces
(Conservativeness) : When a face is
common to two adjacent control volumes,
the flux across it must be represented by
the same expression in the discretization
equations for the two control volumes.

The Four Basic Rules - 2






(2) Boundedness:
( s1 at all nodes,<1 at one node at least)
co-efficient of the central node P
=
a
nb
all neighbouring nodes
The centre point co-efficient & all
neighbouring co-efficient must always be
positive.
Scarborough criteria
P
nb
a
a

a
P
=
Ensures convergence for
iterative solution methods


The Four Basic Rules - 3






(3) Negative Slope Linearization Of The
Source Term: When the source term is
linearized as , the co-efficient
S
P
must always be less than or equal to
zero.

(4) Sum Of The Neighbouring Co-efficients:
, for situations where the
differential equation continues to remain
satisfied after a constant is added to the
dependent variable.
u
S
P P
S V S + = A |

=
a
nb
a
p