01/04/2012

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TEKNIK PENGUKURAN POTENSI ENERGI ANGIN
MalikI brochim
Bidang Konversi Energi Dirgantara
LAPAN
WIND CAUSED
Wind is caused by differences in pressure. When a
difference in pressure exists, the air is accelerated from
higher to lower pressure
Near the Earth's surface, friction causes the wind to be
slower than it would be otherwise. Surface friction also
causes winds to blow more inward into low pressure
areas.
[1]
Overview: Wind
Wind speed measurements provide local
data to estimate wind power available
Local means where the turbine will stand
Wind power/energy computations yield
estimates of energy available at the
anemometer
Statistical processing is required to estimate
accurately for the long term
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12.1 About This Presentation
12.1.1 Anemometers
12.1.2 Wind Data Processing
12.1.3 Site Wind Variations
12.1.4 Wind Power
12.1.5 Wind Energy
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12.1.1 Anemometers
Anemometers measure the speed and direction of the wind
as a function of time
Spinning cups or propeller
Ultrasonic reflection (Doppler)
Sodar (Sound detection and ranging with a large horn)
Radar
Drift balloons
Etc.
Wind data are usually collected at ten-minute rate and
averaged for recording
Gust studies are occasionally used, and require sampling
at a higher rate to avoid significant information loss (4
pts/gust)
Spectral analysis indicates the frequency components of
the wind structure and permits sampling frequency
selection to minimize loss
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PERALATAN UKUR POTENSI ENERGI
ANGIN
DIAGRAM ALUR PENENTUAN
KECEPATAN ANGIN DAN DURASI
OPTIMUM
12.1.2 Wind Data Processing
Serial data from a datalogger must be validated to detect errors,
omissions, or equipment malfunctions
These data are usually produced in a text (.TXT) format
Specialized computer codes may read the data or an export function
used to produce a txt output file
Statistical analysis is used to detect anomalies, peaks and nulls (lulls in
wind jargon), and determine the distribution of the speeds and
directions
Frequency analysis with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) will show
where the energy lies and its probability
Cepstral analysis shows the periodicities
Graphic analysis displays the results for visual interpretation
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12.1.3.1 Local Site Wind Availability
Once a region of persistent winds is located, an area of
interest is defined by local reconnaissance, land inquiries
made, etc.
Since trees act to block the wind or cause turbulence, a
distance to the nearest tree of less than 200-300 feet will
significantly impact the free wind
A wind rose for that area will define the principal
directions of arrival; seek local advice as to storm history
as well; look for flagging of vegetation
Place an anemometer or small temporary turbine about 20
ft away from the intended tower site so that the
anemometer can be retained there when the main turbine is
installed; choose the direction of least likely wind
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12.1.3.2 Wind Variation
Since wind velocity (speed and direction) varies over a
year and over many years, long-term data are required
The velocities may be estimated using one years data or
climate (long-term weather data) may be obtained from
climate agencies
While wind direction varies, most wind turbines will track
in azimuth (yaw) to maximize the energy extracted, and
wind arrival direction knowledge is more important in
determining upwind blockage or obstruction
The wind speed, average, one-minute gust, and extreme, is
sufficient for most energy assessment purposes
The top 30% of the wind speed regime will provide ~70%
of the energy
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12.1.3.3 Wind Speed Variation
In a time series of wind speed data, there will be many different values
of speed
For convenience, the speeds are usually divided into bins, or ranges
of speed, e.g., 0-1 mph, 1+ to 4 mph, . . . , 60-65 mph, etc.
The ranges vary, but since there are many samples in a year, there can
be many ranges in the process
The number of samples that fall within a bin can be plotted as a
histogram versus the wind speed ranges
A line drawn through the top of the histogram bars approximates a
continuous function that is similar to a Weibull Function, or in a more
simple case, a Rayleigh Function
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12.1.3.3 Wind Speed Variation
This Weibull probability curve shows the variation for a site with a 6.5 m/s mean
wind and a shape factor of 2; the higher the factor, the more peaked or pointed
Notice that the mean is not the most common; that is the mode, and the median is in
the middle of the data
The shape factor of 2.0 reveals that this is the Rayleigh probability as well
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http://www.windpower.dk/tour/wres/weibull.htm
Usually its a little windy,
sometimes its calm, and in
storms, the wind blows hard but
not for long
A probability curve (p.d.f.) is just
a way to express this
mathematically
If the wind values are integrated,
a distribution curve results
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12.1.4.1 Wind Speed Power Density
Not all wind power can be extracted or wind would stop
The Betz Limit of 59.3% is the theoretical maximum
Turbines approach 40% from the rotor, but the mechanical and electrical
losses may take 20% of the rotor output
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http://www.windpower.dk/tour/wres/powdensi.htm
Grey = total power
Blue = useable power
Red = turbine power output
0 to 25 m/s on abscissa
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA:
c= 1,12 *KEC.ANGIN RATA-RATA ( 1,5 k 4 )
h= f(u)t/2 ( Jam )
PARAMETER WEIBULL
Bulan
Nilai Kecepatan Angin (m/det)

Lama waktu
Pengamatan
(menit)
Parameter
Weibull
Maks Min c k
Januari 3,3 16,4 1,1 0,9 44630
3,4 4,0
Februari 3,2 16,8 1,1 0,9 40310
Maret 3,4 17,2 1,2 0,9 44630
April 2,9 19,9 0,9 0,8 43190
Mei 2,8 14,1 0,7 0,8 44630
Juni 2,8 15,3 0,9 0,8 43190
Juli 3,2 16,8 0,9 0,8 44630
Agustus 3,3 18,7 1,1 0,9 44630
September 3,1 15,7 1,1 0,9 43190
Oktober 2,8 19,1 1,0 0,9 44630
Nopember 2,7 15,7 0,9 0,8 43190
Desember 3,0 18,3 0,8 0,8 25915
Rata-rata 3,0 17,0 0,8 0,8
Total lama waktu pengamatan (menit) 506765
Nilai kecepatan angin rata-rata, standar deviasi , lamanya waktu pengamatan dan
nilai parameter distribusi Weibull cdan kuntuk wilayah Palu Sulawesi Tengah
dengan ketinggian 30 meter
HASILDAN PEMBAHASAN
K
U
R
V
A
V (bin) Weibull f(u) % V Weibull f(u) %
0 0 8 1.07171E-11
0.5 0.172259056 8.5 1.77527E-15
1 1.416303692 9 5.07713E-20
1.5 4.735029421 9.5 2.02061E-25
2 10.50552351 10 8.90153E-32
2.5 17.47974796 10.5 3.40761E-39
3 22.25466583 11 8.78194E-48
3.5 21.12821011 11.5 1.16493E-57
4 14.17556315 12 6.00147E-69
4.5 6.240066946 12.5 8.94095E-82
5 1.644628952 13 2.83041E-96
5.5 0.233189771 13.5 1.3806E-112
6 0.01575195 14 7.4242E-131
6.5 0.000442678 14.5 3.1079E-151
7 4.45845E-06 15 7.0565E-174
7.5 1.36769E-08 15.5 5.974E-199
8 1.07171E-11 16 1.2793E-226
16.5 4.6382E-257
17 1.8803E-290
FUNGSI PROBABILITAS WEIBULL UNTUK MASING-MASING KEC.ANGIN
G
R
A
F
I
K
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KURVA PROBABILITAS DISTRIBUSI
WEIBULLvs KECEPATAN ANGIN
TABEL
WEIBULL
GRAFIK DURASI
12.1 Conclusion: Wind Theory
The theory of wind energy is based upon fluid flow, so it also applies
to water turbines (832 times the density)
While anemometers provide wind speed and usually direction, data
processing converts the raw data into usable information
Because of the surface drag layer of the atmosphere, placing the
anemometer at a standard height of 10 meters above the ground is
important; airport anemometer heights often historically differ from
10 meters
For turbine placement, the anemometer should be at turbine hub
height
The average of the speeds is not the same as the correct average of
the speed cubes!
The energy extracted by a turbine is the summation of (each speed
cubed times the time that it persisted)
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TERIMAKASIH