SYLLABUS:

EC2307 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB L T P C 0 0 3

2
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Amplitu! m"ul#ti"$ #$ %!m"ul#ti"$.
2. F&!'u!$() M"ul#ti"$ #$ %!m"ul#ti"$
3. Pul*! M"ul#ti"$ + PAM , P-M , PPM
.. Pul*! C"! M"ul#ti"$
/. %!lt# M"ul#ti"$0 A#pti1! %!lt# M"ul#ti"$.
2. %i3it#l M"ul#ti"$ 4 %!m"ul#ti"$ + AS50 PS50 6PS50 FS5
78#&9#&! 4 MATLAB:
7. %!*i3$i$30 A**!m;li$3 #$ T!*ti$3 "< P&!=Emp>#*i* , %!=
!mp>#*i*
Ci&(uit*.
?. PLL #$ F&!'u!$() S)$t>!*i@!&
A. Li$! C"i$3
10. E&&"& C"$t&"l C"i$3 u*i$3 MATLAB.
11. S#mpli$3 4 Tim! %i1i*i"$ Multipl!Bi$3.
12. F&!'u!$() %i1i*i"$ Multipl!Bi$3

AIM
To study the function of amplitude modulation and demodulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VCT-26 Trainer Kit
2. CRO
3. Patch Chords
. CRO Pro!e
PROCEDURE
1. "#i tch O$ the po#er supply.
2. %a&e #irin' connection on VCT-26 as sho#n in patchin' dia'ram.
3. "et the carrier si'nal fre(uency to !e 2)K*+.
. Chec& the modulatin' si'nal fre(uency ,aries from 1--*+ to 1.)K*+ at modulatin'
si'nal output .P2/ !y ,aryin' POT3.
). Connect the carrier si'nal output .P1/ to carrier si'nal input .P/ of modulator.
6. Connect the modulatin' si'nal output .P2/ to modulatin' si'nal input .P)/ of modulator.
0. Connect the modulated output .P0/ to CRO of channel 1 usin' CRO pro!e.
1. 2isplay the 3% modulated #a,eform on channel 1 of CRO.
4. Connect the modulated output .P0/ to demodulator input .P4/ of demodulator.
1-. O!ser,e the rectified output at test point .P1-/ of demodulator usin' CRO.
11. Chec& the 2 order filtered output at test point .P12/ usin' CRO. Chec& the order
n d th
filtered output at test point P.11/ usin' CRO.
12. Connect the CRO channel 1 to the modulated output test point .P0/ and CRO channel 2
to the amplified demodulated output test point .P13/.
13. $o# o!ser,e the 3% modulated output at test point P0 and amplified demodulated
output at test point P13.
1.AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION TRAINER
TABULATION:
SIGNAL V
max
V
min
3% %odulated
"i'nal
SIGNAL Amplitu! Tim! "T# $%!&u!n'( ) 1*T
%odulatin' si'nal
2emodulated si'nal
3mplified si'nal
RESULT:
The modulatin' si'nal is transmitted after amplitudemodulation usin' VCT-26 and
the si'nal is recei,ed !ac& after demodulation
+. $M TRANSMITTER
AIM:
To transmit a modulatin' si'nal after fre(uency modulation usin' VCT-12 and
recei,e the si'nal !ac& after demodulatin' usin' VCT-13
APPARATUS REQUIRED5
1. VCT-12 trainer &it
+. VCT-13 trainer &it
,. CRO
-. Patch cards
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit #irin' is done as sho#n in dia'ram.
2. 3 modulatin' si'nal input 'i,en to the 6re(uency modulator can also !e 'i,en
from a e7ternal function 'enerator or an 36O.
3. 8f an e7ternal si'nal source #ith e,ery lo# ,olta'e le,el is used then this si'nal can
!e amplified usin' the audio amplifier !efore connectin' to the input of the 6%
modulator.
. $o# increase the amplitude of the modulated si'nal to the re(uired le,el.
). The amplitude and the time duration of the modulatin' si'nal are o!ser,ed usin'
CRO.
6. T*9 amplitude and time duration of the modulated si'nal are o!ser,ed usin' a
CRO and ta!ulated.
0. The final demodulated si'nal is ,ie#ed usin' a CRO 3lso the amplitude and time
duration of the demodulated #a,e are noted do#n.
.IRING DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Waveform Amplitude (V) Time Period
(msec)
Frequency
Modulating
Signal
Demodulated
signal
RESULT:
The modulatin' si'nal is transmitted after fre(uency modulation usin' VCT-12 and
the si'nal is recei,ed !ac& after demodulation usin' VCT-13.
,. PULSE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
a.Stu( /0 Pul1! Amplitu! M/ulati/n an D!m/ulati/n.
AIM:
1. To study the different pulse amplitude modulation such as natural samplin':
flat - top samplin' and sample; hold.
2. "tudy of ,oice communication usin' P3%.
E&uipm!nt1 R!&ui%!:
1. VCT --1 trainer &it
2. T#o channel 2-%*+ oscilloscope
3. Pro!e and patch chords.
P%/'!u%!:
a# Sampl!*2/l ampli0i!%:
1. Connect VCT - -1 unit #ith 23-V: )-*+ 3C mains po#er supply usin' 3 pin
po#er chord pro,ided #ith the trainer.
+. %a&e initial connections in VCT - -1 as follo#s:
a. %a&e #irin' connections as in #irin' dia'ram pro,ided as the end of this
e7periment .use 1 &*+ of sine #a,e and 16 &*+ of samplin' cloc&/.
!. "et all potentiometers POT1 to POT) to minimum position .fully anticloc&#ise
direction/.
,. Connect the test point P2 to channel 2 of oscilloscope. Turn POT2 in cloc&#ise
direction fully to set the ,olta'e of 2Vpp. $ote do#n ,olta'e and fre(uency ,alues.
-. Connect the test point P4 to channel 2 of oscilloscope. $ote do#n samplin' pulse
fre(uency and ,olta'e le,el.
3. Replace the channel 2 #a,eform #ith the test point P10: note do#n the
sample;hold si'nal #ith respect to the modulatin' si'nal. "amplin' action
performed in O$ time of cloc& pulse and hold action performed in O66 time of
cloc& pulse.
4. 2ra# the modulatin' si'nal: samplin' pulse and sample;hold si'nal on a linear
'raph sheet. 2o the a!o,e procedure for other samplin' pulses such as 1&*+:
32&*+ and 6&*+
5# Natu%al Samplin67
1. %a&e initial connections in VCT - -1 as follo#s.
+. Connect the test point P2 to channel 2 of oscilloscope. Turn POT2 in cloc&#ise
direction fully to set the ,olta'e of 2Vpp. $ote do#n ,olta'e and fre(uency ,alues.
,. Connect the test point P4 to channel 2 of oscilloscope. $ote do#n samplin' pulse
fre(uency and ,olta'e le,el.
-. Replace the channel 2 #a,eform #ith the test point P1): note do#n the natural
sampled si'nal #ith respect to the modulatin' si'nal.
The samplin' performed in O$ time of the samplin' pulse #hile output pull do#n
to +ero ,olta'e in O66 time of the samplin' pulse.
3. 2ra# the modulatin' si'nal: samplin' pulse and natural sampled si'nal on a linear
'raph sheet. 2o the a!o,e procedure for other samplin' pulses such as 1 &*+: 32
&*+ and 6 &*+.
'# $lat 8 t/p Samplin6:
1. %a&e initial connections in VCT - -1 as follo#s.
+. Connect the test point P2 to channel 2 of oscilloscope. Turn POT2 in cloc&#ise
direction fully to set the ,olta'e of 2Vpp. $ote do#n ,olta'e and fre(uency ,alues.
,. Connect the test point P4 to channel 2 of oscilloscope. $ote do#n samplin' pulse
fre(uency and ,olta'e le,el.
-. Replace the channel 2 #a,eform #ith the test point P16: note do#n the flat < top
sampled si'nal #ith respect to the modulatin' si'nal. The samplin' performed in
O66 time of the samplin' pulse #hile output pull do#n to +ero ,olta'e in O$ time
of the samplin' pulse.
3. 2ra# the modulatin' si'nal: samplin' pulse and flat - top sampled si'nal on a
linear 'raph sheet. 2o the a!o,e procedure for other samplin' pulses such as 1
&*+: 32 &*+ and 6 &*+.
TABULATION:
R9"=>T5
Thus the P3% si'nal is o!tained and the ori'inal sinal is demodulated .
5.STUD9 O$ PULSE POSITION MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
SIGNAL Amplitu! Tim! "T# $%!&u!n'( ) 1*T
%odulatin' si'nal
6lattop samplin'
$atural samplin'
2emodulated
si'nal
Aim
1. To study the concept of pulse position modulation and demodulation.
2. "tudy of ,oice communication usin' PP%.
E&uipm!nt1 R!&ui%!:
VCT - -1 trainer &it
T#o channel 2-%*+ oscilloscope
Pro!e and patch chords
P%/'!u%!:
a# Stu( /0 PPM u1in6 1in! :a;! a1 a m/ulatin6 1i6nal.
1. Connect VCT - -1 unit #ith 22-V: )-*+ 3C mains po#er supply usin' 3 pin
po#er chord pro,ided #ith the trainer.
2. %a&e initial connection on VCT - -1 as follo#s:
a. %a&e #irin' connection as in #irin' dia'ram pro,ided at the end of this
e7periment .use 1 &*+ of sine #a,e/.
!. "et all potentiometers POT1 to POT) to minimum position .fully
3nticloc&#ise direction/.
3. Connect the test point P2 to channel1 of oscilloscope. Turn POT2 in cloc&#ise
direction fully to set the ,olta'e of 2Vpp. $ote do#n ,olta'e and fre(uency ,alues.
. Connect the test point P14 to channel2 of oscilloscope: note do#n the pulse
position modulated si'nal #ith respect to the input modulatin' si'nal. The O$
time of pulses are &ept in constant #hile its position narro#er in pea& position
cycle of modulatin' si'nal and #ides in pea& ne'ati,e cycle of modulatin' si'nal.
). Replace the channel 2 #a,eform !y demodulated sine #a,e at test point P24. Turn
the POT) in cloc&#ise direction and set the output ,olta'e as e(ual to the input
modulatin' si'nal. $ote do#n demodulated si'nal.
6. 2ra# the modulatin' si'nal: PP% si'nal and demodulated si'nal on linear 'raph
sheet. 8f you #ant to measure the carrier si'nal of PP% modulator: ?ust remo,e the
input modulatin' si'nal from test point P11 and o!ser,e carrier si'nal at test point
P14: note do#n the ,olta'e and fre(uency of carrier si'nal.
TABULATION:
SIGNAL Amplitu! Tim! "T# $%!&u!n'( ) 1*T
%odulatin' si'nal
Carrier si'nal
PP% si'nal
2emodulated si'nal
RESULT:
Thus the ppm si'nal is o!tained and the ori'inal sinal is demodulated .
C.STUD9 O$ PULSE .IDT2 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION.
Aim:
1. To study the concept of pulse #idth modulation and demodulation.
2. "tudy of ,oice communication usin' P@%.
E&uipm!nt1 R!&ui%!:
VCT - -1 trainer &it.
T#o channel 2-%*+ oscilloscope.
Pro!e and patch chords.
P%/'!u%!:
a# Stu( /0 pul1! :it< m/ulati/n an !m/ulati/n.
1. Connect VCT - -1 unit #ith 23-V: )-*+ 3C mains po#er supply
usin' 3pins po#er cord pro,ided #ith this trainer.
2. %a&e initial connection on VCT - -1 as follo#s:
3. %a&e #irin' connection as in #irin' dia'ram pro,ided at the end of
this e7periment .use 1&*+ sine #a,e and 16 &*+ carrier/.
!. "et all the potentiometers POT1 to POT) to minimum position
.fully anticloc&#ise direction/.
. Connect the test point P2 on channel1 of oscilloscope. Turn POT2 in
cloc&#ise direction fully to set the ,olta'e of 2Vpp. $ote do#n
,olta'e and fre(uency ,alues.
). Connect to carrier si'nal .trian'ular #a,eform/ at test point P22 on
channel 2 of oscilloscope. Turn 'ain control potentiometer POT
fully cloc&#ise direction .ma7imum 'ain/: note do#n ,olta'e and
fre(uency of the carrier si'nal.
6. Replace the channel 2 #a,eform !y pulse #idth modulated si'nal at
test point P23. $ote so#n the P@% #a,eform #ith respect to the
modulatin' si'nal.
0. Replace the channel 2 #a,eform !y demodulated sine #a,e at test
point P24. Turn the POT) in cloc&#ise direction and set the output
,olta'e e(ual to input modulatin' si'nal. $ote do#n the
demodulated si'nal.
1. 2ra# the modulatin' si'nal: carrier si'nal: P@% #a,eform and
demodulated sine #a,eform in a linear 'raph sheet. 2o the a!o,e
procedure for other carrier fre(uency of 1&*+: 32&*+ and 6&*+.
TABULATION:
SIGNAL Amplitu! Tim! "T# $%!&u!n'( ) 1*T
%odulatin' si'nal
Carrier si'nal
P@% si'nal
2emodulated si'nal
RESULT:
Thus the p#m si'nal is o!tained and the ori'inal sinal is demodulated .
-. PULSE CODE MODULATION
AIM:
To 'enerate pulse code modulated si'nals and demodulates it to 'et the ori'inal
si'nal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
T2EOR9:
Pulse Code modulation come under di'ital communication techni(ue. 8n PC% the
messa'e si'nal is represented !y a se(uence of coded pulse #hich accomplished !y
representin' the si'nal in discrete form in !oth time and amplitude. PC% consist of a
recei,er and transmitter part. Transmitter section consists of sampler: (uanti+er: encoder
and parallel to serial con,erter. Recei,er part consists of serial to parallel set con,erter.
2i'ital to analo' con,erter and >P6 are constituted as recei,er part. "amplin':
Auanti+in' and 9ncodin' operations are performed in the same circuit #hich is called as
analo' to di'ital con,erter.
PROCEDURE:
1. %a&e connections as sho#n in the dia'ram.
2. "et the start of con,ersion s#itch from lo# to hi'h and hi'h to lo#.
3. "et the input si'nal and o!tain the PC% si'nal.
. O!tain the demodulated output.
). %easure the data and plot the 'raph.
3..DELTAMODULATION
38%5
The o!?ecti,e of this e(uipment is to e7amine and study the techni(ue of delta
modulation
3P3R3T=" R9A=8R925
2% Kit----- 1
CRO ----- 1
P3TC* C3R2"
T*9ORB5
2elta modulation transmita onlt 1 !it per sample.The modulator comprises of
comparator :(uanti+er and inte'rator .@ith con,entional PC%:each code is !inary
representation of !oth thesi'n and ma'nitude of a particular sample:therefore multiple !it
code is re(uired to represent a 1 sample .@ith 2%:rather than transmit a coded
representation of the sample: only a sin'le !it is transmitted:#hich simply indicates
#hether that the sample is lar'er or smaller than the pre,ious sample.8f the current
sample is smaller than pre,ious sample:a lo'ic le,el - is transmitted.8f the current sample
is lar'er than the pre,ious sample:a lo'ic 1 is transmitted.
PROC92=R95
1."#itch on the po#er supply .9nsure the follo#in' initial conditions e7its.
a.Keep the si'nal on;off s#itch in off position.

!.Keep all potentiometer controls in min.
2."et the sin #a,e !y ad?ustin' O66"9T and 3%P.
3.Varyin' the sine #a,e from 1)-h+.$ote that the amplitude of sine #a,e decrease
at 2K*C of fre(uency.
."et cloc& fre( as 1&h+.T=R$ O$ the left side O$;O66 s#itch and ri'htside
O$;O66:no# ad?ust the offset control si'nal.$otedo#n the (uanti+er
output:inte'rated output and !iphase $RC encoder.
).O!tain the modulated output.Connect modulator output to demodulator input.
6.O!tain the demodulated output.
RESULT:
Thus the delta modulated and demodulated #a,eforms #ere o!tained
4.P<a1! S<i0t =!(in6
38%5
To o!tain the modulated and demodulated output #a,eform !y usin' Phase "hift
Keyin' techni(ue.
3PP3R3T=" R9A=8R92
;;PRODR3% E%odulation
clcF
clear allF
messa'eGH1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -IF
su!plot.):1:1/F
stem.messa'e/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.J%essa'e "i'nalK/F
messa'eLlen'thGlen'th.messa'e/F
tG-5-.-151F
7Glen'th.t/F
fG1F
f1G1F
y1Gsin.1-MpiMfMt/F
su!plot.):1:2/F
plot.y1/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.JCarrier "i'nalG1K/F
y2Gsin.2MpiMfMtNpi/F
su!plot.):1:3/F
plot.y2/F
title.JCarrier "i'nalG2K/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
+eroG+eros.H1:7I/F
ps&G-F
for iG1515messa'eLlen'thF
if messa'e.i/GG1F
ps&GHps& y1IF
elseif messa'e.i/GG-F
ps&GHps& y2IF
endF
endF
su!plot.):1:/F
plot.ps&/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.JP"K %odulated "i'nalK/F
E2emodulation
rsG+eros.1:messa'eLlen'th/F
for iG15messa'eLlen'thF
startG.i-1/M7N1F
stopGstartN4F
countG-F
for ?Gstart5stopF
+Gad.ps&/?/O-:ps&.?N1/O-F
if .+GG1/F
rs.i/G-F
else rs.i/G1F
countGcountN1F
endF
endF
endF
su!plot.):1:)/F
stem.rs/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.J2emodulated P"KK/F
R9"=>T5
Thus the modulated and demodulated si'nal #as o!tained for phase shift &eyin'
techni(ues.
Qua%atu%! P<a1! S<i0t =!(in6
38%5
To o!tain the modulated and demodulated output #a,eforms !y usin' hard#are &it
and !y %atla! pro'ram for Auadrature phase "hift Keyin' techni(ue.
3PP3R3T=" R9A=8R925
TABULATION:
;;PRODR3%
clcF
clear allF
tG-5-.-15-.44F
ms'GH1 - - - 1 1 1 1IF
ms'Llen'thGlen'th.ms'/F
su!plot.):1:1/F
stem.ms'/F
7Glen'th.t/F
for iG1515ms'Llen'thF
if ms'.i/GG-
mLs.i/G-1F
else mLs.i/G1F
endF
endF
fG1F
(ps&1G-F
(ps&2G-F
(ps&3G-F
phL1G1.1Mcos.2MpiMfMt/F
phL2G1.1Msin.2MpiMfMt/F
for iG1525ms'Llen'thF
(ps&L2GmLs.i/MphL2F
(ps&2GH(ps&2 (ps&L2IF
endF
(ps&G.(ps&1N(ps&2/F
su!plot.):1:2/F
plot.(ps&1/F
su!plot.):1:3/F
plot.(ps&2/F
su!plot.):1:/F
plot.(ps&/F
R9"=>T5
Thus the Auadurate Phase shift Keyin' modulated and demodulated output
#a,eform is o!tained.
Amplitu! S<i0t =!(in6
38%5
To 'enerate 3"K modulated and demodulated si'nal.
3PP3R3T=" R9A=8R925
PRODR3%5
E%odulation
clcF
clear allF
messa'eH1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1IF
su!plot.:1:1/F
stem.messa'e/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.J%essa'e "i'nalK/F
messa'eLlen'thGlen'th.messa'e/F
tG-5-.--151F
7Glen'th.t/F
oneGsin.2MpiMt/F
su!plot.:1:2/F
plot.one/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.JCarrier "i'nalG1K/F
+eroG+eros.H1:7I/F
as&G-F
for iG1515messa'eLlen'thF
if messa'e .i/GG1F
as&GHas& oneIF
elseif messa'e .i/ GG-F
as&GHas& +eroIF
endF
endF
su!plot.:1:3/F
plot.as&/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.JCarrier "i'nalGK/F
E2emodulation
reco,eredLmessa'eG+eros.1:messa'eLlen'th/F
for iG15messa'eLlen'thF
inde7G..i-1/M7/N2-F
if as& .inde7/PG-F
reco,eredLmessa'e.i/G1F
else reco,eredLmessa'e.i/G-F
endF
su!plot.:1:/F
stem.reco,eredLmessa'e/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.J2emodulated si'nalK/F
R9"=>T5
Thus the 3mplitude shift Keyin' modulated and demodulated output #a,eform is
o!tained.
$%!&u!n'( S<i0t =!(in6
E%odulation
clcF
clear allF
messa'eGH1 1 - 1 1 - - 1IF
su!plot.):1:1/F
stem.messa'e/F
title.J%essa'e si'nalK/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
messa'eLlen'thGlen'th.messa'e/F
tG-5-.15-.44F
7Glen'th.t/F
fG1F
f1G1F
'Gsin.MpiMfMt/F
su!plot.):1:2/F
plot.'/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.JCarrier si'nalG1K/F
hGsin.2MpiMfMt/F
su!plot.):1:3/F
plot.h/F
7la!el.JTime/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.JCarrier si'nalG2K/F
+eroG+eros.H1:7I/Ffs&G-F
for iG1515messa'eLlen'thF
if messa'e.i/GG1F
fs&GHfs& 'IF
elseif messa'e.i/GG-F
fs&GHfs& hIF
endF
endF
su!plot.):1:/F
plot.fs&/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
title.J6"K %odulated si'nalK/F
E2emodulation
rsG+eros.1:messa'eLlen'th/F
for iG15messa'eLlen'thF
startG.i-1/M7N1F
stopGstartN44F
countG-F
for ?Gstart5stopF
yG7or.fs&.?/O-: fs&.?N1/O-/F
if .yGG1/F
countGcountN1F
endF
endF
if.countGG2/F
rs.i/G-F
else rs.i/G1F
endF
endF
su!plot.):1:)/F
stem.rs/F
title.J6"K 2emodulated si'nalK/F
7la!el.JTimeK/F
yla!el.J3mplitudeK/F
R9"=>T5
Thus the 6re(uency shift Keyin' modulated and demodulated output #a,eform is
o!tained.
>.PRE8EMP2ASIS ? DE8EMP2ASIS
AIM
To study and plot the response of passi,e pre-emphasis.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VCT - 13 Trainer.
2. CRO
3. Patch Chords.
PROCEDURE
1.Connect the output of sine #a,e 'enerator to the passi,e pre-emphasis circuit.
2. Connect the output of pre-emphasis circuit to CRO.
3. "#itch O$ the trainer.
.Ta!ulate the readin'.
).6rom the readin' plot the 'raph .'ain Vs fre(uency/.
6. 6rom the 'raph note do#n the cutoff fre(uency.
T3Q=>3T8O$5
R9"=>T5
Thus the PR9 emphasis and de emphasis is studied .
AIM
!.To study and plot the response of acti,e pre-emphasis.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VCT - 13 Trainer.
2. CRO
3. Patch Chords.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the output of sine #a,e 'enerator to the acti,e pre-emphasis circuit.
2. Connect the output of pre-emphasis circuit to CRO.
3. "#itch O$ the trainer.
. Ta!ulate the readin'.
). 6rom the readin' plot the 'raph .'ain Vs fre(uency/
6. 6rom the 'raph note do#n the cutoff fre(uency.
AIM
c.To study and plot the response of passi,e de-emphasis.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. VCT - 13 Trainer.
2. CRO
3. Patch Chords.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the output of sine #a,e 'enerator to the passi,e de-emphasis circuit.
2. Connect the output of de-emphasis circuit to CRO.
3. "#itch O$ the trainer.
. Ta!ulate the readin'.
). 6rom the readin' plot the 'raph .'ain Vs fre(uency/
6. 6rom the 'raph note do#n the cut off fre(uency.
R9"=>T5
Thus the PR9 emphasis and de emphasis is studied .
@.PLL S9NT2ESIAING OSCILLATOR
Aim
To study the response of a VCO #hen its control ,olta'e is ,aried.
E&uipm!nt1 R!&ui%!
1. VCT-)0
2. CRO
3. Patch Chords
P%/'!u%!
1. "#i tch O$ the po#er supply.
2. %a&e sure that the fre(uency di,ider count is set to +ero.
3. %easure the error ,olta'e 'enerated !y the >P6 at test point P).
. %easure t he VCO output fre(uenc y.
). Ta!ulate the readin's.
6. 8ncrease the fre(uency di,ider count !y pressin' the s#itches.
0. Repeat steps .3 t o 6/ 'et more ,alue of error ,olta'e and VCO fre(uency
AIM:
To study the #or&in' of a P>> synthesi+in' oscillator.
E&uipm!nt1 R!&ui%!
1. VCT-)0
2. CRO
3. Patch Chords.
P%/'!u%!
1. Remo,e the ?umper Pin !et#een the points P1 R P2.
2. "#itch O$ the po#er supply.
3. %easure the VCO output fre(uency.
. 8nsert the ?umper in !et#een the points P1 R P2.
). %a&e sure that the fre(uency di,ider count in set to +ero.
6. %easure the VCO output fre(uency f .K*+/.
0. 8ncrease the fre(uency di,ider count .$/ in lo' scale.
1. Ta!ulate the readin's.
4. Repeat steps .6-1/ to o!tain more ,alues of VCO output fre(uency .f/ R 6re(uency
di,ider
count .$/.
1-.6rom the readin' ta!ulated ma&e sure that the VCO output fre(uencyis multiplied J$K
times
#ith respect to its ori'inal 1 K*+ reference si'nal.
Exp!%im!nt8+
4.>8$9 CO28$D T9C*$8A=9"
38%5
To o!tain the standard di'ital codes from the source coded si'nals usin'
,arious
Techni(ues.
T*9ORB5
Various line codin' formats are

.
R9"=>T5
Thus the ,arious line encodin' and decodin' techni(ues #ere studied and the
correspondin' #a,eforms #ere dra#n !y usin' VCT-30 trainer &it.
1B. MATLAB PROGRAM $OR ERROR CONTROL CODING
OBECTIVE
To #rite a %3T>3Q pro'ram for error control codin' techni(ues .*=66%3$ CO28$D/.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PC #ith %3T>3Q soft#are
PROCEDURE
1. Ope n t he %3T>3Q s of t #ar e
2."elect the assem!ly file in file menu
3 . T y p e t h e p r o ' r a m
. "a,e t he pr o'r a m a s a s s e m!l y
).Doto de!u' and run the pro'ram
6.Di,e the re(uired input and ,ie# the correspondin' output
0 . " t o p t h e p r o c e s s
P%/6%am:
E97ample5
Unip/la% NRA:
hGH1 - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 -IF
E=$RC.h/
clfF
nGlF
lGlen'th.h/F
h.lNl/GlF
#hile nSGlen'th.h/-1F
tGn-l5-.--15nF
if h.n/GG-

if h.nN1/GG-
yG.tOn/F
else
yG.tGGn/F
end
dGplot.t:y/F'rid onF
title.J>ine code =$8PO>3R $RCK/F
set.d:K>ine @idthK:2.)/F
hold onF
a7is.H- len'th.h/-1 -1.) 1.)I/F
disp.J+eroK/F
else
if h.nN1/GG-
EyG.tOn-1/-2M.tGGn/F
yG.tSn/N1M.tGGn/F
else
EyG.tOn-1/N.tGGn-1/F
yG.tSn/N1M.tGGn/F
end
EyG.tOn-1/N.tGGn-1/F
dGplot.t:y/F'rid onF
title.J>ine code =$8P>O3R $RCK/F
set.d:K>ine @idthK2.)/F

hold onF
a7is.H- len'th.h/-1 -1.) 1.)I/F
disp.JoneK/F
end
nGnN1F
EpauseF
end
Unip/la% RA:
*GH1 - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 -IF
E=RC.h/
clfF
nG1F
lGlen'th.h/F
h.1N1//G1F
#hile nSGlen'th.h/-1F
tGn-15-.--15nF
EDrafication de los C9RO" .-/
8f h.n/GG-
8f h.nN1/GG-
yG.tOn/F
9lse
yG.tGGn/F
end
dGplot.t:y/F 'rid on
title.J>ine code =$8PO>3R RCK/F
set.d:>ine @idthK:2.)/F
hold onF
a7is.H- len'th.h/-1 -1.) 1.)I/F
disp.J+eroK/F
EDrafication de los =$O" .1/
else
8f h.nN1/GG-
yG.tSn--.)/F
else
EyG.tOn-1/-2M.tGGn/F
yG.tSn--.)/F
else
EyG.tOn-1/N.tGGn-1/F
yG.tSn--.)/N1M.tGGn/F
end
EyG.tOn-1/N.tGGn-1/F
dGplot.t:y/F 'rid onF
title .J>ine code =$8PO>3R RCK/F
set.d:K>ine @idthK:2.)/F
hold onF
a7is.H- len'th.h/-1 -1.) 1.)I/F
disp.JoneK/F
end
nGnN1F
EpauseF
end
11.SAMPLING AND TIME DIVISION MULTIPLECING
38%5
To o!tain time di,ision multiple7ed si'nal from different channel and ma&e it to
transmit in a sin'le channel.
3PP3R3T=" R9A=8R925
T*9ORB5
Time 2i,ision multiple7in' is a di'ital process that can !e applied #hen the data
rate capacity of the transmission medium is 'reater than the data rate re(uired !y the
sendin' and recei,in' de,ices. 8n such a case: multiple transmission can occupy a sin'le
lin& !y su!di,idin' them and interlea,in' the portions. T2% can !e implemented in t#o
#ays. "ynchronous T2% and 3synchronous T2%. 8n synchronous: the multiple7er
allocates e7actly same time slot to each de,ice at all times #hether or not a de,ice has
anythin' to transmit.
PROC92=R95
1. %a&e connections as sho#n in the dia'ram.
2. 3d?ust the potentiometer to set the input si'nal.
3. Vie# the modulated output.
. O!tain the demodulated output.
). %easure the data and plot the 'raph.
R9"=>T5
Thus the T2% si'nal is o!tained and the ori'inal si'nal is demodulated from
T2% si'nal.
12.6R9A=9$CB 28V8"8O$ %=>T8P>9T8$D
38%5
To study the function of fre(uency di,ision multiple7in'.
3PP3R3T=" R9A=8R925
i. VCT-)4 TR38$9R
ii. Patch chords
iii.CRO
i,.CRO Pro!e
PROC92=R95
1.%a&e #irin' connection on VCT-)4 as per #irin' dia'ram pro,ided at the end
of this e7periment or simply connect the test point as follo#s.
2.connection on VCT-)4.
P1 to p2
P3 to p
P6 to p0
P1 to p4
P) to p11
P1- to p12
P13 to CRO
P14 to CRO
3.2isplay the modulatin' si'nal output 1 at test point p1 onchannel 1 of
oscilloscope and 2"Q"C modulated output at test point p) on channel 2 of oscilloscope.
.3d?ust the O66"9T POT 2 then o!tain the clear 2"Q"C modulated output.
).$ote do#n the modulation output #a,eform.
6.2isplay the modulatin' si'nal output 2 at testpoint p6 on channel 1 of
oscilloscope and another 2"Q"C modulated output at test point p1- on channel 2 of
oscilloscope.
0.3d?ust the O66"9T POT then o!tain output #a,eform.
1.$ote do#n the modulation output #a,eform.
4.connect the test point p) to p11 and p1- to p12 !y usin' patch chord.
1-.2isplay the fre(uency di,ision multiple7ed output at test point p14 or p13 on
channel 1 of oscilloscope.
11.plot all the noted #a,eforms such as modulatin' si'nal:2"Q"C output and
62% output on a linear 'raph sheet.