Producing Exactly 2.

00 Grams of a Compound
Background
Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the numerical relationships and mathematical
proportions of reactants and products in chemical reactions. When two ionic compounds are placed in
solution, a double replacement reaction can occur. The reacting ionic compounds separate into four
different ions that are free to move around and then re-combine to form new products. If one of the
combinations of ions is insoluble in water, it will precipitate out of solution. Normally, the two reactants are
selected so that one product will precipitate out of solution while the other ions remain in solution. In this
manner one of the products can be easily separated by filtration.
In order to produce exactly .!! grams of a desired product in the laboratory using a double replacement
reaction, a balanced e"uation is needed and the precipitating product must be identified. Next, the molar
masses of each reactant and the precipitating product must be determined, followed by using stoichiometry
to calculate the "uantity of the reactants needed to produce exactly .!! grams of the precipitate.
Purpose
#se your s$ill of predicting chemical reactions, balancing chemical e"uations, calculating molar
masses, and stoichiometric methods to solve a complex problem. In this lab you will%
a& test your stoichiometric problem solving s$ills
b& develop and strengthen your laboratory techni"ues
c& calculate the theoretical yield
d& experimentally determine the actual yield
e& calculate the percent yield
f& calculate the percent error
Materials:
'alcium acetate monohydrate 'alcium chloride dihydrate
(agnesium sulfate heptahydrate )otassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate *inc sulfate heptahydrate
+ing stand +ing support ,!! m- bea$ers .&
/unnel Triple beam balance 0istilled water
/ilter paper .& )lastic spatula /iltering apparatus
Safety e!uirements:
,. 1lways wear safety glasses in the laboratory area.
. The compounds selected for this experiment have low to moderate toxicity2 however, avoid breathing
the dust or getting any dust in your eyes or on your s$in. Required: Research the possible health
effects of your chosen reactants online! .website% http%33www.flinnsci.com3msds-search.aspx4 &
5. 1ll solutions may be flushed down the drain and solids may be thrown in the trash.
Pre"#a$ %uestions%
Show all calculations, including necessary units, for the following.
6ow would you prepare .!! grams of precipitate when reacting barium chloride dihydrate with silver.I&
nitrate4 'omplete the following e"uations3problems. Identify solid compounds and other a"ueous
compounds3ions in your e"uations by adding 7.s&8 or 7.a"&8 after each.
,. Write the complete word e"uation for the reaction. Then write a s$eleton e"uation for the reaction.
. Write a balanced chemical e"uation and predict which compound will form a precipitate.
5. 'alculate the molar mass of each reactant and the precipitated product.
9. 'alculate the number of moles in .!! grams of the precipitated product.
:. #se stoichiometry to calculate the mass of each reactant re"uired to produce .!! g of precipitate.
;. 0etermine the actual mass of precipitate formed based on the following simulated laboratory results%
(ass of dry filter paper < ppt% .=> g mass of dry filter paper alone% ,.! g mass of ppt% ???? g
>. 'alculate the percent yield and percent error based on the simulated results in "uestion ; above.
Procedure:
Show all calculations, including necessary units and appropriate chemical symbols, for the following.
,. 0escribe in several sentences the reaction that is re"uired to produce the desired product.
. Write a word e"uation for the desired reaction.
5. 0etermine the correct formula for each compound in the word e"uation, and balance the chemical
e"uation for the intended reaction. Identify solid and a"ueous compounds using 7.s&8 or 7.a"&8.
9. )redict which compound will form the precipitate. (Remember, your precipitate might be a hydrate!)
:. 'alculate the mass of both reactants needed to produce .!! grams of precipitate.
;. 1fter the mass of both reactants re"uired to produce .!! grams of precipitate is calculated, the
reaction can be performed in the lab. Write a detailed lab procedure based on the outline below.
>. @ach reactant needs to be dissolved in a separate ,!! m- bea$er using A: m- of distilled water.
B. The two solutions will be mixed together and stirred to form the predicted precipitate. Ce sure to allow
for sufficient reaction timeD +ecord the reaction time.
=. The precipitate will be recovered by gravity filtration using a pre-weighed filter paper. If necessary, this
will be followed by vacuum filtration to recover the solid precipitate. Ce sure to label your filter paperD
,!. The filter paper3precipitate assembly will be dried overnight in the drying oven.
,,. The next day the mass of the solid will be determined. The filter paper3precipitate will be submitted to
the teacher along with the calculations and answers to post-lab "uestions outlined below.
,. 1fter determining your actual yield and percent error for the recovered precipitate, discuss with your
group how to adEust the procedure to produce exactly .!! grams of precipitate. +ecord these
adEustments.
,5. Four group will use the adEustments to the procedure identified in G, above when you repeat this lab
the next Cloc$ 0ay by following steps G,-, above. 1gain you will identify further protocol adEustments,
and the filter paper3precipitate will be submitted to the teacher along with the calculations and answers
to post-lab "uestions outlined below.
&ata 'a$les: 'reate a data table for each experiment. Include all necessary measurements and units.
Post #a$ %uestions%
Show all calculations, including necessary units and appropriate chemical symbols, for the following.
,. 6ow did your group choose the two reactants for this experiment4 What are their possible health ris$s4
. What $ind of reaction is this4 6ow do you $now4
5. a& Write a complete ionic e"uation for the reaction observed in this experiment.
b& Indicate which ions are spectator ions in this reaction. Where are they found in this experiment4
c& Write a net ionic e"uation for this reaction.
9. @xplain how your group determined what procedure.s& to adEust for the second experiment. 0id
your modification.s& improve or worsen your experimental yield4 Why4
:. What protocol modification.s& would you recommend for a third experiment4
;. What is the actual yield of your precipitate in both experiments4
>. What is the percent yield of your precipitate in both experiments4
B. 'alculate the percent error in your production of precipitate for both experiments, using the expected
value of .!! grams%

H error I Jexpected value K experimental valueJ x ,!!H
expected value
What is the relationship between percent yield and percent error4
/or each of the following "uestions, assume that you start with .!! grams of each of the same reactants
used in your experiment. Show all calculations!
=. Which compound is the limiting reactant4
,!. Which compound is the excess reactant4 Where can it be found4 Suggest an additional
experimental step to prove that you correctly identified which compound is in excess.
,,. What is the theoretical yield of each of the products produced from this experiment4
,. 6ow many grams of precipitate would be produced if the other reactant was the limiting reactant4