ABSTRACT

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Sameh Youness
Nowadays, petroleums demand is continuously increasing. This demand will lead some
day to oil shortage on the planet. Some statistics were made although, no one knows for
sure because earths soil is quite large. This shortage creates increases in price of oil.
Consequently, humans must manage a way to survive without it or to etend the period of
oil shortage as much as possible. Such as alternate fuel vehicle mainly the !ybrid
"lectric #ehicles $!"#%. & vehicle is called hybrid when it combines two or more
sources of power. 'n this case, gasoline and batteries are the sources of power. 'nstead of
(ust having a gasoline engine, these !"#s combine the two together. 'n this report, the
mechanism of the !"# is taken in discussion, as well as the !"# !onda 'nsight and
!"# Toyota )rius, their differences and similarities and the advantages and
disadvantages of such vehicles.
*ey +ords, !onda 'nsight, Toyota )rius, !ybrid #ehicles.
!ybrid "lectric #ehicles
!"#
-y Sameh .ouness
'/, 0120314
& Technical 5eport
Submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements of
"NCS 464 $7&88 4339%
Concordia :niversity
November 19
th
4339
Table of Contents
8ist of 7igures;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;...........iii
1. 'ntroduction;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..1
4. !ybrid "lectric #ehicles $!"#%;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..4
4.1 <asoline #ehicle;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;4
4.4 "lectric #ehicle;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..9
4.9 !ybrid #ehicle Structure;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;...=
4.9.1 )arallel !ybrid;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;...=
4.9.4 Series !ybrid;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.0
4.= !ybrid Components;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.;;;;..>
9. !onda 'nsight;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..?
=. Toyota )rius;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;6
0. &dvantages and /isadvantages;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;...;;;;2
>. Summary...;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.....13
List of Figures
7ig. 1 Typical gasoline@powered car;;;;;;;;;;;;.;...;;..4
7ig. 4 Typical "lectric car;;;;;;;;;;;;;;...;;.;;;..9
7ig. 9 Typical )arallel !ybrids;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.;...;..=
7ig. = Typical Series hybrid;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..;;.;0
7ig. 0 !onda 'nsight;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.;;;.?
7ig. > Toyota )rius;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;6
iii
! "#TR$%&CT"$#
The following report talks about !ybrid "lectric #ehicles. !ybrid #ehicles are vehicles
that work on two sources of power, mainly gasoline and electric power. The report is
going to discuss the mechanism of hybrid cars. The types of hybrid cars available are
Toyota )rius and !onda 'nsight. Then finally, the report discusses the advantages and
disadvantages of hybrid cars.
1
4
'! HYBR"% ELECTR"C VEH"CLE
'! (asoline Vehicle
& vehicle is called hybrid when more than one source of power is used. There eist today
vehicles running under electrical source and other running under gasoline source. The
combination of the two make a better vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle. 7igure@1 shows a
typical gasoline vehicle in the simplest manner. Starting from the back, there is a fuel
tank which gives a car an approimate 933 miles drive, depending on the way the
vehicles being driven. There is an engine in the front, typically over 133 horsepower and
operate at speeds up to 6333 5evolution per Ainute $5)A%. Net to the engine is the
transmission, which allows the engine to operate to speeds up to 103 miles per hour
$mph%. B1C
.
Fuel Tan)
* Cylinder Engine
Transmission
7igure 1. Typical gasoline@powered car
9
'!' Electric Vehicle
7igure 4 shows a typical electric vehicle in the simplest manner. Starting from the back,
there are batteries which are the primary and only source of the vehicle. These batteries
give the vehicle a range of 03@133 miles. Aoving forward, there is an electric motor
which can operate up to 10 333 5)A. Net to the motor is the transmission bo, which
has only one gear ratio since the engine can operate from 3 to 10 333 5)A. B1C
Batteries
Electric +otor
Transmission
7igure 4. Typical "lectric car
=
'!, Hybrid Vehicle Structure
'!,! -arallel Hybrid
There eist two different ways of combining the power sources in a hybrid vehicle. The
first is called a parallel hybrid. 't has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. 't
also has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. They could both supply
power to the transmission at the same time which turns the wheels. 'n 7igure 9, a typical
parallel hybrid vehicle is demonstrated. Starting from the back, the fuel tank is the main
energy storage device for the hybridD it supplies the car with gasoline up to 033 miles.
Then, the batteries store energy recovered from braking or generated by the motor. &t the
front of the vehicle, there is the electric motor which is very similar to the electric
vehicle, but smaller since its not the only power supply to the vehicle. Net to it is the =@
cylinder engine, similar to the engine in most cars but smaller and more efficient. 7inally,
the transmission bo which most of the time is the conventional transmission. B1C
Electric +otor Fuel Tan)
*.cylinder Engine Batteries
Transmission

7igure 9 Typical )arallel !ybrids
0
'!,!' Series Hybrid
The second way of combining the sources is called series hybrid. 'n this case, the
gasoline engine turns a generator, and the generator can either charge the batteries or
power an electric motor that drives the transmission. Therefore, the gasoline engine never
directly powers the vehicle. 'n figure =, a diagram of the series hybrid vehicle is
illustrated. Starting from the back, the =@cylinder engine $this time located in the back%
turns the generatorD it never powers directly the car. The generator is where the gas
engines power gets converted to electrical power which then drives the motor or charges
the batteries. 'n the middle, the batteries store energy recovered from braking or
generated by the motor. The fuel tank, net to the batteries, is the main energy storage
which gives up to 033 miles or more. 'n the front of the vehicle, the electric motor and
the transmission bo are found. B1C
(enerator
*.cylinder Engine
Batteries
Electric +otor Fuel Tan)
Transmission
7igure =. Typical Series hybrid
>
'!* Hybrid Com/onents
!ybrid cars contain the following parts,
<asoline engine, The engine found in hybrid vehicles is very similar to regular
cars, the engine is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions
and increase efficiency.
7uel tank, The tank is used as an energy storage device for the gasoline engine. 'n
fact, gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. 7or eample, it
takes about 1,333 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon $?
pounds% of gasoline.
"lectric motor, The motor is quite comple, it acts as a motor as well as a
generator. 't can either draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car or by
acting as a generatorD it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.
<enerator, The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce
electrical power. 't is used mostly on series hybrids.
-atteries, The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the
electric motor. :nlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the
gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the
batteries as well as draw energy from them.
Transmission, The transmission on a hybrid car is very similar to regular cars. B1C
?
,! H$#%A "#S"(HT

7igure 0. !onda 'nsight
The !onda 'nsight uses a simplified parallel hybrid system. The heart of the hybrid
!onda 'nsight is found in the 'ntegrated Aotor &ssist $'A&% which combines a compact
1.3@liter, 9@cylinder engine and an ultra@thin permanent magnet electric motor for better
efficiency. The 'A& system combined with a rigid aluminium body structure and the
aerodynamic design allows the 'nsight to travel >6 miles per gallon making it the cleanest
vehicle on the face of the earth. The 'nsight offers many features, such as advanced
power control that assists in the power of the engine, charging the system and assists the
motor. The batteries are made of nickel@metal hybridD the chemical description is NiA!
batteries. The insight offers two types of transmission, a 0@speed manual transmission and
an automatic transmission. The idle stop feature allows the engine to shut off when car is
coming to a stop to reduce the emissions of the ehaust and to conserve fuel. The
aluminium body is =3E lighter than a regular steel body of the same siFe. The body is
aerodynamic such that it becomes one of the lowest coefficients of drag of any mass
produced vehicle. The !onda 'nsight also provides an electronic display that shows the
real@time trip and lifetime fuel economy. B4C
6
*! Toyota -rius

7igure >. Toyota )rius
The Toyota )rius uses both series and parallel hybrid structures. This vehicle combines an
efficient gasoline@fuelled internal combustion engine with a clean quiet electric motor
powered by a battery. This vehicle has many features, such as regenerative braking which
allows the motor to recover energy from the brakes when the vehicle is about to be
stopped or when the vehicle is slowing down and uses it to recharge the battery. The )rius
provides a lighter smaller engine which provides enough power to circulate the vehicle.
&lso, fuel consumption in this vehicle is much less than vehicles powered by gasoline
alone, due to the fact that the engine is turn off when not needed. Consequently, the )rius
emissions of the ehaust are etremely reduced. The body of the )rius is aerodynamic, a
3.42 coefficient of drag, reduces drag about 1=E with the typical family sedan. B9C
2
0! A%VA#TA(ES A#% %"SA%VA#TA(ES
G.ou should know that a car that burns more fuel produces more carbon dioide. 7or
each litre burned, 4.= kg of CH4 are released into the airI B=C The invention of hybrid
vehicle becomes really important towards life on earth. GSubstances that pollute the air
can be controlled more easily at a power plant than at the tailpipes of millions of
gasoline@burning cars, and in !"#s, electronic controls can be used to make the engines
run only as needed and to do so more efficiently. The result is that air quality, especially
in large cities, can be improved with electric cars or hybrid electric vehicles.I B0C 7uel
consumption is very low creating a better environment, leading to a better future.
The disadvantages are minor. !ybrid car desire lots of attention, they are etremely
fragile and must be handled with care. &lso, the public is not too interested to these
vehicles yet due to the fact that the engine cannot deliver as much power as a regular
gasoline vehicle. !ybrid cars are not yet able to accelerate, cruise, and climb fast enough
to compete with gasoline@powered cars. &nd accessories, such as air conditioning or
radios, drain the battery even more quickly. Aoreover, because electric cars have not
been widely adopted, few public charging stations are in eistence. B0C
13
1! S&++ARY
& vehicle is called hybrid when it combine more than one power source. & hybrid vehicle
is mainly electric source and a gasoline source. The combination of the two creates a
wonderful invention, such that these !"# could travel more for our money. The vehicle
consumes less gasoline and has very low emission of toic gases. Thus, creating a better
environment for all of us, a better future. There are many advantages to these vehicles but
also some disadvantages, for eample, an !"# will never produce the same power as a
regular gasoline car which makes the public less interested toward this invention.
!opefully, in the near future, this invention will take better ways to deliver a stronger car,
maybe even as much as a regular gasoline engine.
REFERECES
B1C *arim Nice, G!ow !ybrid Cars +orkI, http,JJauto.howstuffworks.comJhybrid@
car.htmJ, 1226 K 4339 !owStuff+orks, 'nc.
B4C :.S. /epartment of "nergy Technology Snapshot, 7eaturing the !onda 'nsight,
publishing services provided by &rgonne National 8aboratory, Hffice of "nergy and
5enewable "nergy, Hffice of Transportation Technologies.
B9C :.S. /epartment of "nergy Technology Snapshot, 7eaturing the Toyota )rius,
publishing services provided by &rgonne National 8aboratory, Hffice of "nergy and
5enewable "nergy, Clean "nergy for the 41
st
Century.
B=C Lric 8e7ranMois, The revolution has begunN, !ybrid #ehicles, C&& Touring 7all 4339
B0C Aicrosoft "ncarta /elue 433=