CARBOHYDRATES

Significance of Molecular Structure

1) Small in size, general formula -- (CH2O)n
--> Readily solule, c of many !olar "ydro#yl gr!s t"at form H onds
$it" $ater
--> %rans!orted easily in $ater
2) &entoses ' "e#oses e#ist as rings
--> Rings ( stale uilding loc)s for larger mol*
+) Rings e#"iit ,'- isomerism
--> Same c"em formula ( structurally diff mol
--> .ncrease di/ersity of molecules $"ic" ecome uilding loc)s for
diff mol*
0) &ossess free caronyl grou!
--> ,llo$s t"em to e o#idized, )no$n as reducing sugars
--> 1ndergo -% $2o re3uiring e#tra ste! of acid "ydrolysis
%ests for Reducing24on-reducing Sugars
Reducing sugars can reduce Cu25 to Cu5, due to free caronyl
grou!* Co!!er (..) sulfate (-617) reduced to Co!!er (.) o#ide (R78)*
,dd 2cm+ of test solution 5 e3ual /olume of -en9s Reagent
S"a)e mi#ture, immerse in oiling $ater for +-0 min
4onR sugars must e "ydrolysed into reducing sugar com!onenets
y oiling $ dilute HC6
.f -/e result for -% otained for test solution, t"en
oil e3ual /ol of test solution $ dilute HC6 for 1 min to "ydrolyse
disacc"aride to monosacc"aride
--> cool, neutralize acidic content $ sodium icaronate soln,
--> re!eat -% for RS
Starc" - STORAGE
--> Storage functn, stored in !lants as granules in c"loro2amylo!lasts
--> 7nales !lants to store sur!lus gluc, a res!iratory sustrate
o#idized during cell res!n to yield energy in t"e form ,%&
--> Made of 2:; amylose, <:; amylo!ectin
,mylose ,mylo!ectin
Monomer ,-glucose ,-glucose
-ranc"ing unranc"ed !olymers -ranc"ed !olymers
-onding ,(1-0) gly- ,(1-0) lin)s gluc $it"in ranc"
,(1-=) gly- lin)s gluc > ranc" !ts
(-& e/ery 2:-+: gluc mono*)
4o* of units2 2::-2:) gluc units u! to 1:?< gluc units
S"a!e Coiled into "eli# as eac" residue is ent in one
direction $ res!ect to !re/ious residue
Helical side c"ains attac"ed >
ranc" !ts along eac" "eli#
%est for Starc"
--> .odine not / solule, dissol/ed in a3 @. formind linear triiodide ion
com!le# $"ic" is solule*
--> %riiodide ion fits in e centre of eac" turn of amylose "eli#, forming
starc"-iodine com!le# gi/ing a -lue lac) coloration
Alycogen - STORAGE
--> ,nimal storage !olysacc"aride
--> Humans, /erterae store glyc mainly in t"e li/er ' muscle cells,
"ydrolysis gi/es glucose
--> 7#tensi/ely ranc"ed > amylo!ectin, ut similar structure
--> ,-gluc monomers also lin)ed y ,(1-0) gly- $it"in a ranc"ed,
$"ile ,(1-=) gly- lin) monomers at ranc" !oints (-& e/ery 12 gluc
monomers)
--> Alycogen mol* coiled into a "eli# as eac" residue is ent in one
direction $it" res!ect to t"e !re/ious residue*
--> 7#tensi/e ranc"ing !ro/ides more ends for enzymes to $or) on
to "ydrolyse glycogen into glucose, $"ic" is o#idized during res!n
into energy in t"e form of ,%&
Structures of Storage &olysacc"arides 8etermine Bunction
1) Many glucose residues
--> 6arge energy store, "ydrolysed ultimately to numerous
monosacc"arides* Aluc* maCor res!iratory sustrate to form ,%&*
--> 6arge mol* insolule in $ater, no effect on D& of cells
2) Com!rise of "elices
--> &ac)s many suunits !er unit /olume
--> Heli# formation in/ol/es intramolecular "ydrogen onding and
orientation of monomers ( some "ydro#yl grou!s !roCect in$ards to
t"e core of t"e "eli# ( fe$er "ydro#yl grou!s a/ailale for H onding
$it" $ater ( insolule*
(Starc", glycogen ( "ydro!"illic, can e "ydrated, not dissol/ed)
+) ,mylo!ectin, Alycogen -ranc"ed
--> Multi!le ranc" ends allo$ multi!le "ydrolytic enzymes to $or) at
t"e same time ( increased energy generation !er unit time
--> -ranc"ing also o!timizes !ac)ing of many suunits !er unit
/olume
--> -ranc"ing reduces accessiility to $ater ( reduces soluility ( no
effect on D&
Cellulose - STRUCTURAL
--> &lant storage !olysacc"aride
--> Made u! of --glucose monomers, lin)ed /ia -(1-0) gly -
--> ,lternate --glucose monomers are rotated 1<: degrees $it"
res!ect to t"e ot"er ( Hydro#yl grou!s !roCect out in ot" directions*
--> 6inear, unranc"ed molecule
--> Molecules $"ic" are !arallel "eld y intermolecular "ydrogen
onds, formed et$een "ydro#yl grou!s*
--> Cross-lin)ed linear c"ains come toget"er to form microfiril*
--> Mes"$or) of criss-crossing microfirils form cellulose cell $all of
!lant cells
Structure of Structural &olysacc"aride 8etermines Bunction
Individual cellulose molecule
1) 1nranc"ed and linear structure
--> Hydro#yl grou!s are free to H ond e#tensi/ely $it" "ydro#yls of
ot"er cellulose molecules lying !arallel to it ( forms microfirils (
cale-li)e microfirils "a/e "ig" tensile strengt"
2) Relati/ely fe$er "ydro#yl grou!s a/ailale for H onding $ H2O
--> Only surface of microfiril is e#!osed to $ater, $"ere t"e free
"ydro#yl grou!s are ( insolule
(Cellulose is "ydro!"ilic, can e "ydrated not dissol/ed)
Assembly to o!m cellulose cell "all
1) Mes"$or) of microfirils forms cellulose cell $all
--> &orous structure due to ga!s et$een microfirils, ma)ing it freely
!ermeale to $ater ' solutes ( allo$s free mo/ement of sustances
in and out of cells*
--> Strong and rigid structure as t"e mes"$or) distriutes stresses in
all directions ( ser/es to enclose !lant cells and !rotect t"em from
!"ysical damage and ursting due to osmotic stress
2) Bood source for only certain acteria, fungi, etc
--> Only t"ose t"at "a/e genese t"at e#!ress cellulase
--> Cellulases not commonly a/ailale in organisms ( cellulose not
readily used as res!iratory sustrate