When is a person old?

There are many individuals who still seem young at seventy or more, while
others appear old in their ffties. From another point of view, sumo wrestlers, for instance, are old in
their thirties, ( ) artists best years may come in their sixties or even later. But in general, people
are old when society considers them to be old, ( ), when they retire from work at around the age
of sixty or sixty-fve.
Nowadays, however,
1
the demand for new work skills is making more and more individuals old
before their time. ( ) older workers tend to be dependable, and have much to ofer from their
many years of experience, they are put at a disadvantage by rapid developments in technology.
2
Older
people usually fnd it more difcult to acquire the new skills required by technological changes, and
they do not enjoy the same educational opportunities as young workers.
When they fnally leave work and retire, people face further problems. The majority receive little or
no assistance in adjusting to their new situation in the community. ( ), since society at present
appears to have no clear picture of what place its older members should occupy, it is unable to ofer
them enough opportunities to have satisfying social roles after they retire.
In the past, the old used to be looked upon as experts in solving various problems of life. Today,
however, they are no longer regarded as such and are seldom expected to play significant roles in
social, economic and community afairs.
3
With the number of older people in the population rapidly
increasing, we need greatly to increase and improve the opportunities provided for them so that they
can participate in society with dignity and respect. (1991 )
( )
1 People are normally regarded as old when ( ).
they are in their ffties
they are judged to be old by society
they consider themselves too old to work
they reach the age of seventy
2 Changes in technology can ( ).
enable older workers to make better use of their experience
give older people opportunities for new jobs
make it easier for older workers to acquire new skills
make older peoples knowledge and skills out of date
3 After fnally retiring, most people ( ).
are given new social roles by society
do not need assistance in making the necessary adjustments
have few disadvantages in their new situation
have to work out their social roles largely for themselves
4 According to the fourth paragraph, the position of old people in society today largely
depends on ( ).
how many problems they are able to solve
the age at which they fnally retire from their work
the rapid increase in the number of retired people in the community
what opportunities they are given by society
( )

therefore, moreover, although, whereas, that is

1
1
2
3
A current topic of debate is the amount of support and services we are willing to provide for
handicapped people. Many people believe that society has become more caring over the ages. ( ), if
we look back in time, this may not prove to be true. A good example can be found by looking at some
remains of a prehistoric culture.
Several skeletons were found in the Shanidar Cave in Iraq. It was the home of a tribe of Neanderthal
who existed more than 40, 000 years ago. One of these skeletons was of a man of about 40 years, an
old age for that period. He is thought to have been killed by a falling stone. Careful study of the bones
has shown that the mans right arm had never fully developed and had been cut of below the elbow.
The condition of the teeth was also unlike that of other Neanderthal mens. They showed signs of
excessive use, as if they had been employed to make up for the lack of a right arm.
How could someone so handicapped from his earliest years have survived to become an adult, and
even live on to old age? Societies in such early times faced severer conditions. People who could hunt
for meat were few. A handicapped person must have needed to keep close to the cave and been
provided with meat. This seems to indicate a far greater degree of concern for the individual than
previously assumed.
In fact, the level of care shown toward this tribesman is not always seen in present-day societies.
Such concern indicates a sense of unity and cooperation that made possible the future achievements
of humanity. With this in mind, are we doing enough for the handicapped? Rather than being too
proud of the eforts that modern society has made, it would be wise to consider if we even equal the
eforts of precivilized societies.

(1994 )
( )
1 Considering the remains of this prehistoric culture makes us ( ).
believe that society has become more caring over time
look back at Iraqi history with admiration
question if society has become more concerned about the handicapped
want to give more support to primitive societies
2 The lower right arm of the Shanidar tribesman is thought to have been ( ).
destroyed by a falling stone
not unlike that of the other Neanderthal mens
removed because of a lack of physical development
unnecessary since he could use his teeth
3 The example of this ancient tribe suggests that ( ).
everyone could take part in most of the hunting activities
it was easy to fnd enough meat to feed everybody
life was not as difcult as modern man may think
they had greater regard for human life than commonly thought
4 The author believes that true civilization is achieved ( )
by looking to the future achievements of humanity
by modern people taking pride in their accomplishments
only if society supports all its members
only when we show proper concern for precivilized people
( )
Since, In fact, However, In addition

they

Nowadays people spend more time away from their jobs than ever before. Technological
developments have steadily shortened working hours for a large part of the population, and the fact
that people are living longer has ( ) increased the amount of time spent in non-work settings. (
), a large number of people have had to adjust to more leisure than they had expected, and this new-
found leisure has created difculties.
Historically, the emphasis has been on work, and current attitudes still refect the impact of this earlier
way of thinking. Even today, many people still believe that leisure should be used chiefy to restore
ones energy and strength for more and better work. Leisure, therefore, has been viewed as a means
to an end.
Along with greater production efciency and higher standards of living, there is a new idea in which
leisure is viewed as more than simply a restorative for work.
1
Leisure is now regarded by an increasing
number of people as an important part of contemporary life. They think that the use of leisure time
should be satisfying experience in and of itself.
Attitudes toward both leisure and work are changing. Increasing mechanization of work has
meant that more people are now looking beyond their jobs for satisfying life experiences. This has
led to some change in emphasis from job-centered activities to leisure and home-centered activities,
especially among the younger generation.
2
However, because the new idea has not entirely replaced
the traditional one, many people face the problem of what role leisure should play in their lives. Some
feel guilty about additional hours of free time and seek more work to avoid leisure hours, ( ) others
eagerly pursue leisure activities that resemble work. ( ) working hours are shortened, a more
meaningful balance has to be found between work and play. restorative:
(1992 )
( )
1 Due to the leisure brought about by technology, many people ( ).
are puzzled by what to do with their working hours
are unable to obtain satisfaction from their work
have difculty in adjusting to an increase in population
have the problem of adapting to a new way of life

2 In the past, leisure was considered to be ( ).
a way to improve ones work
an essential part of daily life
as important as work itself
more important than work

3 Many people are now uneasy about increased leisure because ( ).
their leisure activities are becoming more and more like work
there is not enough time for them to pursue leisure activities and also do their work
they are not quite free from the infuence of the traditional idea about leisure
they might be required to do more work at home
4 The main point the writer wishes to make is that ( ).
people need to learn how to deal with an increasing amount of leisure
people want still more free time than they have at present
technological developments have permitted people to work less than in the past
the new idea of leisure is better than the historical one
( )

as, as a result, despite, also, while

1, 2
1

2

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Get on a train and it is likely that several people around you will be wearing earphones. There they
are in the same space, but not talking or paying attention to one another. ( ) listening to a personal
tape player this way has some virtue ( ) you dont usually disturb others, it allows almost no human
contact. You are alone with your machine.
A similar situation occurs with many video games. A person concentrating on destroying
spaceships, avoiding attackers, or shooting enemies needs no companion. True, some games do
enable players to take turns, and then people might talk to each other, ( ) in many cases the player
is involved only with the machine and its program.
In what ways are young people afected by instruments like these? Are they becoming less able to
make contact with the surrounding world? This question is becoming increasingly important with the
spread of personal computers. Computer technology is becoming more and more widely used in areas
like communications, education, and banking. In one way or another, many people now spend a great
deal of time in front of a computer screen. The fact that television frequently limits communication
within families is already well known; these new developments will further lead people to live within
themselves and not reach out to other people.
At this moment in history, science seems likely to alter our society as never before. At the same time,
the power of technology has become enormous. Perhaps technology itself is creating individuals who
are only concerned with their own interests. Will they be satisfed simply to watch events passively,
without becoming involved in social decisions which may change their own lives? Machines should not
be allowed to ruin our sense of social responsibility. ( ) we admit it or not, we are all here together,
and share a common fate.
( )
1 The advantage of using earphones on a train is that ( ).
you can enjoy music without being disturbed
you can have closer contact with your machine
you dont have contact with other people
you seldom bother people around you

Some video games are criticized because ( ).

they are likely to make players enjoy violence
they discourage players from communicating with others
they require players to take turns and talk to each other
they require two or more players to take part
3 The increasing use of personal computers ( ).
is causing people to lose contact with their surroundings
is creating in people a stronger desire to communicate with others
is greatly strengthening human relationships
is helping establish closer ties among family members
4 The author is worried about the current situation because ( ).
technological developments may weaken peoples sense of social duty
the progress of science will greatly change our society
too many people will become involved in social decision-making
young people are losing their interest in developing new technology
( )

but, whether, consequently, though, in that

In many parts of the world, the infuence of television is a matter of increasing concern. For years,
critics of television have concentrated on the issue of the program content particularly violence
as it afects viewers. The problem seems especially serious with regard to younger children. There
is evidence that TV does in fact lead people to accept more violence in everyday life. How could
this not happen when it presents violent acts, often with guns and knives, as normal and common
occurrences?
In the last few years criticism of television has moved to a new stage by shifting the focus from the
subject matter to the experience of the medium itself. The problem now with TV is not just what is
seen but how it is seen. The way children watch it causes them to be passive, and some evidence
suggests that such viewing might even afect the development of the brain in small children.
However, the worst aspect of television is the way it can interfere with family life. The box has ( )
often become a substitute parent, taking over most of the work of introducing social and moral values
to the child and developing them in him. Parents allow this to happen by using television like a drug
for the purpose of keeping children quiet. Eventually the child comes to depend on the box and it
becomes a necessary, lifelong habit.
( ) many children go through the television experience and survive, many others are deeply
afected by it. Much of the discussion of TV during the next few years will center on how to reduce the
dangers which it presents, particularly to younger people. Already there are movements to try to ban
TV advertising which is directed at children under a certain age. Perhaps this is just the beginning. (
), some people may even go to the extreme of demanding the removal of such a powerful medium
from the lives of young people. This might not be a practical solution, ( ) we should not ignore the
dangers of television. (1993 )
( )
1 Television has long been criticized mainly because ( ).
it causes younger children to waste time in front of it
it encourages people, through advertisements, to want guns and knives
it makes people less willing to put up with violence
it shows violence, which infuences, above all, younger people

Recent criticism against TV has focused on ( ).

the active way of living that it promotes
the infuence of the content of programs on childrens brains
the medium itself in relation to the development of children
the subject matter it shows to children
3 The presence of TV may weaken the family by ( ).
encouraging children to rely on their parents
giving children a greater sense of moral values
providing more time for the family to share together
taking over an essential part of parents work
4 The author states that certain people in society might fnally attempt ( ).
to ban TV advertising aimed at young people
to have children survive the television experience
to prohibit children from watching TV
to recognize the educational merits of the medium
( )

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People are normally regarded as old when they are judged to be old by society they are in their ffties
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After fnally retiring, most people have to work out their social roles largely for themselves.
According to the fourth paragraph, the position of old people in society today largely depends on
what opportunities they are given by society.

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....society has become more caring over the ages
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A good parent can be a confusing phrase. It is almost impossible for one person to be a good
parent at all stages of a childs life. Some parents are at their best before their children begin to speak.
Others are most successful before their children enter elementary school. ( ) others make their
fnest contribution to older children or teenagers. Every parent can understand one stage of a childs
development better than another. It is a rare person who possesses superior capacities ( ) the
entire period of a childs growth.
A mother might be a good parent from her babys birth until it is three; ( ) the period when it
needs her protection and loving care. Then the start of her childs independence might upset and
alarm her, and she might then become less helpful for a few years. A father might be awkward and
uncomfortable with a younger child, but could turn into a splendid parent when the child is old
enough to be taught the skills of cycling, fshing and so on, or to be taken on trips. Some parents feel
easier with boys, and others with girls and then only at certain ages or stages.
It is important for parents to understand and accept their own limitations in these matters, just as
they must accept the childs faults of personality and limitations of talent. ( ), fathers and mothers
will feel guilty and blame themselves for weaknesses that may not be their fault. Much of the guilt
experienced by modern parents comes from the mistaken feeling that they ought to be all things at all
times to the child, which is clearly absurd. In past ages, grandparents and uncles and aunts lived with
the family, and provided diferent kinds of support; in our present nuclear family, too many roles are
demanded of the two parents, which they cannot possibly fulfll. (1996 )
( )
1 Confusion arises about what it means to be a good parent because ( ).
it is normal to be a successful parent during most of a childs development
most parents are only good at helping older children or teenagers
parents are usually at their best before their children go to school
parents do not realize they cannot perform equally well throughout a childs growth

2 If we consider the relative merits of mothers and fathers, it is clear that ( ).

either parent may be efective with children at some stage
only fathers can teach cycling, fshing and so on
only mothers can succeed with very small children
parents are better with children of their own sex
3 Parents of nuclear families sometimes feel at a loss because ( ).
they believe that such a family prevents the healthy growth of a childs personality and talent
they dislike the support that other family members give to their children
they do not always have the help of other family members in child-raising
they no longer regard grandparents, uncles and aunts as good educators of their children

( )

throughout, still, otherwise, that is, so

When people travel abroad they are immediately struck by the many different ways in which
buildings, homes and cities are designed. A group of American staying in a South American country
reacted emotionally to the unfamiliar architectural surroundings which they found there. The Latin-
American house is often built around a small open area, a patio, ( ) is next to the sidewalk but
hidden from outsiders behind a wall. Such relatively small differences in the buildings can affect
foreigners to a surprising degree. These Americans complained that they felt cut of from local people
and their lives and kept wondering what was going on behind those walls.
The division of space inside homes may ( ) vary from one culture to another. Most American
homes contain rooms ( ) bedrooms, a living room and a dining room whose layout reveals the
separation and naming of space according to function. This system is in sharp contrast to other
cultures where one room in a house may be used for several purposes. In Japan, homes have
removable sliding doors ( ) two small rooms can be converted into one large room, and a living
room can also serve as a bedroom.
When a home or a citys design is infuenced by another culture, not only the native architecture
but together with it the social pattern can be lost or afected. A French architect, ( ), planned a
new city in India with centralized shopping areas which required movement by public transportation
away from the traditional village centers. The result was that the Indians stopped meeting each other
socially in their own local communities. It has been said that we shape our buildings and they shape
us. The Indian example seems to demonstrate this.
(1995 )

( )
1 The Americans reacted unfavorably to the Latin-American houses because they ( ).
felt they would prefer to be hidden from the local people by a surrounding wall
had the impression that the Latin-American people were concealing themselves from them
were disturbed that the interior of the house was so close to the street
were unable to sit and enjoy the sunshine on the patio

When we consider how space is used within homes, we see that ( ).
in America it is fexible, while in Japan the naming of space is essential
it is not dependent on the culture of the people who live there
some cultures may make a clear division of space according to the intended use
the layout of American homes is such that rooms can be used for various purposes
3 The French architects designs ( ).
caused a considerable change in Indians social activity
forced people to shop in their own neighborhoods
helped to strengthen the traditional social behavior
required the villagers to move and live in large cities
( )

where, so that, also, for example, such as, which


This system
Humans, in trying to understand the world, tend to fnd what they expect to fnd. ( ), through
their actions, they may even cause their expectations to become fact without being aware of it, as the
following example shows.
In an experiment carried out at an elementary school, teachers were told that certain children would
bloom in their school work, although they were not chosen according to ability. They were expected
to perform better, and the results showed that they did. It seems that the teacher actively, though
probably unconsciously, brought about the expected improvement in the students by the way they
treated them. ( ) the teachers believed they had no efect, the improvement was, in fact, the result
of their behavior based on the predictions. In the classroom teachers form impressions of students
from such things as appearance, behavior and previous test scores, and give them labels. When the
expectations are high as in the experiment, the students may improve, but if the teachers have low
expectations, the students may fail to make progress.
Schools are certainly not the only places where people label others and then form expectations
based on these possibly incorrect labels. For example, some criminals who have been released from
prison return to crime ( ) society does not expect them to change. Or, in some societies, people of
a certain color or class are often found to be most successful at school and in their professions. This
may be because they have always been positively labeled, ( ) other groups are expected to fail.
We must recognize that using a label is dangerous way to judge a person: peoples personalities
develop and their lives change. We should understand that another persons behavior may ( )
our own prejudice towards that person. By being aware that expectations may produce their own
outcome, we can avoid labeling and allow every person an equal chance in life. (1993 )

( )
1 Sometimes people cause their expectations to become true ( ).
because they dont understand the world
even though they dont know that this is the case
in spite of their predictions
though they dont fnd what they expect
In the classroom experiment, ( ).
some students did better contrary to the teachers expectations
the teachers expectations had an infuence on some students performances
the teachers had, to begin with, an accurate knowledge of the students abilities
the way the students were treated was not based on their expected ability
3 Society causes some groups of people to be less successful because ( ).
it expects them to perform beyond their ability
it fails to label them
it gives them negative labels
it recognize that people of all types can change
The main point the author wishes to make is that ( ).
labeling is a good way to understand the world around us
labeling is important in helping others to improve their lives
labeling of other people can limit their opportunities
labeling works favorable more often than unfavorably
( )

whereas, lead to, moreover, because, although, result from

We survive by controlling our environment, and control is made possible by information. If we lack
this, we feel insecure and come to feel that any knowledge is better than none. In an experiment,
white rats repeatedly had to choose path A or path B. They always had a 50 % chance of fnding food
in a box at the end of each path. But on path B, just before the box,
1
there was a signal indicating
whether or not food was present. After some days of training, all the rats developed a preference for
path B, the side where they obtained information.
Humans show the same sort of preference for knowledge about an outcome which is uncertain
but unavoidable. Our anxiety about the future can be ( ) great that bad news is preferable to
an absence of information. Regardless of the nature of the news, and ( ) the fact that we get no
advantage from it, we would prefer to know and thus reduce our insecurity. There can hardly be a
more inaccurate saying than No news is good news.
And yet people do not always demand a state of complete certainty.
2
Indeed much of our success
as human beings is based on our ability to cope with environmental changes and our tendency to
seek out new and challenging experiences. The popularity of pastimes ( ) mountaineering and
motor racing is evidence of mans need for some uncertainty and risk. ( ), when these reach too
high a level, we once more desire to have information about the future and a feeling of control over it.
(1995 )
( )
1 The experiment showed that after a time the rats ( ).
had no preference as to which path they would follow
never failed to choose the side which led to food
rejected the path which did not bring them to food
selected the side on which there was a sign
2 No news is good news does not represent reality because ( ).
having no news gives us more security than having news
lack of news makes us uncomfortable about the future
news, regardless of its nature, always makes us insecure
when we have no news, something bad has usually happened.

3 If we do not have enough information about the future ( ).

we are unable to take risks in new situations
we become anxious and try to satisfy our need for certainty
we fnd it impossible to survive in new surroundings
we gain a greater sense of control over what will happen to us
( )

in spite of, such as, so, furthermore, nevertheless

12
1

2

1
Why is it that many people who have suffered a major shock, such as divorce or the death of a
family member, seem to be weaker against a variety of major and minor illnesses? One common idea
among psychologists has been that people could deal with sufering more efectively if they were able
to understand and accept it. ( ), many experts emphasize the value of expressing thoughts and
feelings associated with upsetting events.
Recently, a team of medical researchers investigated the links between describing psychologically
painful events and long-term health. In one experiment healthy college students were asked to write
about either personally disturbing experiences or ordinary topics over a period of four days.
2
In the
months afterwards, students who had chosen to reveal their inner thoughts and feelings in their
writing visited the health center for illness much less often than those who had written about everyday
topics.
In an experiment that followed, another group of healthy students were given the four-day writing
exercises. Some chose to write about highly personal and upsetting experiences (including loneliness,
problems with family and friends, and death). When questioned immediately afterwards, they stated
that they did not feel any better. ( ), their blood samples taken before and after the experiment
showed evidence of an improved resistance to illness. The white cells that fight off bacteria and
viruses had increased their reaction and sensitivity to these invaders. This trend continued over the
following six weeks, when another blood sample was taken. Individuals who showed the best results
were those who wrote about topics that they had actively refrained from telling others about.
The researchers propose that failure to face up to painful experience can be a form of stress itself,
and can increase the possibility of illness. It follows, then, that actively dealing with a major shock
makes possible its understanding and acceptance. The answer is not to sufer in silence. It may not
always be possible to talk about personal problems, ( ) writing them down will help the body to
fght disease in the long run. (1994 )

( )
1 Psychologists have been concerned with explaining the link between ( ).
major and minor illnesses
mental illness and social acceptance
psychological evidence and divorce
shocking events and decline in health
10

2 In the frst experiment, the students who wrote about painful events ( ).
started to sufer psychological problems
started to worry about everyday concerns
were less likely to seek treatment for sickness
were more likely to visit the health center
3 People who wrote about personal problems in the second experiment ( ).
displayed an absence of bacteria and viruses in their bodies
had decreased feelings of loneliness
showed an improved white cell reaction
were found to have many invaders in their blood samples
4 The researchers warn against ( )
trying to get better in a short period of time
trying to ignore painful experiences
understanding and accepting personal problems
writing down problems without the help of experts
( )

but, however, indeed

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( )

Do animals play? Certainly, many animals, especially the young, engage in behavior that seems
like play. But why do they play? This question is difcult to answer, even for experts. ( ), there
are considerable difficulties involved in observing animals at play when they are not in natural
surroundings. Monkeys, for example, play a lot in the wild, but in cages it is hard to make them play
when you want them to. You have to sit patiently, waiting for the right moments. And even when you
do see them playing, it is still difcult to say why they are doing so.
Scientists have noticed that when two monkeys are play-fghting, they take turns winning. One will
be on top, and it will look as if he is winning. ( ) suddenly he will give the other a chance to take
control of the action. It is believed that this kind of play helps monkeys learn to take diferent roles
when they are older. ( ) humans, animals sometimes need to take charge, and sometimes follow.
Monkeys seem to learn this lesson by playing.
Another likely purpose of play is to let animals learn how to get along with others of their own age.
It has been found that ( ) baby rats kept with their brothers and sisters engage in a lot of rough
play, those raised alone with their mothers play just a little. However, when rats which have only been
with their mothers are put with other young rats, they play a lot more than those brought up in a large
family. It seems that they make up for lost time.
Though much remains to be discovered about animal play, studies like these do seem to indicate
that animals learn some very basic skills by taking part in play-like activities. (1991 )
( )
1 It is difcult to study monkeys at play in cages because ( ).
it is hard to tell whether they are playing or not
they dont always play when scientist want them to
they play for such a long time that observers have to sit patiently
they prefer playing with humans to playing with other monkeys

11
Through play-fghting, monkeys seem to learn that ( ).
it is very important to win the fght once it has started
there are diferent social roles to perform within their group
they always have to attack other monkeys stronger than themselves
they can control the actions of others by winning the fght
3 Rats that live with their brothers and sisters during their early days ( ).
hurt each other a lot through their rough play
quickly learn to be independent of their mothers
spend a lot of the time playing roughly with them
still want to play with their mothers
4 By they make up for lost time, the author means that the rats ( ).
come to enjoy their life without friends to play with
decide to play even more with their mothers
learn to get along with other rats in a very short time
succeed in forgetting their earlier lonely days
( )

as a result, for one thing, while, then, like

To the Editor:
When I was young, waste was evil. We were scolded if we threw away something that still had some
usefulness left in it, no matter how little. ( ) nowadays waste has become a normal part of our
daily life.
1
Every time I go to a supermarket I see young housewives buying more food than they can
possibly use. I can imagine how much of it gets thrown away! And the quantity of wrapping paper,
glass, tin cans, and plastic that is wasted is shocking.
( ), this same attitude applies to the purchase of major items. It used to be that when we bought
a car or a radio or an electric fan, we took good care of it.
2
We made it last for a long time, and we
expected to wear it out before we bought another one. But these days, we are expected to throw
out our stereos and videos and computers every time the manufacturer changes the design or makes
some minor technical improvement.
Industrialization has turned us into careless children. We fll our air and water with poisons, we destroy
our forests and our mountains, and ( ) saving the worlds resources for future generations, we
scatter them to the winds. ( ) we once again became a society which places a high value on the
prevention of waste.Faith Wilson (Mrs.) ( )
( )
1 Mrs. Wilson wrote this letter to the editor ( ).
because she enjoys writing letters to newspapers.
because when she was young, waste was evil.
to complain about people wasting so much in daily life.
to criticize supermarkets for causing waste.

2 She thinks that current attitudes lead people to ( ).

buy more goods than they actually need.
collect wrapping paper, glass, tin cans, and plastic.
save money as well as time.
treat electrical equipment carefully
3 She feels that industrialization has turned us into careless children so that we ( ).
fll our forests and mountains with air and water
save the worlds natural resources.
scatter future generations to the winds.
waste the worlds natural resources.
12

4 She wants people to ( ).
depend less on industry.
do away with as much waste as possible.
learn to get along without stereos and videos.
place a higher value on waste.
( )

instead of, worse, but, it is time

1, 2
1

2

Several years ago,
1
certain scientists developed a way of investigating the nature of the atmosphere
of the past by studying air caught in the ice around the North or South Pole. According to their theory,
when snow falls, air is trapped between the snowfakes. The snow turns to ice ( ) the air still inside.
Over the years more snow falls on top, making new layers of ice. But the trapped air, these scientists
believed, remains exactly as it was when the snow originally fell.
To fnd what air was like three hundred years ago, you use a drill in the shape of a hollow tube to
cut deep into the layers of ice. When you pull up the drill, an ice core made of many layers comes up
inside it. ( ), back at the laboratory, you count the layers in the core each layer represents one
year to fnd ice formed from the snow that fell during the year to be studied.
2
Using this method,
these scientists suggested that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the gases which may cause
global warming, had increased greatly over the last two hundred years.
A Norwegian scientist, ( ), pointed out that there might be a problem with this method. He
claimed that air caught in ice does not stay the same. In particular, he said, the quantity of CO2 does
not remain stable, ( ) some of it is absorbed by ice crystals, some enters water, and some locks itself
up in other chemicals.
3
If this were true, then there could have been more CO2 in the past than we
thought. Even so, measurements taken over the past thirty years show that CO2 has increased by over
ten percent during this short period. (1996 )
13
( )
1 Certain scientists claimed that ( ).
atmospheric gases increase the yearly amount of snow
falling snowfakes change the chemical balance of the air
the action of atmospheric gases causes snow to turn into ice
the air held between snowfakes keeps its original nature
In order to study atmospheric gases for a particular year, these scientists had to ( ).
count how many cores were necessary for measuring trapped air
examine the diferent kinds of snowfakes
identify a particular layer in the ice core
measure how hollow each layer was within the core
3 A Norwegian scientist questioned the usefulness of ice-core analysis, claiming that ( ).
ice absorbs more CO2 when the core is pulled out
ice has efects on global warming by reducing CO2
the amount of CO2 within the ice changes in several ways
the quality of the ice might be afected during the drilling
( )

however, since, with, then

1 3 3 this
1

2
3

About fifteen hundred years ago the Japanese imported many aspects of Chinese culture: the
writing system, political institutions, and perhaps most important, Buddhism. Buddhist priests were
expected to eat only vegetables, and tofu, made from the soybean, was a very important food in their
diet. When Buddhism was introduced from China, tofu was also brought to Japan.
Tofu developed in diferent ways in China and Japan. ( ) the Chinese often changed the taste of
tofu by mixing it with strongly-favored vegetables or meat, the Japanese preferred to eat it using only
a simple sauce. Even now, traditional Japanese cooking preserves the original delicacy of tofu, though
the way it is served may change from season to season. In summer, for example, it is simply served
cold, while in winter it is often eaten as part of a hot dish.
The soybean was introduced to the West in the eighteenth century, but little interest was taken in it;
only scientists recognized its high food value. During the Second World War, when meat was in short
supply, the U.S. government encouraged the American people to eat soybean products. However,
they never became very popular and, after the war, interest in them dropped of ( ) the supply of
meat became plentiful again.
In recent years, people in the West have become increasingly aware of the dangers of eating
too much animal fat, and ( ), they have turned more and more to soybean products. ( ) the
soybean provides almost the same food value as meat, and in addition is a lot more healthful. Much
of the margarine, salad oil, and cooking oil in daily use is now produced from soybean oil. Tofu,
representative soybean product and originally one of the main foods in the diet of Chinese priests, is
considered to be one of the healthiest foods available to man.
(1990 )
14
( )
1 Tofu came to Japan together with Buddhism, because ( ).
Buddhist priests ate tofu rather than vegetables.
it was a very important food in the diet of Buddhist priests.
the religion came to Japan together with political institutions.
the religion was the most important aspect of Chinese culture.

Japanese tofu dishes difer from Chinese tofu dishes in that ( ).

the original taste of tofu is preserved in Japanese dishes.
they are served the same way throughout the year.
they have a better taste than Chinese tofu dishes.
they have a greater variety than Chinese tofu dishes.
3 During the Second World War the United States government encouraged the American people
to eat soybean products because ( ).
Americans recognized their high food value.
little interest was taken in the soybean.
meat was less available than before.
they were found to taste very good.
4 The reason people in the West have become more and more interested in tofu and other
soybean products is that ( ).
eating too much animal fat considered unhealthy.
meat has become too expensive to buy.
these products are more readily available.
they have become tired of eating meat
( )

this is mainly because, while, for example, as, as a result

Butterfies are insects as familiar to us as dragonfies.
1
Many of us remember chasing them in the
countryside or seeing them pinned neatly in boxes in museums. There are many people who collect
butterfies ( ) they are fascinated by their beauty and variety. Butterfy shapes have also been used
for pattern on kimono for a long time. Nowadays butterfies are usually considered to be objects of
beauty.
In the early stages of Japanese history, however, butterfies were not as popular as they are today.
For example, in the eighth-century Manyoshu, one of the oldest collections of Japanese poetry, the
word butterfy is mentioned only twice. ( ), insect names such as cricket appear more frequently.
This may be due to the ancient Japanese attitude toward butterfies. In those days butterfies were
feared and respected because they were thought to be the souls of people who had just died. Later
their fearful image grew as Buddhist priests taught people of death and life after death. ( ), the
butterfly as a symbol of the human soul came to be associated with death in the minds of many
people. Butterfies were, therefore, not just delicate, beautiful creatures.
The image of butterflies gradually changed along with our ancestors views of life and nature. (
) time went on, butterfies began to draw the attention of artists and craftsmen, and
2
the ancient
Japanese fear of them was replaced by feelings of admiration as their beauty was more deeply
appreciated. Butterfies are a good example of how peoples attitudes toward familiar things around
us can change over time. (1990 )
( )
1 What was the attitude of people to butterfies in the days of the Manyoshu? ( ).
They considered butterfies suitable subjects for poetry.
They regarded butterfies as the image of Buddha.
They respected and feared butterfies.
They were indiferent to butterfies.
15

What do many Japanese think of butterfies today? ( ).

They are a symbol of spring.
They are fearful and mysterious.
They are objects of beauty.
They are the souls of ancient people.
3 Who helped create and spread the modern image of butterfies? ( ).
Artists and craftsmen.
Buddhist priests.
Butterfy collectors.
Poets in the days of the Manyoshu.
4 What does the writer say about butterfies on this passage? ( ).
Butterfies have always fascinated insect collectors and craftsmen.
Butterfies should be feared and respected.
Peoples images of butterfies have changed over time.
The beauty of butterfies has been appreciated throughout history.
( )

on the other hand, as a result, as, because

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