Solved Problems: Chapter 2

2.5 A source which can be represented by a voltage source of 8 V rms in series with an internal resistance of 2
k is connected to a 50- load resistance through an ideal transformer !alculate the value of turns ratio for
which ma"imum power is supplied to the load and the corresponding load power# $sing %A&'A() plot the the
power in milliwatts supplied to the load as a function of the transformer ratio) covering ratios from *0 to *00
Solution:
+or ma"imum power transfer) the load resistance ,referred to the primary- must be e.ual to the source resistance

2
2 *
2
2000
2000 /02
50
L L L
N
R R n R n
N

= = = = =


&he primary current1
2 2
2
* * 2
2ower supplied to the load1 8 m3
2 4 4
s s s
load L s
s s s
V V V
I P R I R
R R R
= = = = =

+or a general turns ratio n1
2
2 2
* * 2 2
s s s
load L L
s L s L s L
V V V
I P R I n R
R R R n R R n R

= = = =

+ + +


2.10 A 4/0-V12400-V transformer has a series leakage reactance of 052 as referred to the high-voltage side A
load connected to the low-voltage side is observed to be absorbing 25 k3) unity power factor) and the voltage is
measured to be 450 V !alculate the corresponding voltage and power factor as measured at the high-voltage
terminals
Solution:
6econdary current1
2 *
25000 4/0
5555 A 2rimary current 5555 *0/5 A
450 2400
load
load
P
I I
V
= = = = =
2rimary voltage1 ( )
* * 2 2
2400
052 450 20458 V
4/0
V j I V V = + = =
( ) ( )
* * 2
052 052 *0/5 20458 20458 07/*8 208*0 758 V V j I V j j = + = + = + =
o

2ower factor at primary terminals1 cos,758

- 8 078/* lagging
2.11 &he resistances and leakage reactances of a 00-kVA) /0-9:) 2400-V1240-V distribution transformer are
;* 8 0/8 ;2 8 000/8
<l* 8 58 Xl2 8 00580
where subscript * denotes the 2400-V winding and subscript 2 denotes the 240-V winding =ach .uantity is
referred to its own side of the transformer
a >raw the e.uivalent circuit referred to ,i- the high- and ,ii- the low-voltage sides 'abel the
impedances numerically
b !onsider the transformer to deliver its rated kVA to a load on the low-voltage side with 200 V
across the load ,i- +ind the high-side terminal voltage for a load power factor of 085 lagging ,ii-
+ind the high-side terminal voltage for a load power factor of 085 leading
c !onsider a rated-kVA load connected at the low-voltage terminals operating at 240V $se
%A&'A( to plot the high-side terminal voltage as a function of the power-factor angle as the load
power factor varies from 0/ leading through unity power factor to 0/ pf lagging
j 58 0/8 0/8 j 58
240 1 2400
?
V
9
@
?
V
'
@
A
9
?
V
9
@
?
V
'
@
240 1 2400
j 0058 j 0058 000/8 000/8
A
'
?
V
send
@
feeder
Z
f
= 75? j 0/0
05 1 24
?
V
9
@
?
V
load
@
Z
eq
= 020 + j *25
?
V
load
@
I
load
?
V '
9
@
Solution:
,a-
,i- referred to the 9V side
,ii- referred to the 'V side
,b- $sing the e.uivalent circuit referred to the 9V side) 200 0 V
L
V =
o
'oad current1
00000
708 A where is the pf angle , 0 for leading pf-
200
load
I = = >
;eferred to the 9V side1 708 A 2000 0 ,*0/ *5/-708
H H L H H
I V V Z I j = = + = + +
o
2000 *255/8cos *4/028sin ,*4/028cos *255/8sin -
H
V j = + + +
pf 8 085 leading 0*57 22005/ *0** 2205/ 00/ V
H
V j = = + =
o o
pf 8 085 lagging 0*57 208570 **5// 207080 282 V
H
V j = = + =
o o
2.13 A single-phase load is supplied through a 05-kV feeder whose impedance is 75 ? j0/0 and a 05-kV12400-
V transformer whose e.uivalent impedance is ,020 ? j*25- referred to its low-voltage side &he load is */0
k3 at 087 leading power factor and 2040 V
a !ompute the voltage at the high-voltage terminals of the transformer
b. !ompute the voltage at the sending end of the feeder
c !ompute the power and reactive power input at the sending end of the feeder
Solution:
,a- =.uivalent circuit for the transformer and load1



0
*
*/0 *0
cos 5/80 A
2040 087
cos 087 25*0 leading 5/80 25*0 A
L load load load
load
P V I I
I

= = =

= = =
o o

&he 9V side voltage referred to the 'V side1

,020 *25-,5/80 25*0 - 2040 20**2 747 V
05
005* *084 kV 00504 kV
24
H eq load L
H H H
V Z I V j j
V V j V
= + = + + = +
= = + =
o
,b- 'oad current referred to the 9V side1
24
5/80 25*0 52/80 25*0 A
05
load feed
I I = = =
o o

,75 0/0- 52/80 25*0 005* *084 0028/ 00 kV
0045 kV
send f feed H
send
V Z I V j j j
V
= + = + + + = +
=
o

2.17 &he following data were obtained for a 20-kVA) /0-9:) 24001240-V distribution transformer tested at /0
9:1
Voltage, Current, Poer,
V A 3
3ith high-voltage winding open-circuited 240 *008 *22
3ith low-voltage terminals short-circuited /*0 800 255
a !ompute the efficiency at full-load current and the rated terminal voltage at 08 power factor
b Assume that the load power factor is varied while the load current and secondary terminal voltage are held
constant $se a phasor diagram to determine the load power factor for which the regulation is greatest 3hat is this
regulation#
Solution:
,a- ;ated current on the 9V side 8 20 kVA B 2400 8 800 A &herefore) total power loss at full load current1
2'8 *22 ? 255 8 057 3 'oad power at full load) 08 pf 8 08 C 20 k3 8 */ k3 &herefore) input power
8 */ ? 0057 8 */057 k3 efficiency 8 ,*/ B */057- C *00D 8 755 D
,b- &he e.uivalent impedance of the transformer1
) ) ) eq H eq H eq H
Z R jX = +

) ) 2 2
2 2
) ) )
255 /*0
05 50/
800 800
, - , - /0/
sc sc
eq H eq H
sc sc
eq H eq H eq H
P V
R Z
I I
X Z R
= = = = = =
= =
'et load current and voltage referred to the 9V side1 0
lH lH
V V I I = =
o

2 2 2 2
, - and
, cos - sin
, cos - , sin - 2 cos
s lH eq lH eq lH Z d d eq lH Z
d d
s d d d d
V V Z I V Z I V V V Z I
V V jV
V V V V V VV V



= + = + + = + +
= + +
= + + = + +
@ @


2 2 2
2
2 cos 2 cos
;egulation * *
s lH d d d d
lH
V V V VV V V V V
V V V V
+ +
= = = + +
&herefore) regulation is ma"imum when cos is ma"imum

*
cos * 0 tan 578*
;
eqH
Z Z
eqH
X



= = + = = = =



o

%a"imum regulation1

50/ 800 /*0* V
d
V = =
3hen
/*0*
0 ;egulation 002/ 2/D
2400
d
s d
V
V V V
V
= = + = = = =
o
?
?
V
9
@
I
s
E
E
?
V
'
@
Z
G
= j *//8 Z
eq
= 00005 + j 0085
2.37 A three-phase generator step-up transformer is rated 2/-kV1045-kV) 850 %VA and has a series impedance of
00005 ? F0085 per unit on this base Gt is connected to a 2/-kV) 800-%VA generator) which can be represented
as a voltage source in series with a reactance of j*55 per unit on the generator base
,a- !onvert the per unit generator reactance to the step-up transformer base
,b- &he unit is supplying 500 %3 at 045 kV and 075 power factor lagging to the system at the transformer
high-voltage terminals
,i- !alculate the transformer low-side voltage and the generator internal voltage behind its reactance in
kV
,ii- +ind the generator output power in %3 and the power factor
Solution:
,a- Hn the transformer base
850
*55 *//8 pu
800
gen
X

= =


,b- 2er-unit e.uivalent circuit1
(i) &ransformer low-side voltage and generator
internal voltage1
) )
)
)
045 kV) 2/ kV) 850 %VA
*0 0 pu
500 850
kA *200 kA kA *4225 kA
0 045 075 0 0 045
*200
08//8 pu 08//8 *82 pu
*4225
H;
base H base L base
H
base
s base H
base H
s s
V V VA
V
VA
I I
V
I I
= = =
=
= = = = =

= = =
o
o
500 08205
08205 pu 08//8 pu
850 cos * 075
s
p
H
p
P
P I
V
= = = = =

,00005 0085- *02/4 005* pu *0287 074

*0287 pu 2/55 kV
, *//8- *458 *4442 pu 20//4 4404 pu 2/ 20//4 5050 kV
L H s
L
G L s G
V V j I j
V
E V j I j E
= + + = + =
= =
= + = + = = =
o
o
,ii- Eenerator output power ,at its terminals-
*
*0287 074 08//8 *82 082/* 000/* pu
082/* 850 502*7 %3
000/*
power factor cos,tan - 072/0 lagging
082/*
G L s
G
! V I j
P

= = = +
= =
= =
o o