CHAPTER 7 WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER

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Activity 5.1
Section 7-1: Work
Problem
1. How much work do you do as you exert a 75-N
force to push a shopping cart through a 12-m-long
supermarket aisle?
Solution
If the force is constant and parallel to the displace-
ment, W =F r =Fr = (75 N)(12 m) = 900 J.
Problem
2. If the coecient of kinetic friction is 0.21, how
much work do you do when you slide a 50-kg box at
constant speed across a 4.8-m-wide room?
Solution
If you push parallel to a level oor, the applied force
equals the frictional force (since the acceleration is
zero), and the normal force equals the weight. The
applied force is constant and parallel to the
displacement, so W
a
= F
a
r = f
k
r =
k
N r =

k
mg r = 0.21(50 kg)(9.8 m/s
2
)(4.8 m) = 494 J.
Problem
3. A crane lifts a 650-kg beam vertically upward 23 m,
then swings it eastward 18 m. How much work does
the crane do? Neglect friction, and assume the
beam moves with constant speed?
Solution
Lifting the beam at constant speed, the crane exerts a
constant force vertically upward and equal in
magnitude to the weight of the beam. During the
horizontal swing, the force is the same, but is
perpendicular to the displacement. The work done is
F r = (mg) (y + x) = mg y = (650 kg)
(9.8 m/s
2
)(23 m) = 147 kJ.
Problem
4. You lift a 45-kg barbell from the ground to a height
of 2.5 m. (a) How much work do you do on the
barbell? (b) You hold the barbell aloft for 2.0 min.
How much work do you do on the barbell during
this time? (c) You lower the barbell to the ground.
Now how much work do you do on it?
Solution
(a) If we assume the barbell is lifted at a constant
velocity by a vertical applied force equal to the weight
and positive upward parallel to the displacement, then
W
app
= mg y = (45 kg)(9.8 m/s
2
)(2.5 m) = 1.10 kJ.
(b) Just holding the weight stationary, you must still
exert an applied force of mg to balance gravity, but
the displacement through which the force acts is zero.
Hence the work done on the barbell is also zero.
(Actually, individual muscle bers are continually
contracting even though the overall muscles are
stationary, so internal work is being done in your
muscles and you feel tired just holding a weight.)
(c) When the weight is lowered at constant velocity,
the upward applied force, mg, is opposite to the
displacement downward, y = 2.5 m; hence the work
done on the barbell is negative, W
app
= 1.10 kJ.
Problem
5. The worlds highest waterfall, the Cherun-Meru in
Venezuela, has a total drop of 980 m. How much
work does gravity do on a cubic meter of water
dropping down the Cherun-Meru?
Solution
The force of gravity at the Earths surface on a cubic
meter of water is F
g
= mg = 9.8 kN vertically
downward (see the inside book cover of the text for
the density of water). The displacement of the water
is parallel to this, so the work done by gravity on the
water is W
g
= F
g
y = (9.8 kN)(980 m) = 9.6 MJ.
Problem
6. A meteorite plunges to Earth, embedding itself
75 cm in the ground. If it does 140 MJ of work in
the process, what average force does the meteorite
exert on the ground?
Solution
The average force exerted by the meteorite parallel to
its penetration into the ground is F
av
= W/x =
140 MJ/0.75 m = 187 MN, or about 21,000 tons.
CHAPTER 7 83
Problem
7. You slide a box of books at constant speed up a
30

ramp, applying a force of 200 N directed up the

slope. The coecient of sliding friction is 0.18.
(a) How much work have you done when the box
has risen 1 m vertically? (b) What is the mass of
the box?
Solution
(a) The displacement up the ramp (parallel to the
applied force) is r = 1 m/ sin30

= 2 m, so W
a
=
F
a
r =(200 N)(2 m) = 400 J. (b) We could easily
solve Newtons second law, with zero acceleration, to
nd the mass, m = F
a
/g(sin +
k
cos ), but it is
instructive to obtain the same result using the concept
of work. The work done by gravity is F
g
r =
F
g
(x +y) = mg y = m(9.8 m/s
2
)(1 m) =
m(9.8 J/kg) (see Example 7-9). The work done by
friction is f
k
r = f
k
r =
k
N r =
k

(mg cos 30

) r = 0.18m(9.8 m/s
2
)(2 m) cos 30

=
m(3.06 J/kg). The total work is zero (v is constant
in the work-energy theorem), so 0 = 400 J m
(9.8 + 3.06) J/kg, or m = 400 J/(12.86 J/kg) =
31.1 kg.
Problem 7 Solution.
Problem
8. Two people push a stalled car at its front doors,
each applying a 280-N force at 25

to the forward
direction, as shown in Fig. 7-25. How much work
does each do in pushing the car 5.6 m?
25
25
figure 7-25 Problem 8.
Solution
From symmetry, the displacement is in the forward
direction, so the work done by each person is W
a
=
F
a
r = F
a
r cos = (280 N)(5.6 m) cos 25

=
1.42 kJ.
Problem
9. A locomotive does 7.9 10
11
J of work in pulling a
3.410
5
-kg train 180 km. What is the average force
in the coupling between the locomotive and the rest
of the train?
Solution
If we dene the average force by W = F
av
r, then
F
av
= 7.910
11
J/180 km = 4.39 MN. (The trains
mass is not required to answer this question.)
Problem
10. An elevator of mass m rises a distance h up a
vertical shaft with upward acceleration equal to
one-tenth g. How much work does the elevator
cable do on the elevator?
Solution
To give the elevator a constant upward acceleration
a
y
= 0.1 g, the tension in the cable must satisfy
T mg = ma
y
, or T = m(g +a
y
) = 1.1mg. Acting
over a parallel displacement y = h upward, the
tension does work W
T
= T y = 1.1 mgh on the
elevator.
Section 7-2: Work and the Scalar Product
Problem
11. Show that the scalar product obeys the
distributive law: A (B+C) =A B+A C.
Problem 11 Solution.
Solution
This follows easily from the denition of the scalar
product in terms of components: A (B+C) =
A
x
(B
x
+C
x
) +A
y
(B
y
+C
y
) +A
z
(B
z
+C
z
) = A
x
B
x
+
A
y
B
y
+A
z
B
z
+A
x
C
x
+A
y
C
y
+A
z
C
z
= A B+A C.
With more eort, it also follows from trigonometry.
First:
Dsin(
D

B
) = C sin(
C

B
) (law of sines),
84 CHAPTER 7
D =
_
B
2
+C
2
+ 2BC cos(
C

B
) (law of cosines),
and
cos =
_
1 sin
2

together give
Dcos(
D

B
) = B +C cos(
C

B
).
Second:
A D=ADcos
D
=AD[cos(
D

B
) cos
B
sin(
D

B
) sin
B
]
=A[B +C cos(
C

B
)] cos
B
A[C sin(
C

B
)] sin
B
=ABcos
B
+AC[cos(
C

B
) cos
B
sin(
C

B
) sin
B
]
=A B+A C.
We used the identity for cos ( +) from Appendix A.
Problem
12. (a) Find the scalar products , and

k

k.
(b) Find the scalar products ,

k,

k.
(c) Use the distributive law to multiply out the
scalar product of two arbitrary vectors
A=A
x
+A
y
+A
z

k and B=B
x
+B
y
+B
z

k.
Then use the results of parts (a) and (b) to verify
Equation 7-4.
Solution
(a) The dot product of any vector with itself equals its
magnitude squared, A A = A
2
cos 0

= A
2
. For any
unit vector, n n=1. (b) If two vectors are
perpendicular, their dot product is zero, A B=
ABcos 90

= 0 if AB. The unit vectors , , and

k
are mutually perpendicular; hence = k=k =0.
(c) A B=(A
x
+A
y
+A
z

k) (B
x
+B
y
+B
z

k) =
A
x
B
x
+A
x
B
y
+A
x
B
z

k+A
y
B
x
+
A
y
B
y
+A
y
B
z

k+A
z
B
x

k +A
z
B
y

k +
A
z
B
z

k=A
x
B
x
+A
y
B
y
+A
z
B
z
. (We also used the
commutative law, = =0, etc.)
Problem
13. One vector has magnitude 15 units, and another
6.5 units. Find their scalar product if the angle
between them is (a) 27

and (b) 78

.
Solution
(a) A B=(15u)(6.5u) cos 27

= 86.9u
2
. (b) A B=
(15u)(6.5u) cos 78

= 20.3u
2
. (Note: We used u as the
symbol for the unspecied units.)
Problem
14. Given the following vectors:
A has magnitude 10 and points 30

above the x-axis

B has magnitude 4.0 and points 10

to the left of the

y-axis
C=5.6 3.1
D=1.9 +7.2,
compute the scalar products (a) A B (b) C D
(c) B C.
Solution
(a) The angle between A and B is 60

+ 10

= 70

, so
A B = (10)(4) cos 70

= 13.7 (Note: units are ignored

in this problem.) (b) In terms of components, C D=
(5.6)(1.9) + (3.1)(7.2) = 11.7. (c) Express B in
components (4 cos 100

+ 4 sin100

), or C by
magnitude and direction (6.40 at 29.0

below the
x-axis). In either case, B C=(4 cos 100

)(5.6) +
(4 sin 100

)(3.1) = 4(6.4) cos 129

= 16.1.
Problem
15. (a) Find the scalar product of the vectors a +b
and b a, and (b) determine the angle between
them. (Here a and b are arbitrary constants.)
Solution
(a) (a +b) (b a) =ab +b(a) = 0. (b) The
vectors are perpendicular, so = 90

.
Problem
16. Rework Example 7-5 using Equation 7-3 instead of
Equation 7-4.
Solution
F has magnitude

490
2
+ 230
2
N and direction =
tan
1
(230/490) = 25.1

above the x-axis; |r| =

1.77
2
+ 1.90
2
m at 47.0

above the x-axis. Therefore,

F r =(541 N)(2.60 m) cos(47.0

25.1

) = 1.30 kJ.
Problem
17. Use Equations 7-3 and 7-4 to show that the angle
between the vectors A=a
x
+a
y
, and B=b
x
+
b
y
is
= cos
1
_
a
x
b
x
+a
y
b
y
[(a
2
x
+a
2
y
)(b
2
x
+b
2
y
)]
1/2
_
.
Solution
A B=a
x
b
x
+a
y
b
y
=
_
a
2
x
+a
2
y
_
b
2
x
+b
2
y
cos , from
which the desired expression for follows directly.
CHAPTER 7 85
Problem
18. Find the angles between all three pairs of the
vectors A=3 +2, B= +6, C=7 2.
Solution
The result of the previous problem gives the angle
between any two vectors as
AB
= cos
1
(A B/AB).
(We are using
AB
for the magnitude of the angle
between A and B, which by denition is in the range
0

to 180

.) Therefore:

AB
=cos
1
_
3(1) + 2(6)

3
2
+ 2
2
_
(1)
2
+ 6
2
_
= 65.8

AC
=cos
1
_
3(7) + 2(2)

13
_
7
2
+ (2)
2
_
= 49.6

, and

BC
=cos
1
_
(1)7 + 6(2)

37

53
_
= 115

.
(Note that for any three vectors in a plane, one of the
above angles is equal to the sum of the other two.)
Problem
19. Find the work done by a force F=1.8 +2.2 N as
it acts on an object moving from the origin to the
point r =56 + 31 m.
Solution
The force is constant, and r is the displacement from
the origin, so the work done by F is W = F r =
[(1.8)(56) + (2.2)(31)] N m=169 J.
Problem
20. A force F=14 +11 N acts on an object. Find
the work done by the force if the object moves
from the origin to the point (a) 28 +22 m and
(b) 22 28 m.
Solution
The work done by a constant force F acting over a
displacement r from the origin is W =F r. For the
given vectors, the scalar product can be calculated
from Equation 7-4, W
a
= (1428 + 1122) J =
634 J for part (a), or W
b
= (1422 1128) J = 0 for
part (b). However, one could observe that F is parallel
to r in part (a), since the slopes are equal
(F
y
/F
x
= y/x), and that F is perpendicular to r in
part (b), since the product of the slopes is minus one
((F
y
/F
x
)(y/x) = 1). Then Equation 7-3 gives
W
a
= 2(14
2
+ 11
2
) J and W
b
= 0.
Problem
21. A force F=67 +23 +55

k N is applied to a
body as it moves in a straight line from r
1
=
16 +31 to r
2
=21 +10 +14

k m. How much
work is done by the force?
Solution
W =F r =F (r
2
r
1
) =[67(21 16) + 23(10
31) + 55(14)] Nm = 622 J.
Problem
22. A rope pulls a box a horizontal distance of 23 m,
as shown in Fig. 7-26. If the rope tension is 120 N,
and if the rope does 2500 J of work on the box,
what angle does it make with the horizontal?
Solution
W = 2500 J = (120 N)(23 m) cos , so = 25.1

.
figure 7-26 Problem 22 Solution.
Section 7-3: A Varying Force
Problem
23. Find the total work done by the force shown in
Fig. 7-27 as the object on which it acts moves
(a) from x = 0 to x = 3 km; (b) from x = 3 km to
x = 4 km.
Distance (km)
1
10
F
o
r
c
e

(
N
)
2 3 4
20
30
40
50
figure 7-27 Problem 23.
86 CHAPTER 7
Solution
The work done by a one-dimensional force is
(Equation 7-8) W =
x2
x1
F(x) dx. From Fig. 7-27,
F(x) is a linear function in the two intervals specied:
F(x) =
_
_
_
(40 N/3 km)x, for 0 x 3 km.
40 N(40 N/km)
(x 3 km), for 3 km x 4 km.
(Use the slope/intercept equation for a straight line,
y = mx +b, to verify this.) Therefore:
(a) W
03
=
_
3 km
0
_
40 N
3 km
_
x dx
=
_
40 N
3 km
_
(3 km)
2
2
= 60 kJ,
(b) W
34
=
_
4 km
3 km
_
40 N
km
_
(4 kmx) dx
=
_
40 N
km
_

(4 km)x
x
2
2

4 km
3 km
= 20 kJ.
(Of course, the triangular areas under the force vs
distance curve could have been calculated in ones
head; however, it is instructive to understand the
general method for evaluating Equation 7-8.)
Problem
24. Find the total work done by the force shown in
Fig. 7-28, as the object on which it acts moves
from x = 0 to x = 5.0 m.
Solution
The work is the area under the graph between x = 0
and 5 m, as shown. The seven squares and four
triangles represent 10.5 J of work.
Distance (m)
1
1
F
o
r
c
e

(
N
)
2 3 4 5
2
3
4
6
figure 7-28 Problem 24 Solution.
Problem
25. A force F acts in the x direction, its magnitude
given by F = ax
2
, where x is in meters, and a is
exactly 5 N/m
2
. (a) Find an exact value for the
work done by this force as it acts on a particle
moving from x = 0 to x = 6 m. Now nd
approximate values for the work by dividing the
area under the force curve into rectangles of width
(b) x = 2 m; (c) x = 1 m; (d) x =
1
2
m with
height equal to the magnitude of the force in the
center of the interval. Calculate the percent error
in each case.
Solution
(a) W =
x2
x1
F dx =
6 m
0
ax
2
dx =
1
3
a

x
3

6 m
0
=
1
3
(5 N/m
2
)(6 m)
3
= 360 J. (b) W

3
i=1
F(x
i
) x
i
,
where x
i
= 1 m, 3 m, 5 m are the midpoints, and
x
i
= 2 m. Then W (5 N/m
2
)(1
2
+ 3
2
+ 5
2
)
m
2
(2 m) = 350 J. The percent error is only =
100(360 350)/360 = 2.78%. (c) Now, x
i
= 0.5, 1.5,
2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 (in meters), and x
i
= 1 m.
W

6
i=1
F(x
i
) x
i
= (5 N/m
2
)(0.5 m)
2
(1
2
+ 3
2
+
5
2
+7
2
+9
2
+11
2
)(1 m) = 357.5 J, and = 100(2.5)
360 = 0.694%. (d) W

12
i=1
F(x
i
)x
i
= (5 N/m
2
)
(0.25 m)
2
(1
2
+ 3
2
+ + 23
2
)(0.5 m) = 359.375 J
with = 0.174%. (The direct calculation of the sum is
tedious, but we can use the formula for the sum of the
squares of the rst n numbers, namely

n
1
k
2
=
1
6
n(n + 1)(n + 2). The sum in question is

12
k=1

(2k 1)
2
=

23
k=1
k
2

11
k=1
(2k)
2
= 4324 2024 =
2300.)
Problem
26. A spring has spring constant k = 200 N/m. How
much work does it take to stretch the spring
(a) 10 cm from equilibrium and (b) from 10 cm to
20 cm from equilibrium?
Solution
(a) W =
1
2
kx
2
(from Equation 7-10) =
1
2
(200 N/m)
(0.1 m)
2
= 1 J. (b) W =
1
2
k(x
2
2
x
2
1
) =
1
2
(200 N/m)
[(0.2 m)
2
(0.1 m)
2
] = 3 J. (The work to stretch the
spring from 0 to 20 cm is four times the work in
part (a), or 4 J, so the work in part (b) is
4 J 1 J = 3 J.)
Problem
27. A certain amount of work is required to stretch
spring A a certain distance. Twice as much work
is required to stretch spring B half that distance.
Compare the spring constants of the two springs.
CHAPTER 7 87
Solution
We are given W
A
=
1
2
k
A
x
2
and W
B
=
1
2
k
B
(x/2)
2
=
1
8
k
B
x
2
= 2W
A
= k
A
x
2
. Therefore k
B
= 8k
A
.
Problem
28. On graph paper, draw an accurate force-distance
curve for the force of Example 7-8, and obtain a
solution to that example by determining
graphically the area under the curve.
Solution
We can superimpose a grid on Fig. 7-16 and count
rectangles. The area represented by one rectangle is
1 kJ, and there are about six and one half such
rectangles under the curve between x = 0 and 10 m.
Thus, W 6.5 kJ.
figure 7-16 Problem 28 Solution.
Problem
29. A force F acts in the x direction; its x component
is given by F = F
0
cos(x/x
0
), where F
0
= 51 N
and x
0
= 13 m. Calculate the work done by this
force acting on an object as it moves from x = 0
to x = 37 m. Hint: Consult Appendix A for the
integral of the cosine function and treat the
argument of the cosine as a quantity in radians.
Solution
From Equation 7-8:
W =
_
37 m
0
F
0
cos
x
x
0
dx = F
0

x
0
sin
x
x
0

37 m
0
=(51 N)(13 m) sin(37/13) = 193 J.
Problem
30. Work the preceding problem graphically by
making an accurate plot of the
force-versus-distance curve on graph paper, and
determining the area (in units of work) under the
curve.
Problem 30 Solution.
Solution
The work is the area under a cosine curve, which the
student may plot if so required. The force reverses
direction when x =
1
2
x
0
20.4 m. The area
between this and 37 m lies below the x-axis and must
be counted as negative.
Problem
31. A force given by F = a

x acts in the x direction,

where a = 9.5 N/m
1/2
. Calculate the work done
by this force acting on an object as it moves
(a) from x = 0 to x = 3 m; (b) from x = 3 m to
x = 6 m; (c) from 6 m to 9 m.
Solution
From Equations 7-8 and 7-9:
W
x1x2
=
_
x2
x1
ax
1/2
dx =
ax
3/2
(3/2)

x2
x1
=
_
2a
3
_
(x
3/2
2
x
3/2
1
).
Therefore, (a) W
03
= (2/3)(9.5 N/m
1/2
)(3 m)
3/2
=
32.9 J, (b) W
36
= (6.33 Nm
1/2
)[(6 m)
3/2

(3 m)
3/2
] = 60.2 J, and (c) W
69
= 77.9 J.
Problem
32. A force given by F = b/

x acts in the x direction,

where b is a constant with the units Nm
1/2
. Show
that even though the force becomes arbitrarily
large as x approaches 0, the work done in moving
from x
1
to x
2
remains nite even as x
1
approaches
zero. Find an expression for that work in the limit
x
1
0.
Solution
W =
x2
x1
bx
1/2
dx =

2bx
1/2

x2
x1
= 2b(

x
2

x
1
),
which is nite for x
1
0. In fact, W = 2b

x
2
, for
88 CHAPTER 7
x
1
0.
Problem
33. The force exerted by a rubber band is given
approximately by
F = F
0
_

0
+x

2
0
(
0
+x)
2
_
,
where
0
is the unstretched length, x the stretch,
and F
0
is a constant (although F
0
varies with
temperature). Find the work needed to stretch the
rubber band a distance x.
Solution
W =
_
x
0
F
0
_

0
+x

2
0
(
0
+x

)
2
_
dx

= F
0

0
_

0
x

+
x
2
2
_
+

2
0

0
+x

x
0
= F
0
_
x +
x
2
2
0
+

2
0

0
+x

0
_
.
(x

is a dummy variable)
Section 7-4: Force and Work in
Three Dimensions
Problem
34. A car drives 3.1 km southward, propelled by the
6.3-kN force of friction between its tires and the
road. It then turns eastward and goes another
1.8 km; during this stretch the frictional force is
5.1 kN. Finally, the car turns toward the southeast
and goes 2.6 km while the frictional force is
6.8 kN. Find the total work done on the car by the
frictional force, assuming the force always acts in
the direction of the cars motion.
Solution
Since the frictional force is in the direction of motion
on each segment, this problem reduces to three
one-dimensional calculations: W = (6.3 kN)(3.1 km) +
(5.1 kN)(1.8 km) + (6.8 kN)(2.6 km) = 46.4 MJ.
Problem
35. A particle moves from point A to point B along
the semicircular path of radius R, as shown in
Fig. 7-29. It is subject to a force of constant
magnitude F. Find the work done by the force
(a) if the force always points upward in Fig. 7-29,
(b) if the force always points to the right in
Fig. 7-29, and (c) if the force always points in the
direction of the particles motion.
Solution
(a) and (b) If the force is a constant vector (in
magnitude and direction) it may be factored out from
under the integral in the work (which is the limit of a
sum) to yield W =
B
A
F dr =F
B
A
dr. The
remaining integral is the sum of the displacements
around a semicircle, which is just the total vector
displacement along the diameter, from A to B in
Fig. 7-29. If we introduce x-y coordinates to the right
and upward, respectively, with origin at the center of
the semicircle, then
B
A
dr =

AB=2R. For F=F,
W = F 2R =0, and for F=F, W = F 2R =
2RF. (c) If the force is constant in magnitude and
parallel to dr along the path, then F dr =F |dr|, and
W = F
B
A
|dr|, where the scalar integral is now just
the length of the semicircular path. Thus W = RF.
(Note that the symbol dr is a displacement along the
path, so |dr| is an element of path length, not the
dierential of the radius. Where confusion might arise,
one can use d for path element, as in Chapters 25, 30,
and 31.)
figure 7-29 Problem 35 Solution.
Problem
36. A cylindrical log of radius R lies half buried in the
ground, as shown in Fig. 7-30. An ant of mass m
climbs to the top of the log. Show that the work
done by gravity on the ant is mgR.
figure 7-30 Problem 36.
CHAPTER 7 89
Solution
If we let dr =dx +dy, as in Example 7-9 (where is
horizontal to the right and is vertical upward) then
W
g
=
2
1
F
g
dr =
2
1
(mg) (dx +dy) =
mg
y2
y1
dy = mg(y
2
y
1
) = mgR. (The dierence
in height going from the ground to the top of a half-
buried log is just the radius.) Another way of
obtaining this result is to use reasoning similar to that
in the solution to Problem 35. The force of gravity is
constant and can be taken outside the integral, W
g
=

2
1
F
g
dr =F
g

2
1
dr. The integral left is the total
displacement,
2
1
dr = R R (if we take origin at the
center of the logs cross-section), so W
g
=
(mg) (R R) = mgR. Finally, one could use
Equation 7-3 for the dot product, as shown:
W
g
=
_
2
1
F
g
dr =
_
2
1
mg cos |dr|
=
_
/2
0
mg cos Rd = mgR|sin|
/2
0
=mgR.
Problem 36 Solution.
Problem
37. A particle of mass m moves from the origin to the
point x = 3 m, y = 6 m along the curve y =
ax
2
bx, where a = 2 m
1
and b = 4. It is subject
to a force F = cxy + d where c = 10 N/m
2
, and
d = 15 N. Calculate the work done by the force.
Solution
Since the equation for the curve gives y as a function
of x, we can eliminate y and dy in the line integral for
the work:
W =
_
r2
r1
F dr =
_
(3,6)
(0,0)
(F
x
dx +F
y
dy)
=
_
3
0
[cx(ax
2
bx) +d(2ax b)] dx
=

c
_
a
x
4
4
b
x
3
3
_
+d
_
2a
x
2
2
bx
_

3
0
=(45 + 90) J = 135 J,
where the given values for the constants were used,
and all distances are in meters.
Problem
38. Repeat the preceding problem for the case when
the particle moves rst along the x-axis from the
origin to the point (3,0), then parallel to the y-axis
until it reaches (3,6).
Solution
The path element dr equals dx for the rst part of
the path and dy for the second. The line integral for
the work becomes:
W =
_
(3,0)
(0,0)
F dx +
_
(3,6)
(3,0)
F dy
=
_
3
0
F
x
(y = 0) dx +
_
6
0
F
y
(x = 3) dy
= 0 +
_
6
0
d dy = (15 N)(6 m) = 90 J.
(Note: the x component of F on the rst part of the
path, F
x
(y = 0), is xy = 0, and the y component of F
is d.)
Problem
39. You put your little sister (mass m) on a swing
whose chains have length , and pull slowly back
until the swing makes an angle with the vertical.
Show that the work you do is mg(1 cos ).
Solution
The path is a circular arc (of radius and dierential
arc length |dr| = d) so that only the tangential (or
parallel) components of any forces acting do work on
the swing; the radial (or perpendicular) components do
no work since the dot product with the path element
is zero. Thus, the tension in the chains and the radial
components of gravity or the applied force do no work.
If you pull slowly, so that the tangential acceleration is
zero, then F
||
= mg sin , and the work you do is
W =
_

0
F dr =
_

0
F
||
|dr| =
_

0
mg sin d
=mg |cos |

0
= mg(1 cos ).
(Since forces perpendicular to the path of the swing do
no work, all the work you do, for zero tangential
acceleration, is done against gravity, W = W
g
. But
90 CHAPTER 7
Problem 39 Solution.
W
g
= mg y (as in Example 7-9), where y is the
change in height of the swing. In this case, y =
cos , which gives the same W as above.)
Section 7-5: Kinetic Energy
Problem
40. A 2.410
5
kg jet is cruising at 900 km/h. What is
the kinetic energy relative to the ground? A 65-kg
passenger strolls down the aisle at 3.1 km/h. What
is the passengers kinetic energy in the reference
frame of (a) the plane and (b) the ground?
Solution
(a) K
jet
=
1
2
(2.410
5
kg)(900 m/3.6 s)
2
= 7.50 GJ (see
Table 1-1). (b) Relative to the plane, K

pass
=
1
2
(65 kg)
(3.1 m/3.6 s)
2
= 24.1 J, but (c), relative to the ground
(the reference frame used in part (a)), the speed of the
passenger is 900 3.1 km/h, depending on his or her
direction down the aisle. Therefore K
pass
=
1
2
(65 kg)(900 3.1)
2
(1 m/3.6 s)
2
= 2.05 MJ or
2.02 MJ.
Problem
41. Electrons in a color TV tube are accelerated to
25% of the speed of light. How much work does
the TV tube do on each electron? (At this speed,
relativity introduces small but measurable
corrections; here you neglect these eects.) See
inside front cover for the electron mass.
Solution
From the work-energy theorem, W
net
= K =
1
2
m
e
(0.25 c)
2
= 0.5(9.1110
31
kg)(0.253
10
8
m/s)
2
= 2.5610
15
J = 16.0 keV.
Problem
42. In a cyclotron used to produce radioactive
isotopes for medical research, deuterium nuclei
(mass 3.310
27
kg) are given kinetic energies of
8.810
13
J. What is their speed? Compare with
the speed of light.
Solution
v =
_
2K
m
=
_
2(8.810
13
J)
3.310
27
kg
_
1/2
= 2.3110
7
m/s = 0.077c
Problem
43. At what speed must a 950-kg subcompact car be
moving to have the same kinetic energy as a
3.210
4
-kg truck going 20 km/h?
Solution
We want
1
2
m
C
v
2
C
=
1
2
m
T
v
2
T
, so v
C
= v
T
_
m
T
/m
C
=
(20 km/h)
_
(3.210
4
kg)/(950 kg) = 5.80v
T
=
116 km/h.
Problem
44. A 60-kg skateboarder comes over the top of a hill
at 5.0 m/s, and reaches 10 m/s at the bottom of
the hill. Find the total work done on the
skateboarder between the top and bottom of the
hill.
Solution
The work-energy theorem, Equation 7-16, gives
W
net
= K =
1
2
m(v
2
2
v
2
1
) =
1
2
(60 kg)
(10
2
5
2
)(m/s)
2
= 2.25 kJ.
Problem
45. Two unknown elementary particles pass through a
detection chamber. If they have the same kinetic
energy and their mass ratio is 4 : 1, what is the
ratio of their speeds?
Solution
If m
1
= 4m
2
and K
1
= K
2
, then v
1
=
_
2K
1
/m
1
=
_
m
2
v
2
2
/m
1
= v
2
_
m
2
/m
1
=
1
2
v
2
; a mass ratio of 4 : 1
corresponds to a speed ratio of 1 : 2 if the kinetic
energy is the same.
CHAPTER 7 91
Problem
46. You do 8.5 J of work to stretch a spring of spring
constant k = 190 N/m, starting with the spring
unstretched. How far does the spring stretch?
Solution
The work done on a spring in stretching it a distance x
from its unstretched length is (Equation 7-10) W =
1
2
kx
2
. Thus x =
_
2W/k =
_
2(8.5 J)/(190 N/m) =
29.9 cm. (See also Example 7-7(a).)
Problem
47. After a tornado, a 0.50-g drinking straw was found
embedded 4.5 cm in a tree. Subsequent
measurements showed that the tree would exert a
stopping force of 70 N on the straw. What was the
straws speed when it hit the tree?
Solution
Since the stopping force (70 N) is so much larger than
the weight of the straw (0.0049 N), we may assume
that the net work done is essentially that done by just
the stopping force, and use the work-energy theorem,
W
net
= K. The force is opposite to the displacement,
so F r = 0
1
2
mv
2
, or v =
_
2Fr/m =
_
2(70 N)(0.045 m)/0.510
3
kg = 112 m/s
( 250 mi/h).
Problem
48. You drop a 150-g baseball from a sixth-story
window 16 m above the ground. What are (a) its
kinetic energy and (b) its speed when it hits the
ground? Neglect air resistance.
Solution
(b) The speed of the baseball (magnitude of the
velocity) follows from Equation 2-11, the initial
conditions (with y = 0 at ground level) and the neglect
of air resistance: v =
_
2g(y y
0
) =
_
2(9.8 m/s
2
)(16 m) = 17.7 m/s. (a) The kinetic
energy is K =
1
2
mv
2
=
1
2
(0.150 kg)(17.7 m/s)
2
=
23.5 J. Alternatively, K =
1
2
m(2gy
0
) = mgy
0
, and
v =
_
2K/m.
Problem
49. A hospital patients leg slipped o the stretcher
and his heel hit the concrete oor. As a physicist,
you are called to testify about this accident. You
estimate that the foot and leg had an eective
mass of 8 kg, that they dropped freely a distance
of 70 cm, and that the stopping distance was
2 cm. What force can you claim the oor exerted
on the foot? Give your answer in pounds for the
jurys sake.
Problem 49 Solution.
Solution
This problem can be solved with the use of Newtons
second law and kinematics (see Problem 5-67, for
example), but alternatively, we may apply the
work-energy theorem: W
net
= W
g
+W
F
= K. The
leg starts from rest at point A and stops at point B, so
K = 0. The work done by gravity is W
g
= mg
(72 cm), and that done by the stopping force is
W
F
= F(2 cm). Therefore, mg(72 cm)
F(2 cm) = 0, or F = (8 kg)(9.8 m/s
2
)(72/2) =
2.82 kN = 635 lbs.
Problem
50. From what height would you have to drop a car
for its impact to be equivalent to a collision at
20 mph?
Solution
Equivalent means the same kinetic energy is lost by
the car as in the collision. Therefore, the impact speed
is 20 mi/h =

2gh, or h = (201.609 m/3.6 s)

2

2(9.8 m/s
2
) = 4.08 m = 13.4 ft.
Problem
51. Catapults run by high-pressure steam from the
ships nuclear reactor are used on the aircraft
92 CHAPTER 7
carrier Enterprise to launch jet aircraft to takeo
speed in only 76 m of deck space. A catapult
exerts a 1.110
6
N force on a 3.310
4
kg aircraft.
What are (a) the kinetic energy and (b) the speed
of the aircraft as it leaves the catapult? (c) How
long does the catapulting operation take?
(d) What is the acceleration of the aircraft?
Solution
(a) If we assume that the carrier deck and catapult
force are horizontal, then the catapult force is the net
force acting on the aircraft. The work-energy theorem
(Equation 7-16) gives K = K 0 = W
net
=
F
net
x = (1.110
6
N)(76 m) = 83.6 MJ, for an
aircraft starting from rest. (b) From Equation 7-15,
v =
_
2K/m =
_
2(83.6 MJ)/(3.310
4
kg) =
71.2 m/s = 256 km/h. (c) From Equation 2-9, t =
2(x x
0
)/(v
0
+v) = 2(76 m)/(0 + 71.2 m/s) = 2.14 s.
(d) The acceleration can be calculated from F
net
/m =
33.3 m/s
2
, or from Equation 2-7, a = v/t. In fact,
v/t = v/(2 x/v) = v
2
/2 x = (2K/m)/(2 x) =
F
net
/m.
Section 7-6: Power
Problem
52. A horse plows a 200-m-long furrow in 5.0 min,
exerting a force of 750 N. What is its power
output, measured in watts and in horsepower?
Solution
If the force is assumed parallel to the displacement,
the average power is P
av
= W/t = (750 N)
(200 m)/(300 s) = 500 W = (500/745.7)hp = 0.671 hp.
Problem
53. A typical car battery stores about 1 kWh of
energy. What is its power output if it is drained
completely in (a) 1 minute; (b) 1 hour; (c) 1 day?
Solution
The average power (Equation 7-17) is (a)

P =
(1 kWh)/(1 h/60) = 60 kW; (b) 1 kWh/1 h =
1 kW; and (c) 1 kWh/24 h = 41.7 W.
Problem
54. A sprinter completes a 100-m dash in 10.6 s, doing
22.4 kJ of work. What is her average power
output?
Solution
From Equation 7-17,

P = W/t = 22.4 kJ/10.6 s =
2.11 kW. (The distance of the dash is not relevant
here.)
Problem
55. How much work can a 3.5-hp lawnmower engine
do in 1 h?
Solution
Working at constant power output, Equation 7-17
gives the total work (energy output) as W =

P t = (3.5 hp) (746 W/hp)(3600 s) = 9.40 MJ.

(Note the change to appropriate SI units.)
Problem
56. Water drops over 49-m-high Niagara Falls at the
rate of 6.010
6
kg/s. If all the energy of the falling
water could be harnessed by a hydroelectric power
plant, what would be the plants power output?
Solution
The force of gravity does work dW
g
= (dm)g y on
each mass dm of water going over the falls. If we
neglect any energy associated with the current ow,
this is the energy that could be harnessed by a
hydroelectric plant. Since the rate of ow, dm/dt,
is given, the available power can be found: P =
dW
g
/dt = (dm/dt)g y = (610
6
kg/s)
(9.8 m/s
2
)(49 m) = 2.88 GW.
Problem
57. A mass driver is designed to launch raw
material mined on the moon to a factory in lunar
orbit. The driver can accelerate a 1000-kg package
to 2.0 km/s (just under lunar escape speed) in
55 s. (a) What is its power output during a
launch? (b) If the driver makes one launch every
30 min, what is its average power consumption?
Solution
(a) The work done by the driver during a launch is
equal to the change in kinetic energy of the package,
so the power output is P = W/t = K/t =
1
2
(10
3
kg)(2 km/s)
2
/55 s = 36.4 MW. (b) The same
work (one launch) spread over 30 min yields an
average power of P
av
= W/t = 210
9
J
3060 s = 1.11 MW. (Note: we are neglecting any
work done by lunar gravity during the launch, which
would be a small correction to W.)
Problem
58. A 75-kg long-jumper takes 3.1 s to reach a
prejump speed of 10 m/s. What is his power
output?
CHAPTER 7 93
Solution

P = W/t = K/t =
1
2
(75 kg)(10 m/s)
2
/3.1 s =
1.21 kW 1.6 hp.
Problem
59. Estimate your power output as you do deep knee
bends at the rate of one per second.
Solution
The work done against gravity in raising or lowering a
weight through a height, h, has magnitude mgh. The
body begins and ends each deep knee bend at rest
(K = 0), so the muscles do a total work (down and
up) of 2mgh for each complete repetition. If we
assume that the lower extremities comprise 35% of the
body mass, and are not included in the moving mass,
then mg, for a 75 kg person, is about 0.65(75 kg)
(9.8 m/s
2
) = 480 N. We guess that h is somewhat
greater than 25% of the body height, or about 45 cm,
so the muscle power output for one repetition per
second is about 2(480 N)(0.45 m)/s = 430 W.
Problem
60. At what rate can a one-half horsepower well pump
deliver water to a tank 60 m above the water level
in the well? Give your answer in kg/s and gal/min.
Solution
If m/t is the mass of water pumped per second,
the work done (lifting m against gravity at constant
speed) per second is P = W/t = (m/t)gh.
Therefore, m/t = P/gh = (0.5 hp)(746 W/hp)
(9.8 m/s
2
)(60 m) = 0.634 kg/s. From Appendix C,
the density of water is (10
3
kg/m
3
)(3.786
10
3
m
3
/gal) = 3.786 kg/gal, so m/t =
(0.634 kg/s)(60 s/ min)/(3.786 kg/gal) = 10.1 gal/min.
Problem
61. In midday sunshine, solar energy strikes Earth at
the rate of about 1 kW/m
2
. How long would it
take a perfectly ecient solar collector of 15 m
2
area to collect 40 kWh of energy? (This is roughly
the energy content of a gallon of gasoline.)
Solution
The average power received by the collector is
(1 kW/m
2
)(15 m
2
) = 15 kW, so it would take
t = W/

P = 40 kWh/15 kW = 2.67 h to collect the
required energy. (The average intensity of sunlight is
discussed in more detail in Chapter 34.)
Problem
62. It takes about 20 kJ to melt an ice cube. A typical
microwave oven produces 625 W of microwave
power. How long will it take to melt the ice cube
in this oven?
Solution
From Equation 7-17, t = W/

P = 20 kJ/625 W =
32.0 s.
Problem
63. The rate at which the United States imports oil,
expressed in terms of the energy content of the
imported oil, is nearly 700 GW. Using the
Energy Content of Fuels table in Appendix C,
convert this gure to gallons per day.
Solution
Appendix C lists the energy content of oil as
39 kWh/gal. Therefore, the import rate is
(700 GW)(1 gal/39 kWh)(24 h/d), or roughly
430 million gallons per day.
Problem
64. Which consumes more energy, a 1.2-kW hair dryer
used for 10 min or a 7-W night light left on for
24 h?
Solution
The energy consumption of each device is W =

Pt; (1.2 kW)(1 h/6) = 0.2 kWh for the hair dryer
and slightly less, (7 W)(24 h) = 0.168 kWh, for the
night light.
Problem
65. By measuring oxygen uptake, sports physiologists
have found that the power output of long-distance
runners is given approximately by P = m(bv c),
where m and v are the runners mass and speed,
respectively, and where b and c are constants
given by b = 4.27 J/kgm and c = 1.83 W/kg.
Determine the work done by a 54-kg runner who
runs a 10-km race at a speed of 5.2 m/s.
Solution
The runners average power output is

P = (54 kg)
[(4.27 J/kgm)(5.2 m/s) 1.83 W/kg] = 1.10 kW.
Over the race time, 10 km/(5.2 m/s) = 1.9210
3
s,
the runners work output is W =

P t = 2.12 MJ =
0.588 kWh.
94 CHAPTER 7
Problem
66. A 65-kg runner running at v
0
= 4.8 m/s
accelerates to 6.1 m/s over a 25-s interval. (a) By
writing v = v
0
+at, where a is the runners
acceleration, use the formula in the previous
problem to express the runners power output as a
function of time. (b) How much work does the
runner do during the acceleration period?
Solution
(a) P(t) = m(bv
0
+bat c). (b) W =
t1
0
P(t) dt =

t1=25s
0
m(bv
0
+bat c) dt = m(bv
0
t
1
+
1
2
bat
2
1
ct
1
) =
mt
1
[
1
2
b(v
0
+v
1
) c] = (65 kg)(25 s)[
1
2
(4.27 J/kgm)
(4.8 + 6.1)(m/s) 1.83 W/kg] = 34.8 kJ.
Problem
67. A 1400-kg car ascends a mountain road at a
steady 60 km/h. The force of air resistance on the
car is 450 N. If the cars engine supplies energy to
the drive wheels at the rate of 38 kW, what is the
slope angle of the road?
Solution
At constant velocity, there is no change in kinetic
energy, so the net work done on the car is zero.
Therefore, the power supplied by the engine equals the
power expended against gravity and air resistance.
The latter can be found from Equation 7-21, since
gravity makes an angle of + 90

with the velocity

(where is the slope angle to the horizontal), while air
resistance makes an angle of 180

to the velocity. Then

38 kW = F
g
vF
air
v = mgv cos( + 90

)
F
air
v cos(180

) = mgv sin +F
air
v, or = sin
1

[((38 kW/60 km/h) 450 N)/(1400 kg

9.8 m/s
2
)] = 7.67

. (See Example 7-14 and use care

with SI units and prexes.)
Problem
68. A machine does work at a rate given by P = ct
2
,
where c = 18 W/s
2
, and t is time. Find an
expression for the work done by the machine
between t = 10 s and t = 20 s.
Solution
Equation 7-18 implies
W =
_
20s
10s
P dt =
_
20s
10s
ct
2
dt
=
1
3
_
18
W
s
2
_
[(20 s)
3
(10 s)
3
]
=42 kJ.
Paired Problems
Problem
69. You apply a 470-N force to push a stalled car at a
17

angle to its direction of motion, doing 860 J of

work in the process. How far do you push the car?
Solution
Equation 7-2 or 7-5 gives the work done by the applied
force; hence r = W/F cos = 860 J/(470 N
cos 17

) = 1.91 m.
Problem
70. A tractor tows a jumbo jet from its airport gate,
doing 8.7 MJ of work. The link from the plane to
the tractor makes a 22

angle with the direction of

the planes motion, and the tension in the link is
4.110
5
N. How far does the tractor move the
plane?
Solution
As in the previous problem,
r = 8.7 MJ/(4.110
5
Ncos 22

) = 22.9 m.
Problem
71. A force pointing in the x direction is given by
F = F
0
(x/x
0
), where F
0
and x
0
are constants, and
x is the position. Find an expression for the work
done by this force as it acts on an object moving
from x = 0 to x = x
0
.
Solution
The work done in this one-dimensional situation is
given by Equation 7-8:
W =
_
x0
0
_
F
0
x
0
_
x dx =
_
F
0
x
0
_
x
2
0
2
=
1
2
F
0
x
0
.
Problem
72. A force pointing in the x direction is given by F =
ax
3/2
, where a = 0.75 N/m
3/2
. Find the work
done by this force as it acts on an object moving
from x = 0 to x = 14 m.
Solution
W =
_
14 m
0
ax
3/2
dx =
ax
5/2
(
5
2
)

14 m
0
=
2
5
_
0.75
N
m
3/2
_
(14 m)
5/2
= 220 J
CHAPTER 7 95
Problem
73. Two vectors have equal magnitude, and their
scalar product is one-third of the square of their
magnitude. Find the angle between them.
Solution
We are given that A
2
= B
2
= 3A B = 3ABcos .
Therefore = cos
1
(1/3) = 70.5

.
Problem
74. Vector A has magnitude A, vector B has
magnitude 2A, and A B=A
2
. Find the angle
between A and B.
Solution
A
2
= A B = ABcos = 2A
2
cos ; therefore =
cos
1
(1/2) = 60

.
1.9 m
v
460 kg
figure 7-32 Problem 75.
Problem
75. A 460-kg piano is pushed at constant speed up a
ramp, raising it a vertical distance of 1.9 m (see
Fig. 7-32). If the coecient of friction between
ramp and piano is 0.62, nd the work done by the
agent pushing the piano if the ramp angle is
(a) 15

and (b) 30

. Assume the force is applied

parallel to the ramp.
Solution
The usual relevant forces on an object pushed up an
incline of length = h/ sin by an applied force
parallel to the slope are shown in the sketch. At
constant velocity, the acceleration is zero, so the
parallel and perpendicular components of Newtons
second law, together with the empirical relation for
kinetic friction, give N = mg cos , f
k
=
k
N, and
F
app
= mg sin +f
k
= mg(sin +
k
cos ). Thus, the
work done by the applied force is W
app
= F
app
=
F
app
h/ sin = mgh(1 +
k
cot ), where h is the
vertical rise. (a) Evaluating the above expression using
the data supplied, we nd W
app
= (460 kg)
(9.8 m/s
2
)(1.9 m)(1 + 0.62 cot 15

) = 28.4 kJ.
(b) When 15

is replaced by 30

in the above
calculation, we nd W
app
= 17.8 kJ. (The work done
against gravity is the same in parts (a) and (b) since h
is the same, but the work done against friction is
greater in (a) because the incline is longer and the
normal force is greater; however F
app
is less.)
Problem 75 Solution.
Problem
76. You have to do 2.2 kJ of work to push a 78-kg
trunk 3.1 m along a slope inclined upward at 22

,
pushing parallel to the slope. What is the
coecient of friction between trunk and slope.
Solution
Using the equation derived for W
app
in the previous
problem, one can solve for the coecient of friction:

k
=
_
W
app
mgh
1
_
tan
=
_
2.2 kJ
(78 kg)(9.8 m/s
2
)(3.1 m) sin 22

1
_
tan22

= 0.60.
Problem
77. (a) How much power is needed to push a 95-kg
chest at 0.62 m/s along a horizontal oor where
the coecient of friction is 0.78? (b) How much
work is done in pushing the chest 11 m?
Solution
If you push parallel to the oor at constant velocity,
the normal force on the chest equals its weight,
N = mg, and the applied force equals the frictional
force, F
app
= f
k
=
k
N =
k
mg. (a) The power
required is (Equation 7-21) P
app
= F
app
v = (0.78)
(95 kg)(9.8 m/s
2
)(0.62 m/s) = 450 W, or about
0.6 hp. (b) The work done by the applied force acting
96 CHAPTER 7
over a displacement x = 11 m is W
app
= F
app
x =
P
app
(x/v), where t = x/v is the time over which
the power is applied. Using either expression, we nd
W
app
= 7.99 kJ.
Problem
78. You mix our into a thick bread dough, exerting a
45-N force on the stirring spoon. If you move the
spoon at 0.29 m/s, (a) what power do you supply?
(b) How much work do you do if you stir for
1.0 min?
Solution
(a) Provided the stirring force is applied always
parallel to the velocity of the spoon, P
app
=
F
app
v = (45 N)(0.29 m/s) = 13.1 W. (b) W
app
=
P
app
t = (13.1 W)(60 s) = 783 J.
Supplementary Problems
Problem
79. The power output of a machine of mass m
increases linearly with time, according to the
formula P = bt, where b is a constant. (a) Find an
expression for the work done between t = 0 and
some arbitrary time t. (b) Suppose the machine is
initially at rest and all the work it supplies goes
into increasing its own speed. Use the work-energy
theorem to show that the speed increases linearly
with time, and nd an expression for the
acceleration.
Solution
(a) From Equation 7-20, W =
t
0
P dt

=
t
0
bt

dt

=
1
2
bt
2
. (We used t

for the dummy variable of

integration.) (b) If we assume that W = W
net
= K,
then
1
2
bt
2
=
1
2
mv
2
, since the machine starts from rest.
Thus v =
_
b/m t and a = dv/dt =
_
b/m. (v is the
speed and a is the tangential acceleration along the
path of the machine.)
Problem
80. Youre trying to decide whether to buy an
energy-ecient, 225-W refrigerator for $1150 or a
standard, 425-W model for $850. The standard
model will run 20% of the time, while better
insulation means the energy-ecient model will
run 11% of the time. If electricity costs 9.5/c/kWh,
how long would you have to own the energy-
ecient model to make up the dierence in cost?
Neglect interest you might earn on your money.
Solution
If the price dierential is equal to the dierence in
the cost of energy over a period of time t, then
$(1150 850) = (P
std
20%t P
e
11%t)
($0.095/kWh). Solving for t, we nd t = (300)
[(0.4250.2 0.2250.11)(0.095)]
1
h =
5.2410
4
h = 2.1810
3
d 6.0 y.
Problem
81. The per-capita energy consumption rate plotted in
Fig. 7-21 can be approximated by the expression
P = P
0
+at +bt
2
+ct
3
, where P
0
= 4.4 kW,
a = 5.5710
2
kW/y, b = 3.8410
3
kW/y
2
,
c = 2.7910
5
kW/y
3
, and t is the time in years
since 1900 (i.e., 1960 is t = 60). Integrate this
expression to nd approximate values for the
energy used per capita during the decades
(a) from 1940 to 1950 and (b) from 1960 to 1970.
Its easiest to give your answer in kilowatt-years.
Solution
The energy used between times t
1
and t
2
is
W =
_
t2
t1
P dt =
_
t2
t1
(P
0
+at +bt
2
+ct
3
)dt
=P
0
(t
2
t
1
) +
1
2
a(t
2
2
t
2
1
) +
1
3
b(t
3
2
t
3
1
)
+
1
4
c(t
4
2
t
4
1
).
(a) Using t
1
= 40 y, t
2
= 50 y, and the given
coecients, we nd the energy used in the 1940s to be
W = 71.3 kWy. (b) A similar calculation for the
1960s gives W = 93.3 kWy.
Problem
82. A spring of spring constant k is attached to a mass
m, and the other end of the spring is pulled
vertically in order to lift the mass. Find an
expression for the amount of work that must be
done on the spring before the mass begins to leave
the ground.
Solution
If we ignore the mass of the spring, the spring tension
increases from 0 to mg in the interval before the mass
leaves the ground. The work done against the spring
force is W =
x2
x1
F
spr
dx, as in Example 7-7. Since we
know F
spr
as a function of x, F
spr
= kx, we can nd
the appropriate limits for the interval x
1
= 0 to x
2
=
mg/k and integrate over x. The result is W =

mg/k
0
kx dx =
1
2
k(mg/k)
2
= m
2
g
2
/2k. (Alternatively,
we can use F
spr
= kx to eliminate x, and integrate
over F
spr
as a variable. This gives dF
spr
= k dx and
W =
mg
0
F
spr
(dF
spr
/k) =
1
2
(mg)
2
/k.)
CHAPTER 7 97
Problem
83. Figure 7-33 shows the power a baseball bat
delivers to the ball, as a function of time. Use
graphical integration to determine the total work
the bat does on the ball.
figure 7-33 Problem 83.
Solution
The work done on the ball, W = P dt, is the area
under the graph of power versus time, where each
small rectangle in Figure 7-33 has an area of
(0.01 s)(1 kw) = 10 J. There are approximately 54 or
55 rectangles under the curve, so the work done was
about 545 J.
Problem
84. A machine delivers power at a decreasing rate
P = P
0
t
2
0
/(t +t
0
)
2
, where P
0
and t
0
are constants.
The machine starts at t = 0 and runs forever.
Show that it nevertheless does only a nite
amount of work, equal to P
0
t
0
.
Solution
From Equation 7-20,
W =
_

0
P
0
t
2
0
dt
(t +t
0
)
2
=

P
0
t
2
0
(t + t
0
)

0
= P
0
t
0
.
Problem
85. An unusual spring has the force-distance curve
shown in Fig. 7-34 and described by F = 100x
2
for
0 x 1 and F = 100(4x x
2
2) for 1 x 2,
where x is the displacement in meters from the
springs unstretched length, and F is in newtons.
Find the work done in stretching this spring
(a) from x = 0 to x = 1 m and (b) from x = 1 m
to x = 2 m.
Solution
The spring force is a restoring force (opposite to the
displacement); the work we must do (against this
force) to stretch the spring is F dx. (a) Between
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0
0
50
100
150
200
F

(
N
)
x (m)
figure 7-34 Problem 85.
x = 0 and 1:
W
(a)
=
_
1
0
100x
2
dx = 100

1
3
x
3

1
0
= 33.3 J.
(b) Between x = 1 and 2:
W
(b)
=
_
2
1
100(4x x
2
2)dx
=100

2x
2

1
3
x
3
2x

2
1
= 167 J.
Problem
86. A locomotive accelerates a freight train of total
mass M from rest, applying constant power P.
Determine the speed and position of the train as
functions of time, assuming all the power goes to
increasing the trains kinetic energy.
Solution
Since we assume that the constant power supplied by
the locomotive, starting from rest, provides the net
work done on the train, W
net
= P dt = Pt = K =
1
2
Mv
2
. (This would be the case, for example, if no
work were done by gravity or friction.) Then the speed
of the train is v =
_
2Pt/M. The distance the train
moves along the track can be found by integrating
v = dx/dt. Thus x x
0
=
t
0
_
2Pt/Mdt =
2
3
_
2P/Mt
3/2
.