Eclipses

Minda Kreatif

The apparatus shown above is to simulate a natural phenomenon that involves
the Sun, the Moon and the Earth.

(i) What is the phenomenon shown above?
__________________________________________________________

(ii) How does the phenomenon occur?
____________________________________________________________

(iii) an !ou observe the phenomenon shown above at all places on Earth and at
the same time?
_____________________________________________________________

(iv) What is represented b! the torchli"ht, the pin" pon" ball and the "lobe?

1
Section A - PAPER 1
Multiple Choice Questions 1 3
Choose the correct answer.

onstruct # $nowled"e in science
%evel # eas!
1. Which o& the &ollowin" properties o& li"ht causes eclipses to occur?

A
'e&lection o& li"ht

B
'e&raction o& li"ht

C
(ispersion o& li"ht


%i"ht travels in a strai"ht line.


onstruct # )nderstandin" in science
%evel # Moderate
! Which o& the &ollowin" is true about the eclipse o& the Moon.

A
an onl! be seen b! people livin" at the Earth*s e+uator.

B
, partial eclipse o& the Moon occurs when the Moon is in the umbra
re"ion.

C
The eclipse o& the Moon occurs at a ver! short period o& time.


The eclipse o& the Moon occurs when the Earth, the Moon and the Sun
are ali"ned in a strai"ht line.


onstruct # )nderstandin" in science
%evel # Moderate
3 Which o& the &ollowin" shows the correct positions o& the Earth, the Sun and
the Moon durin" a lunar eclipse?

A
2

B

C



Ans"er # E$planation
Section A
-. Ans"er
E.planation
Since li"ht travels in a strai"ht line, a shadow is &ormed
when the path o& the li"ht is bloc/ed b! an opa+ue ob0ect.

1. Ans"er
E.planation
2ption , is wron" because the eclipse o& the Moon can be
seen an!where on Earth.
2ption 3 is wron" because + partial eclipse o& the Moon
occurs when the Moon is in the penumbra re"ion.
3
2ption is wron" because an eclipse o& the Moon occurs

4. Ans"er% B
E.planation
, lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the Sun
and the Moon.
Pen&urusan 'rafi(
Ru)u(an
*he Eclipse Pheno+enon
-. The Earth revolves around the Sun and at the same time
the Moon revolves around the Earth.

1. The position o& the Moon, and the Earth chan"es
continuousl! in their respective orbits. ,t certain times, the
Sun, Earth and the Moon are ali"ned in a strai"ht line. ,t
such time, eclipses occur.

4
4. There are two t!pes o& eclipse5
(i) Eclipse o& the moon or lunar eclipse.
(ii) Eclipse o& the sun or solar eclipse.
6. 2ne o& the properties o& li"ht is that it travels in a straight
line. When the ra! o& li"ht is bloc/ed b! an opa+ue ob0ect, a
shadow is &ormed.

7. The Earth and the moon are opa+ue ob0ects. When sunli"ht
is bloc/ed b! the Earth or the Moon, the Earth*s or the
Moon*s shadow is &ormed.

8. There are 1 t!pes o& the Earth*s or the Moon*s shadow that
can be &ormed.
(i) )mbra 9 a dar/ shadow re"ion
(ii) :enumbra 9 a li"ht shadow re"ion. This re"ion receives
a little bit o& sunli"ht.
5
Eclipse ,f *he Moon
-. ,n eclipse o& the Moon occurs i&5
(a) The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are in a strai"ht line.
(b) The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon

1. The shadow o& the Earth &alls on the sur&ace o& the Moon.
This causes the Moon not to be seen &or a while when
observed &rom the Earth.
4. When the Moon is in the penumbra re"ion, a partial eclipse
o& the Moon is observed. ,t this point, the moon loo/s li/e a
crescent when observed &rom the Earth.

6. When the Moon is in the umbra re"ion, a total eclipse o& the
Moon is observed. The Moon cannot be seen at all &rom the
Earth.

7. , lunar eclipse lasts lon"er than a solar eclipse because the
shadow o& the Earth is bi""er than that o& the Moon.

The photo"raph above shows the phases o& the moon as
seen in the cit! o& ;eneva on -8 September, -<<=.
6
The picture is ta/en b! Martial Trezzini.

*ip
>mportant notes to remember on eclipses5
How it happens
Wh! it happens
The position o& the Sun the Moon and the Earth
when it happens
Eclipses
-e+.aran Ker)a
Fill in the blanks with the correct words taken from the box above.

-. , shadow is &ormed when the path o& li"ht is bloc/ed b! an _________ob0ect.

1. The dar/ re"ion area is /nown as the ________whereas the li"ht re"ion is
/nown as the ____________.

4. The eclipse o& the moon occurs when ___________is situated between the
Moon and the Sun.

6. When the Moon is in the penumbra re"ion. >t loo/s __________in shape when
seen &rom the Earth.
7
Ans"ers
-. opa+ue
1. umbra, penumbra
4. Earth
6. crescent

/riction
Minda Kreatif
-. :ush a to! truc/ on the sur&ace o& a table. What happens to the to! truc/?
______________________________________________________

1. The to! truc/ will &inall! slows down and come to a stop. Wh! does this
happen?
______________________________________________________

4. ?ow push the same to! truc/ on a smoother sur&ace such as a piece o& "lass.
(o !ou observe an! chan"es in the movement o& the to! truc/?
______________________________________________________

6. :ut some wei"hts on the to! truc/ and push it across the sur&ace o& the table
as in (-). (oes the to! truc/ stop &aster or slower than the previous time?
______________________________________________________

7. What conclusion can !ou ma/e &rom this activit!?
8
______________________________________________________

3>M3>?;,?

Construct : Understanding in science
Level : as!
1 Which o& the &ollowin" sur&aces will produce the "reatest &rictional &orce?

A
;lass

B
Sil/ cloth

C
:l!wood


Sand paper


Construct : Understanding in science
Level : Moderate
! Which o& the &ollowin" statements is true about &rictional &orce?

> @riction produces heat.

>> @riction opposes motion.

>>> @riction can be reduced b! usin" ball bearin"s.

>
A
The distance travelled b! a movin" ob0ect is shorter when there is more
&riction.


A
> and >> onl!

B
>> and >>> onl!

C
>, >> and >>> onl!


>, >>, >>> and >A


Construct : "#lication in science
Level : Moderate
3 Which o& the &ollowin" is the application o& &riction in ever!da! li&e?

> )sin" spi/es or studs on the bottom o& shoes.

>> )sin" tread patterns on shoes and t!res.

>>> ,ppl!in" resin on the bow o& violins.

>
A
'ubbin" chal/ on the tip o& the billiard cue.
9


A
> and >> onl!

B
> and >>> onl!

C
>, >> and >>> onl!


>, >>, >>> and >A


Construct : "nal!sis in science
Level : $ifficult
0 >n which o& the &ollowin" situations is the &rictional &orce the "reatest
&riction?

A


B


C




10
Ans"er # E$planation
-.Ans"er B
E$planation
>n comparison, the sand paper has the rou"hest sur&ace.
Hence it will produce the "reatest &rictional &orce.

1.Ans"er
E$planation
,ll o& the above is correct.

4.Ans"er A
E$planation
,ll o& the options are correct.

6.Ans"er C
E$planation
,ll wooden bloc/s are o& the same wei"ht. Hence the
amount o& &orce e.erted is the same. The onl! di&&erence
is the t!pe o& sur&ace. The concrete sur&ace is the
rou"hest and there&ore will produce the "reatest &riction.
*ips
To answer this +uestion, the pupils must anal!se all the
situations care&ull! and ma/e conclusions based on the
in&ormation "iven. :upils must identi&! the &i.ed variable in
all &our situations (in this case, the wei"ht o& the wooden
bloc/). The &i.ed variable will contribute the same e&&ect on
all &our situations. Then identi&! the manipulated variable (in
this case, the t!pe o& sur&ace). hoose the manipulated
variable that will produce the "reatest &riction.
11
1otes
/R2C*2,1
@rictional &orce or &riction is a &orce "enerated when
two sur&aces come into contact.
@riction alwa!s acts in the opposite direction o&
motion.
@riction slows down a movin" ob0ect.
'ou"h sur&aces produces more &riction than a
smooth one.
@rictional &orce is "reater when an ob0ect is heavier.

/AC*,RS *3A* A//EC* /R2C*2,1
4ei&ht ,f ,.)ect The heavier the ob0ect the "reater is
the &riction.
E.ample # , bi""er bo. is more di&&icult to push than a
smaller bo. across the same sur&ace.
*5pe of surface - , rou"her sur&ace will produce more
&riction than a smoother sur&ace.
E.ample# The same bo. will be harder to push on a
wooden sur&ace compared to a "lass sur&ace.

12
2nteraction A+on& -i6in& *hin&s
Minda Kreatif
, "roup o& !ear 8 pupils carr! out an investi"ation to determine the e&&ect o& plantin" plants
close to each other and &urther &rom each other.
:ot , contains plants that are planted close to each other whereas :ot 3 contains plants that
are planted &urther &rom each other. The plants are planted in two pots o& the same siBe and
&illed with the same amount and t!pe o& soil. The plants in both pots are o& the same species
and received the same amount o& nutrients and water.
@i"ure - and @i"ure 1 show the condition o& the plants a&ter a &ew wee/s.

-. Which plants show a better "rowth?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
1. Wh! do the plants in pot , have poor "rowth?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4. What /ind o& interaction occurs amon" the plants in both pots?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
13
6. What do the plants in both pots compete &or?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
7. What can be done to relieve the condition in :ot ,?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Analisa Soalan
Section A
Questions 1 - 3
Choose the correct answer .
1
ompetition e.ists amon" livin" thin"s that

A
live in the same habitat.

B
need the same resources.

C
are o& the same species.


need the same and limited resources.

!
,nimals that live in the same habitat compete &or

>
water

>>
&ood

>>>
mate

>
A
sunli"ht


A
> and >> onl!

B
>> and >>> onl!

C
>, >> and >>> onl!


>, >> and >A onl!

3
Which o& the &ollowin" is the wa! in which plants with so&t stems compete with bi""er and
taller trees &or sunli"ht?

A
3! producin" more chloroph!ll to absorb sunli"ht

3! havin" a sturdier and stron"er root s!stem.
14
B

C
3! climbin" bi""er trees


3! havin" bi""er leaves

0
The dia"ram shows a &ood web in a communit!.
Which animal is the source o& competition amon" the ea"le and the sna/e?.

A
'at

B
'obin

C
:add! plant


'at and robin

7
, &armer puts -7 rabbits in a small ca"e and provide s them with limited &ood. Which o& the
&ollowin" will not reduce the competition amon" the rabbits?

A
>ncreasin" the &ood suppl!.

B
'emovin" a &ew rabbits &rom the ca"e.

C
:uttin" the rabbits in a bi""er ca"e.

:uttin" the rabbits in a smaller ca"e.
15


SEC*2,1 B
%rite !our answer in the s#ace #roviden below.
A8i8ul and A+in are ha6in& a con6ersation in Pa( 3a+id9s and Pa( Busu9s
orchard.
,BiBul #Wow, the rambutans in :a/ Hamid*s orchard are bi" and abundant.

,min #Des, !ou are ri"ht ,BiBul, but the rambutans in :a/ 3usu*s orchard
are small and less abundant.

,BiBul (id !ou also notice that :a/ 3usu*s orchard is &ull o& weeds and
under"rowth?

,min #Des. >n :a/ 3usu*s orchard there are a lot o& an"sana trees that are
bi""er and taller than the rambutan trees.

(a) 3uild an in&erence based on the +uantit! o& rambutans in :a/ Hamid*s and
:a/ 3usu*s orchard.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
................................................................................................................

(b) What h!pothesis can !ou ma/e based on !our answer in (a) above?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
................................................................................................................

() :redict what will happen to the rambutan trees in :a/ 3usu*s orchard i& he
cuts down some o& the an"sana trees.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
16
................................................................................................................

Ans"er # E$planation
Section A
-. Ans"er %
E$planation % ( is the best answer. ompetition occurs
amon" livin" thin"s that need the same and limited
resources at a particular time.

1. Ans"er % C
E$planation % ,nimals compete &or &ood, water, space and
mate. ,nimals do not compete &or sunli"ht because animals
do not need sunli"ht to ma/e &ood.

4. Ans"er % C
E$planation % :lants with so&t stems adapt themselves b!
climbin", coilin" or livin" on tall trees.

6. Ans"er % A
E$planation % @rom the &ood web shown, the rat is the
source o& &ood &or both the sna/e and the ea"le. There&ore
the rat is the source o& competition amon" the ea"le and the
sna/e.

7. Ans"er %
E$planation % rampin" the rabbits in a smaller ca"e will not
reduce the competition amon" the rabbits. The rabbits will
compete more with one another &or the limited space.

Section B
-.(a) The number o& rambutans in :a/ Hamid*s orchard is more than in :a/
3usu*s orchard because the rambutan trees in :a/ Hamid*s orchard
receive more sunli"htE waterE nutrientsE less competition than the rambutan
trees in :a/ 3usu*s orchard.
17
(b) E.amples o& acceptable answers
(i) >& the rambutan trees receive more sunli"ht, the! will produce more
&ruits.

(ii) >& the rambutan trees receive more nutrients, the! will produce more
&ruits.

(iii) The lesser the competition received b! the rambutan trees, the more
&ruits the! will produce.

(c) The +uantit! o& &ruits produced b! the rambutan tree increases.
The rambutan trees becomes more &ertile.
There are 4 science process s/ills bein" tested in the +uestion.
(i) 2nference
That is an e.planation "iven based on observations made.

(ii) 35pothesis
, statement that shows a relationship between the manipulated and
respondin" variable s.
E.ample#
>& the rambutan trees receive more sunli"ht, the! will produce more
&ruits.
Manipulated variable 9 amount o& sunli"ht received
'espondin" variable 9 +uantit! o& &ruits produced

18
Pen&urusan 'rafi(
Ru)u(an
%oo/ at the two animals in the picture above. Wh! are the!
&i"htin" each other?
-. %ivin" thin"s depend on other livin" thin"s and their
environment &or &ood, shelter and protection.

1. %ivin" thin"s also interact with nonFlivin" thin"s in the
19
environment.

4. The relationship amon" livin" thin"s is /nown as
interaction.

6. There are 1 t!pes o& interaction amon" livin" thin"s5
(i) ooperation
(ii) ompetition

C,MPE*2*2,1
-. %ivin" thin"s need basic thin"s li/e &ood, shelter and
protection in order to survive.

1. ,nimals need &ood, water, shelter, space and mate or
breedin" partner.

4. :lants need nutrients, water, space and sunli"ht.

6. ,t times, these basic needs become limited or scarce.
There&ore livin" thin"s that live in the same habitat have to
compete a"ainst one another.

7. ompetition is a &orm o& interaction in which livin" thin"s
&i"ht amon" themselves to obtain the same and limited
resources that the! need to survive.

8. ompetition can occur in livin" thin"s o& the same or
di&&erent species.

=. The competition and cooperation amon" livin" thin"s will
result in the balance in nature.

20
The hens are competin" &or the same &ood.

The deer and antelopes are competin" &or the same water
source.

The trees and shrubs are competin" &or sunli"ht.

21
The b!roph!llum seedlin"s are competin" &or nutrients, water
and space.

:)ian ia&nosti(
1 The dia"ram shows a picture o& an animal.
What /ind o& ener"! does the animal possess?

A
Heat ener"!

B
$inetic ener"!

C
hemical ener"!


:otential ener"!

! The dia"ram shows an ob0ect.
22
What /ind o& ener"! is stored in the ob0ect?

A
%i"ht ener"!

B
:otential ener"!

C
Electrical ener"!


hemical ener"!

3 Which o& the &ollowin" sources o& ener"! is renewable?

> Solar

>> Wind

>>> oal

>A rude oil


A
> and >> onl!

B
>> and >>> onl!

C
>>> and >A onl!


>, >> and >>> onl!

0 The dia"ram shows a torchli"ht that is turned on.
What ener"! chan"es occur in the torchli"ht?

A
23

B

C


7 The dia"ram shows a bo! climbin" up a staircase.
What is the ener"! chan"e that occurs?

A

B

C



;

What chan"es in ener"! occurs when the device above is used?
24

A

B

C



< Which o& the &ollowin" electrical appliances converts electrical ener"! to
heat ener"!?
>

>>

>>>

>A
25

A
> and >> onl!

B
> and >>> onl!

C
>> and >A onl!


>, >>, >>> and >A



= What t!pe o& ener"! is stored in the &oods shown above?

A
:otential ener"!

B
hemical ener"!

C
$inetic ener"!


Heat ener"!

> Which o& the &ollowin" is true about li"ht ener"!?

> >t can move in a vacuum

>> >t is produced b! vibrations
26

>>> >t allows plants to ma/e &ood



A
> onl!.

B
> and >>> onl!.

C
>>> and >A onl!


>, >>, >>> and >A

1
?
Sound ener"! is produced b!

A
the vibrations o& particles

B
the "eneration o& electricit!

C
the re&lection o& li"ht


heatin" elements

:)ian ia&nosti(
1 , piece o& bread turns mould! a&ter bein" le&t in a dar/ cupboard &or a &ew
da!s. Which o& the &ollowin" conditions can cause the bread to turn
mould!?

A
(ar/ and cold

B
(ar/ and moist

C
Hot and dr!


Hot and air!

! Which o& the &ollowin" planets is &urthest &rom the Sun?

A
)ranus

B
?eptune
27

C
Aenus


Gupiter

3 Which o& the &ollowin" planets has the "reatest "ravitational pull?

A
Mars

B
Earth

C
Gupiter


:luto

0 Which o& the &ollowin" statements is correct?

A
The Sun is a "iant star.

B
The Earth is the &ourth planet &rom the Sun.

C
,ll planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbits.


The asteroid belt is situated between the planet Gupiter and )ranus.

onsists o& a mi.ture o& ice and dust
Has a lon" head and tail
'evolves around the Sun in lar"e orbits

7 The above in&ormation is related to

A
comets

B
meteors

C
asteroids


meteoroids

; Which o& the &ollowin" statements is true?
> ,ll planets have natural sattelites.
28
>> :lanets do not "ive out their own li"ht.
>>> ,ll planets revolve around the Sun while rotatin" on their own a.is.


A
> onl!

B
> and >> onl!

C
>> and >>> onl!


>, >> and >>>

< Which o& the &ollowin" is true about the planet Mars?
> >t has 4 moons
>> >t is the &ourth planet &rom the Sun.
>>> >t is also /nown as the red planet
>A >t has no atmosphere


A
> and >> onl!

B
>> and >>> onl!

C
>>> and >A onl!


>, >> and >>> onl!

= Which o& the &ollowin" is true?

Planet 1u+.er of +oons Position fro+ the
Sun

A
?eptune -7 H

B
)ranus -8 H


C
Aenus I 1



Saturn 14 8
>
Small roc/s that enter the Earth*s atmosphere will burn and produce a
strea/ o& bri"ht li"ht in the s/! &ormin" a

A
meteor
29

B
comet

C
meteorite


meteoroid
1
?
The dia"ram shows a member o& the Solar S!stem.
Which o& the &ollowin" is true about the member shown?

A
>t is made o& roc/s and metals.

B
>ts tail alwa!s moves awa! &rom the Sun.

C
>t revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.


>t burns and produces a strea/ o& bri"ht li"ht as it enters the Earth*s
atmosphere

30