LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION FOR SOLAR

ELECTRIC SYSTEMS

ALL ABOUT LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION
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Lightning is the number one cause of catastrophic failures in solar electric systems and components. The first
major reason is that many PV systems are poorly grounded and poorly protected. That is also the 2nd and 3rd
major reason.
All photos courtesy of NOAA unless otherwise noted. Click on
pictures for full size image.


Facts and Myths About Lightning
Because the subject of lightning is so complex, we have abbreviated some of the information here.
Facts:
The purpose of lightning protection is NOT to stop the lightning from striking. You can't do that. Lightning protection
controls the PATH of the lightning after it hits. Like it or not, that is about the best you can do. It's not lightning that
causes the damage, it's lightning going through places you don't want it to.
At any instant, there are more than 2,000 thunderstorms taking place throughout the world. These storms combine
to produce about 100 lightning flashes per second, each one with a potential of up to a billion volts, currents
ranging up to 200,000 amperes and temperatures of over 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
One hundred million feet per second is the quickness of the lightning streak through
the sky. No wonder the flash is difficult to watch from beginning to end; it starts and stops at almost the same time.
Lightning travels 90,000 mi/sec (nearly 1/2 the speed of light), 100,000 times faster than sound and therein lies the
reason thunder is heard after the flash is seen. The stroke, which is about two inches across and between 200 feet
and 20 miles long, lasts but a microsecond.
The longest lightning strike ever verified was 121 miles long.
Lightning likes land. According to images of data from NASA's Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). From December
1997 through January 1998, LIS saw that 90 percent of lightning was over land.
Almost nothing can offer 100% protection from lightning strikes or damage - but it can be reduced 95% or more
with simple precautions and relatively inexpensive installation methods.

Myths
There are a lot of myths about lightning. Some have persisted for centuries. Some really silly ones seem to stay
around forever. A few of the more popular ones are below.
A lightning rod or grounded tower or high structure makes it more likely that lightning will
strike:
Wrong - It will have little or no effect on how likely it is that it will strike in the immediate area, the important thing is
it will be conducted directly to ground, without having to go through your inverter and computer first. It does make it
more likely to strike where you want it to. There is some evidence that a few strikes can be prevented with the use
of special sharp-pointed "air streamer" lightning rods, which bleed off some of the accumulated charge. However,
that has been a controversy for at least 50 years.
Lightning always strikes the tallest object:
Wrong - It can strike anyplace - although it is most likely to hit the highest object, there is no guarantee. It is also
more likely to strike something with a good path to ground, such as a steel tower. Sometimes, even if it strikes the
highest object, you can get side flashes if the object it hits is not well grounded.
You should not touch metal objects if lightning is in the area.
This is goofy, yet the myth has even been perpetuated on some of the National Weather Service web pages. If you
seriously think that lightning is going to worry about a 3 foot golf club after tearing through 5 miles or more of air,
you probably should not be playing golf. Their was also a recent news story about how an under-wire bra had
"attracted lightning" - not hardly. However - carrying something like an umbrella might increase the chance of a hit
by a tiny amount - but because it is higher, not because it is metal. Touching a grounded metal object (such as a
water pipe) may increase your chances of being struck, as it may decide to use you for a path to ground.
Lightning could be used as a power source.
Not going to happen. Unless you can figure out some way to store up 100,000,000 volts in a few microseconds.
Most of the energy in a strike is converted to heat, sound and light energy anyway, so there is not that much left
over.
Some people can attract lightning:
This pretty much falls into the Little Green Men category, yet some still believe it.
If you want to see more myths and more detail, see these links:
Lightning Injury Facts - Myths, Miracles, and Mirages
Lightning Myths: Lightning doesn't strike the same place twice.
NOAA Lightning facts and myths.

Where Lightning can Strike

As can be seen on the map at the right, lightning can
strike anyplace. Obviously, some areas are much more active than others - in fact Florida is usually considered the
"lightning capitol" of the world - second only perhaps to some areas of Australia. This map does not show the
relative intensity, so it can be a little misleading. Although the Southwest does not rate that high in the total number
of strikes, some of the largest strikes ever recorded are from that area due to the sometimes violent updrafts from
the super heated desert floor.
What Causes Lightning?
Lightning originates around 15,000 to 25,000 feet above sea level when raindrops are
carried upward until some of them convert to ice. For reasons that are not widely agreed upon, a cloud-to-ground
lightning flash originates in this mixed water and ice region. The charge then moves downward in 50-yard sections
called step leaders. It keeps moving toward the ground in these steps and produces a channel along which charge is
deposited. Eventually, it encounters something on the ground that is a good connection. The circuit is complete at that
time, and the charge is lowered from cloud to ground. The flow of charge (current) produces a luminosity that is very
much brighter than the part that came down. This entire event usually takes less than half a second.

What Kind of Damage can Lightning Cause?
Most electrical and electronic damage in both grid-tie and off-grid solar electric systems is NOT due to a direct hit.
In fact, direct hits are rare. Most damage occurs from nearby hits, usually within a few hundred feet. A near-strike
can induce thousands of volts onto the house and PV array wiring if not protected. In a ground hit, it can also
spread out and travel into buried conductors, such as pipes and buried cables. Contrary to popular assumption, the
panels themselves are not the biggest victim - inverters and controllers are. The frames and mounts on panels are
usually grounded (sometimes more by accident than design), and that often diverts the lightning directly to ground,
saving the panels. Also, the battery banks on most off-grid PV systems acts as a fairly good surge arrestor if you
have good connections and a good ground - but it may take out the controller on it's way. If the battery bank is not
grounded, damage can be much more severe - it may then leap around all over trying to find a path to ground.
Cloud-to-ground lightning can kill or injure people by direct or indirect means. The lightning current can branch off
to a person from a tree, fence, pole, or other tall object. In addition, flashes may conduct their current through the
ground to a person after the flash strikes a nearby tree, antenna, or other tall object. The current also may travel
through power or telephone lines, or plumbing pipes to a person who is in contact with an electric appliance,
telephone, or plumbing fixture.
Similarly, objects can be directly struck and this impact may result in an explosion, burn, or total destruction. Or,
the damage may be indirect when the current passes through or near it. Sometimes, current may enter a building
and transfer through wires or plumbing and damage everything in its path. Similarly, in urban areas, it may strike a
pole or tree and the current then travels to several nearby houses and other structures and enter them through
wiring or plumbing. In some cases lightning can strike the ground and travel up buried power lines for hundreds of
yards.
It is very important to note that lightning does NOT have to hit directly to cause damage. In fact, because of the
EMP (electromagnetic pulse) associated with large strikes, the static and electric fields that occur actually cause
most of the damage in unprotected electrical and electronic equipment. In a nearby strike, the wiring in a house or
photovoltaic system acts like an antenna, and if unprotected and/or ungrounded can feed thousands of volts back
into your inverter and other equipment.
Step One - Proper Grounding
First off, the NEC Article 780 (NFPA) codes for lightning protection may not be totally adequate for off-grid
installations. In fact, in some cases, the recommended practices can actually make it MORE dangerous.
Unfortunately, some local inspectors assume that the National Electrical Code book is a bible and will not allow any
deviations. For example, Zones of protection, including cones and rolling balls, lack warnings about lightning's'
unpredictable nature. These geometric abstractions are presented as factual, rather than statistical levels of
protection. This is not to say that you should not follow the NEC recommendations in most cases - but you should
be aware that recent research shows that there might be considerable variations from the average. Further steps
may be needed for PV systems. NEC grounding is primarily concerned with electrical safety, not lightning
protection, and the two may not always be compatible. For lightning protection you may need to take steps beyond
the code minimum requirements.
The Purpose of Grounding: Equipment: Panel frames and mounts are grounded in order to provide the easiest
path for lightning to get to ground. You would much rather have it go down the mounting pole or your ground rod
than down your wiring to your controller or inverter or new wide screen TV. Without proper grounding, lightning can
do some really strange things, and can jump around all over while trying to get to earth. If your inverter happens to
be in the way, you will probably be buying a new one. You cannot stop lightning, but you can usually direct where
you want it to go.
Fuses and Breakers offer NO protection: Fuses and circuit breakers offer no protection at all to lightning strikes.
That is not their purpose. Lighting usually lasts for only a few microseconds - much faster than any fuse or breaker
can blow. It's pretty unlikely that a one-inch fuse gap is going to offer much protection from a bolt that just cut
through two miles of open air. Yet the myth persists that a fuse will offer lighting protection. It will not.
Single Point Grounds!!: The importance of a single-point protection ground cannot be stressed enough. All
equipment should normally be bonded to one single good earth ground. If you have some equipment on one
ground, and other equipment on another ground, it is quite likely that in a nearby strike that there will be a large
voltage difference between the two grounds. This means that the equipment will be at different voltages,
sometimes high enough to get arcing from one to another. There is an exception to this: If you have a panel array
that is more than 50 to 75 feet or so from the rest of the system, it should have it's own frame/mount ground (not
electrical ground).
A Single Ground Rod is Seldom Enough: Tests done over the past few years show that in most cases, a single
6 or 8 foot ground rod is NOT enough, even when the ground is salted to improve conductivity. The problem is, in
arid climates with dry soil, it could take as many as a dozen rods to get it down to the 10 ohms ground resistance
that is usually accepted as the optimum (25 ohms is the NEC minimum). To get down to the 25 ohm NEC
minimum, you may have to use 2-3 10 foot rods, all bonded together with #6 wire and copper wire clamps.
However, if you cannot do this, something is better than nothing. In some cases you may have to go so far as to
bury lengths of bare copper wire or copper pipe in trenches.
Grounding and NEC Requirements
The NEC requires that all exposed metal surfaces be grounded regardless of the nominal system voltage. Systems
with PV open-circuit voltages below 50 Volts are not required to have one of the current-carrying conductors
grounded. Any system with ac voltages at 120 volts must have the neutral grounded. Some inverters do not isolate
the AC and DC sides; grounding the AC neutral will also ground the DC negative. Other inverters have the case
(which must be grounded) connected to the negative input which grounds the negative current-carrying conductor.
The NEC requirement can be extended. A separate conductor (as large as possible, but not less than number 10
AWG) should be fastened to each metallic module frame with a grounding lug or other approved method. The
other end of these conductors should be connected to a single point on the array frame or rack again with
another self-threading, stainless-steel screw or with a stainless-steel bolt in a drilled and tapped hole. From this
point, number 4-6 AWG or larger copper conductor should be run directly to the nearest earth where it is connected
to the longest, deepest ground rod that can be afforded. Eight feet is the minimum length recommended. Use a
UL-listed clamp to make the connection. If a steel well casing is available, drill and tap the casing and use this as
the ground rod.
In dry areas, several ground rods spaced 20-50 feet apart in a radial configuration, all bonded to the central rod
can be effective. Buried copper water pipe can also improve the grounding system. Pipe or copper wire can be
buried in trenches 12-18 inches deep in a radial grid. All grounding members should be connected or bonded to
the central ground rod with heavy, bare conductors buried under ground. Direct-burial, UL-listed grounding clamps
or welding should be used for all connections. Soldering should never be used for underground connections - it can
corrode underground due to the different metals.
You can't get a "perfect" ground unless you are prepared to spend megabucks on buried copper cables. However,
a good ground is possible to get in most areas and need not be expensive. In dry and/or rocky locations, it may be
more of a "challenge". If you can't get it perfect, ANYTHING is better than nothing at all. If you have bedrock at 3
feet, try driving in 3 to 6 short ground rods and tie them all together with at least #4 wire and good clamps. - not
perfect, but far better than nothing. Another way is to bury heavy wire or (usually cheaper) lengths of copper pipe in
ditches. Keeping the ground wet and/or salting the nearby area will also help.
The negative side of the battery bank should be grounded to the same point as all other ground wires. Batteries
usually have a very low internal resistance, and can help act like a large surge arrestor on all but a direct hit. This
may stop a hit near your panels from jumping around to your inverter and other equipment. The ground wire should
be at least #8, and #6 or #4 is recommended.
Surge Arrestors
Surge arrestors act like "clamps" in most cases. They go across the live wires with another wire going to ground.
Normally they just sit there, but if the voltage goes above a certain level, they start to conduct, shorting the higher
voltage to ground. In lighting prone areas you should also install a surge capacitor - this is not really an arrestor,
but acts extremely fast, and will catch those high voltage spikes on the AC line that are too fast for a surge arrestor.
For most systems to get the best protection, you should have a DC surge arrestor, such as the LA302DC on the
side coming from the array - this should go on the INPUT to the charge controller. It should be as near the charge
controller as possible. On the AC side (and this applies to BOTH the inverter AC input and AC output (for generator
and/or grid tie systems) you should have both an AC surge arrestor and a surge capacitor.
Most inverter damage is caused by surges on the AC side coming in through house or generator wiring. In many
systems with a backup generator, the generator is located outside, quite some distance from the inverter, and is a
common hit point for lightning strikes. The Delta LA302R AC surge arrestor and the CA302 surge capacitor should
be used on the AC portions. The benefits of also putting arrestors at the generator end are not all that great, and if
installed you will probably need a separate ground rod system.
For most mid size and larger systems we recommend the Midnite Solar surge arrestors, or the Outback Power
types. For smaller systems, or for general household AC protection the Delta brand will offer some lesser
protection but are quite a bit cheaper.
The Delta arrestors are not perfect, but they work a lot better than nothing. Better arrestors are available, but the
problem is price - complete system protection using the Polyphaser units could easily cost over $1000. The biggest
problem with the Delta arrestors is that they may not always trigger on "low "level" spikes, but if you also have a
surge capacitor installed, that will catch most of those.
It may seem a bit high to spend over $200 on surge arrestors, but the typical repair bill for
large sine wave inverter that has been lightning hit can run well over $1000.

Installing Delta Arrestors
Most of the Delta surge arrestors that we sell have 3 wires (a few, for pumps, have 4). In all cases, the GREEN
wire is ground, the black and white wires are wired across the AC or the DC power side. Even though the white in
most AC systems is neutral, and is supposedly grounded, don't count on it - make sure you have both sides
protected. In DC systems, such as PV arrays, it really does not matter much which of the two wires go to what, but
again both sides of the input to the charge controller or whatever the panels are feeding should have one wire from
the arrestor attached. To protect a 3-phase submersible pump motor, connect the black wires to the line terminals
and the white and/or green wire to the casing ground. Most of the arrestors that we sell have a separate green
ground wire - this wire should ALWAYS be attached to a good ground.