Form of E-exam Answer

Theme
Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction

Keyword
Smoking
Erectile Dysfunction
Impotent
Cigarette Chemical Substances
Impact Smoking to Fertility
Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction

Search Engine
http://scholar.google.com/
http://www.who.int/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
http://www.clinicalkey.com/
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/
http://www.shsc.nhs.uk/





Daftar Pustaka

Gades, N. M., Nehra, A., Jacobson, D. J., McGree, M. E., Girman, C. J., Rhodes, T., Jacobsen,
S. J. (2005). Association between smoking and erectile dysfunction: a population-based
study. American journal of epidemiology, 161(4), 34651. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi052
Retrieved from
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/161/4/346.full.pdf+html
[Accessed December 30, 2013]
Kupelian, V., Link, C. L., & McKinlay, J. B. (2007). Association between smoking, passive
smoking, and erectile dysfunction: results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH)
Survey. European urology, 52(2), 41622. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.015
Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2139983/pdf/nihms27449.pdf
[Accessed December 30, 2013]
Shamloul, R., & Ghanem, H. (2013). Erectile dysfunction. Lancet, 381(9861), 15365.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60520-0
Retrieved from
ftp://mtr26-1-82-239-144-183.fbx.proxad.net/bibli/-
%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20130109+23%20rout%E9e/963.1301-
Erectile%20dysfunction_Shamloul,%20Lancet%20%28Seminar%29.pdf
[Accessed December 30, 2013]
Team, G. (2010a). Global Adult Tobacco Survey Poland 2009-2010. Ministry of Health, Warsaw.
Retrieved from
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Global+Adult+Tobacco+
Survey+Poland+2009-2010#3
[Accessed December 30, 2013]
Team, G. (2010b). Global Adult Tobacco Survey Poland 2009-2010. Ministry of Health, Warsaw.
Retrieved from
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Global+Adult+Tobacco+
Survey+Poland+2009-2010#3
[Accessed December 30, 2013]
Zedan, H., Hareadei, a a, Abd-Elsayed, a a, & Abdel-Maguid, E. M. (2010). Cigarette smoking,
hypertension and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for erectile dysfunction in upper Egypt.
Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sant de la Mditerrane orientale =
al-Majallah al-iyah li-sharq al-mutawassi, 16(3), 2815. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20795441
[Accessed December 30, 2013]

Link
http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/161/4/346.full.pdf+html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2139983/pdf/nihms27449.pdf
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Global+Adult+Tobacco+Surv
ey+Poland+2009-2010#3
ftp://mtr26-1-82-239-144-183.fbx.proxad.net/bibli/-
%20Revue%20Articles%20FB/Biblio%20130109+23%20rout%E9e/963.1301-
Erectile%20dysfunction_Shamloul,%20Lancet%20%28Seminar%29.pdf
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Global+Adult+Tobacco+Surv
ey+Poland+2009-2010#3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20795441



The Title of Essay
Relation between Smoking and Erectile Dysfunction

Essay
Lately more and more people who like to smoke in their environment. Study results show that 30.3%
of adults (15 years and older) were current tobacco smokers. Most of current smokers were male,
whereas among female, this proportion was significantly lower. Most current smokers smoked
on a daily basis; 27% of all adults smoked tobacco everyday (33.5% of men and 21% of
women). The percentage of occasional smokers was low (3.4%) and did not vary significantly by
gender (WHO.2010).
Despite smoking can causes serious diseases like lung cancer, heart attack, stroke, and erectile
dysfunction, many people still like to smoke .Among of many complication diseases that
mentioned, this paper will focus on to erectile dysfunction. The aim of this paper is to show
relation between smoking and erectile dysfunction and as information to prevent erectile
dysfunction caused by smoking (Lancet.2013).
Before discussing too far, it is very needed to understand erectile dysfunction first. Inadequate
penile erection, otherwise known as erectile dysfunction, is defined as the inability to attain or
maintain a penile erection sufficient for successful vaginal intercourse (Eastern Mediterranean
Health Journal.2010). Erectile dysfunction is a common clinical entity that affects mainly men
older than 40 years. In addition to the classical causes of erectile dysfunction, such as diabetes
mellitus and hypertension, several common lifestyle factors, such as obesity, smoking, limited or
an absence of physical exercise, and lower urinary tract symptoms, have been linked to the
development of erectile dysfunction (American Journal of Epidemiology.2004).

Erectile dysfunction is divided into several kind by its causes, they are psychogenic erectile
dysfunction, neurogenic erectile dysfunction, endocrinological erectile dysfunction, and
vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. First psychological factors are involved in a signifi cant
number of cases of erectile dysfunction alone or in combination with organic causes.
Second, certain neurological disorders are frequently associated with erectile dysfunction,
including multiple sclerosis, temporal lobe epilepsy, Parkinsons disease, stroke, Alzheimers
disease, and spinal cord injury. Third, androgens play important parts in enhancing sexual desire
and maintaining adequate sleep-related erections but have a limited effect on visually induced
erections. Additionally, testosterone is important in the regulation of the expression of NO
synthase (NOS) and PDE5 inside the penis. And fourth, several frequent risk factors are
associated with penile arterial insufficiency, including atherosclerosis, hypertension,
hyperlipidaemia, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and pelvic irradiation. Smoking were
categorized in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (Lancet.2013).

Cigarette smoke contains around 41,000 chemicals. Here are some examples of these and where
they are commonly found, acetone - nail polish remover, ammonia - cleaning solutions, arsenic -
rat poison, carbon monoxide - car exhaust fumes, lead batteries, tar - road surfaces. These
chemicals cause damage to the blood vessels within the body. They cause narrowing of the
arteries, and fatty deposits to build up, meaning it is much harder for blood to flow into the penis,
to help it to expand in the normal way. Nicotine has a direct effect on the blood vessels which
carry blood to the penis. This causes the blood flow to be reduced, and this makes getting and
keeping an erection more difficult (Sheffield Teaching Hospitals.2011). The observed dose
response pattern between duration and intensity of smoking and increased risk of ED in
conjunction with previous published research indicating beneficial effects of smoking cessation,
especially at a younger age 32, highlights the importance of abstaining from or quitting smoking
(European Association of Urology.2007).
From the explanation above the author can conclude that relation between smoking and erectile
dysfunction is strong, and its happen because of dangerous chemicals in cigarette, so as this is
classified as vasculogenic erectile dysfunction.