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Missile Technology Control Regime
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is an informal and voluntary partnership between
34 countries to prevent the proliferation of missile and unmanned aerial vehicle technology capable of
carrying a 500 kg payload at least 300 km.
Contents
1 History
2 Members
2.1 Future Memberships
3 See also
4 External links
5 References
History
The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) was established in April 1987 by Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, and the United States. The MTCR was created in order to curb the
spread of unmanned delivery systems for nuclear weapons, specifically delivery systems that could carry
a minimum payload of 500 kg a minimum of 300 km.
At the annual meeting in Oslo in July 1992, chaired by Sten Lundbo, it was agreed to expand the scope
of the MTCR to include nonproliferation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for all weapons of mass
destruction. Prohibited materials are divided into two Categories, which are outlined in the MTCR
Equipment, Software, and Technology Annex. Membership has grown to 34 nations, with 3 additional
nations, including Israel, adhering to the MTCR Guidelines unilaterally.
[1]
Since its establishment, the MTCR has been successful in helping to slow or stop several ballistic
missile programs, according to the Arms Control Association: Argentina, Egypt, and Iraq abandoned
their joint Condor II ballistic missile program. Brazil, South Africa, and Taiwan also shelved or
eliminated missile or space launch vehicle programs. Some Eastern European countries, such as Poland
and the Czech Republic, destroyed their ballistic missiles, in part, to better their chances of joining
MTCR. In October 1994, in order to make the enforcement of MTCR Guidelines more uniform, the
member states established a no undercut policy, meaning if one member denies the sale of some
technology to another country, then all members must adhere.
[2]
The People's Republic of China is not a member of the MTCR but has agreed to abide by the original
1987 Guidelines and Annex, but not the subsequent revisions. China first verbally pledged that it would
adhere to the MTCR in November 1991, and included these assurances in a letter from its Foreign
Minister in February 1992. China reiterated its pledge in the October 1994 US-China joint statement. In
their October 1997 joint statement, the United States and China stated that they agree "to build on the
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Participating States
1994 Joint Statement on Missile Nonproliferation."
[3]
In 2004 China applied to join the MTCR, but
members did not offer China membership because of concerns about China's export control
standards.
[4][5]
Israel, Romania, and the Slovak Republic have also agreed to voluntarily follow MTCR export rules
even though not yet members.
[6]
Yet, the regime has its limitations. India, Iran, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan continue to advance
their missile programs. These countries, with varying degrees of foreign assistance, have deployed
medium-range ballistic missiles that can travel more than 1,000 kilometers and are exploring missiles
with much greater ranges, Israel and India in particular having already deployed strategic nuclear
SLCMs and ICBMs and satellite launch systems. Some of these countries, which are not MTCR
members, are also becoming sellers rather than simply buyers on the global arms market. North Korea,
for example, is viewed as the primary source of ballistic missile proliferation in the world today. Iran has
supplied missile technology to Syria.
[7]
India has a self-imposed no-export policy on all nuclear weapon
technology. In October 2012 the United States and South Korea announced that the US would assist
South Korea in fielding 800 km range missiles, and long range UAVs with payloads up to 2,500 kg;
[8][9]
though this may technically be MTCR compliant if indigenously built.
[10]
Due to its non-member
MTCR status Israel is unable to export its Shavit space launch system to foreign customers though in
1994 the US Clinton administration did allow an import waiver for US companies to buy the Shavit.
[11]
In 2002, the MTCR was supplemented by the International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile
Proliferation (ICOC), also known as the Hague Code of Conduct, which calls for restraint and care in the
proliferation of ballistic missile systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction, and has 119
members, thus working parallel to the MTCR with less specific restrictions but with a greater
membership.
Members
The MTCR has 34 members.
Argentina, 1993
Australia, 1990
Austria, 1991
Belgium, 1990
Bulgaria, 2004
Brazil, 1995
Canada, 1987
Czech Republic, 1998
Denmark, 1990
Finland, 1991
France, 1987
Germany, 1987
Greece, 1992
Hungary, 1993
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Future Memberships
During a state visit to India in November 2010, US president Barack Obama announced US support for
India's bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council
[12]
as well as India's entry to Nuclear
Suppliers Group, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group and Missile Technology Control
Regime.
[13][14]
See also
Arms control
External links
Missile Technology Control Regime website (http://www.mtcr.info/english/)
Sarah Chankin-Gould & Ivan Oelrich, "Double-edged shield," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
May/June 2005.
References
Iceland, 1993
Ireland, 1992
Italy, 1987
Japan, 1987
Luxembourg, 1990
Netherlands, 1990
New Zealand, 1991
Norway, 1990
Poland, 1997
Portugal, 1992
Republic of Korea, 2001
Russian Federation, 1995
South Africa, 1995
Spain, 1990
Sweden, 1991
Switzerland, 1992
Turkey, 1997
Ukraine, 1998
United Kingdom, 1987
United States of America, 1987
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1. ^ "Research Library: Country Profiles: Israel" (http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/israel/index.html).
NTI. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
2. ^ "The Missile Technology Control Regime at a Glance" (http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/mtcr).
Arms Control Association. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
3. ^ James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (http://cns.miis.edu/)
4. ^ "China and Multilateral Export Control Mechanisms"
(http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/jks/kjlc/fkswt/t410728.htm). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
People's Republic of China. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
5. ^ "Missile Regime Puts Off China" (http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2004_11/MTCR). Arms Control Today.
Arms Control Association. November 2004. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
6. ^ http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/mtcr
7. ^ "Country Profile - Syria" (http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/syria/delivery-systems/), Nuclear Threat
Initiative
8. ^ Jung Ha-Won (7 October 2012). "US lets S. Korea raise missile range to cover North"
(http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hhgSJ7d6mZjXyMzRcrMDvb_UYDaw?
docId=CNG.4222d2cc06b341b4ccdcfbcc7db77346.411). AFP. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
9. ^ Simon Mundy and Michiyo Nakamoto (7 October 2012). "US eases South Korea missile restrictions"
(http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5211903e-1052-11e2-a5f7-00144feabdc0.html). Financial Times. Retrieved 8
October 2012.
10. ^ Jeffrey Lewis (9 October 2012). "Missiles Away!"
(http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/09/dont_just_do_something). Foreign Policy. Retrieved 11
October 2012.
11. ^ http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/Israel-Trade-Grows.html
12. ^ "Obama endorses India's bid for permanent seat in UNSC"
(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-
permanent-member). The Times Of India. 2010-11-08.
13. ^ "Obama seeks expanded India-US trade"
(http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/11/2010116132349390763.html). Al Jazeera English. 6
November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
14. ^ "Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future" (http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-
Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html). Voice of America. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 7
November 2010.
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Categories: Arms control Guided missiles
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