Drying of natural gas Thomas Frde, October 21, 2010 Troll A Slide 2 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Layout 1. Introduction/motivation 2. Industrial examples 3. Theory drying Dehydration 4. Summary Slide 3 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Background Explanations Raw natural gas; gas produced from the well Sour natural gas; contains hydrogen sulfide H 2 S or carbon dioxide CO 2 Sweet natural gas; contains little sulfur and carbon dioxide Rich natural gas; contains larger quantities of higher hydrocarbons Wet natural gas; is saturated with water vapor under natural conditions Petroleum technology volume 1-2 chapter 13 natural gas Introduction Krst Statoilhydro photo Slide 4 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Introduction Gas specifications Gas and liquid contracts usually contain the following basic considerations: Gas 1. Minimum, maximum and nominal delivery pressure 2. Maximum water content (expressed as a dewpoint at a given pressure or concentration) 3. Maximum condensable hydrocarbon content (expressed as a hydrocarbon dewpoint ) 4. Allowable concentration of contaminants (H 2 S, carbon disulfide) 5. Minimum and maximum heating value 6. Cleanliness (allowable solids concentration) Liquid 1. Quality of product (expressed as vapor pressure, relative or absolute density) 2. Specification (color, concentration of contaminants) 3. Maximum water content Introduction Slide 5 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Motivation Treating Water must be removed Solid hydrates with hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide Slugs in pipeline Corrosive H 2 S and CO 2 Petroleum technology volume 1-2 chapter 13 natural gas, Natural gas production processing transport A.Rojey et.al Introduction Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) must be removed Toxic and corrosive Often done centralized treatment plants Nitrogen No heating value Slide 6 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Motivation Flow configurations Principal sketch natural gas, well to consumer Well-stream from sub-sea/platform to shore (LNG; Snhvit, gas export; Troll and Ormen Lange) Platform with full gas processing gas export (Sleipner) Sleipner snhvit Troll, ormen lange Troll Introduction Off shore platform processing Pipe line Pipe line to europe LNG 1: Off shore to land, pipe line demands 2: Export pipe line, demands 3: LNG composition demands Refinery and petrochemicals 4: Condensate composition demands Slide 7 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Motivation Typical north sea natural gas composition Major components (mol percentage dry gas) in some north sea gas reservoirs It can be seen from the table, that Troll produced very lean gas. Other fields contains more CO2 and heavy components. Introduction 1 Petroleum technology chapter 13 * hydrocarbons A Well stream, B Pipeline stream Saturated Saturated Saturated Saturated Saturated H 2 0 1-10 3 0.15 4.13 1.51 Propane 0-1 0.38 7.9 12.4 0.31 Other * 0-5 - He 0-3 0.49 - H 2 S 8.6 83 3.42 1.6 Sleipner B 0.47 24.8 65.8 0.38 South-east asian field 8.70 71.08 3.36 0.32 Kristin A 1-15 3.53 Ethane Methane CO 2 N 2 75-99 92.69 0-30 0-15 Typical [1] 0.22 1.74 TrollA A Slide 8 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Industrial examples Slide 9 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Natural gas processing Principal sketch natural gas processing route Industrial Slide 10 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Industrial examples Troll, Kolsnes onshore plant Industrial Simplified flow sheet Troll onshore gas treatment plant Kolsnes Slide 11 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Industrial examples Principal sketch Troll, MEG * System Industrial Background: Troll is located in the north part of the North Sea, about 65 km west of Kolsnes Ocean depth is above 300 meter The field is divided into Troll east and Troll west 2/3 of the recoverable gas reserve is located in the east * Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) also called ethylene glycol (EG) Slide 12 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Troll Dehydration system Feed gas from slug catchers Inlet gas separator (Pressure, BARG) <Temperature, Celcius> (90) <5> (89.5) <-5.1> (67) <-21> (69.4)<-20.2> Condensate and Glycol (69)<-20.2> (68.5) <-11.7> (78.4) <-0.7> Lean gas to pipeline compressors Turboexpander Suction drum Dewpoint separator MEG Slide 13 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Principal sketch Kristin All processing offshore Kristin is a high pressure field (900 in the well, choke sea bottom to 350 bar) Ocean depth is about 350 meters Gas is transported to Krst Economic choice of technology; takes advantage of high well pressure and existing single phase pipe-line to Krst Full processing offshore to meet existing pipe-line spec (105 cricondenbar) inlet pipeline pressure 211 bar and 50 degrees Celsius Gas is delivered at Krst at 100 bar Industrial Q
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Kristin Liquid separation system Sketch of Kristins liquid separation system Inlet separator 2nd stage separator 3rd stage separator 1st stage recompressor 2st stage recompressor 3st stage recompressor To Dehydration system <Temperature, Celcius> (Pressure, BarA) <112> (87) <120> (26) <74> (2.15) <30> (1.7) <30> (7) <26> (25) To condensate storage Inlet wet gas p r e s s u r e
r e d u c t i o n
P r e s s u r e in c r e a s in g
Slide 15 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Kristin Separation re-compressor package From separator To separator Out of recompressor Compressor separator Sketch of Kristins separator recompression system Slide 16 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Principal sketch Kristin All processing offshore Kristin is a high pressure field (900 in the well, choke sea bottom to 350 bar) Ocean depth is about 350 meters Gas is transported to Krst Economic choice of technology; takes advantage of high well pressure and existing single phase pipe-line to Krst Full processing offshore to meet existing pipe-line spec (105 cricondenbar) inlet pipeline pressure 211 bar and 50 degrees Celsius Gas is delivered at Krst at 100 bar Industrial Q
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Kristin De-hydration (TEG) system Sketch of Kristins dehydration system TEG: Triethylene glycol Slide 18 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Snhvit Principal sketch Industrial Slug catcher Inlet separation MEG Recovery Condensate treatment Feed from pipeline CO 2 Removal CO 2 De- hydration Mercury Removal Natural gas liquefaction To pipeline LNG storage LPG storage Condensate storage Fractionation First developed field in the Barents sea Ocean depth of 300-350 meters A gas field with condensate and an underlying thin oil zone Choice of technology: Make LNG, no existing gas lines to Europe Slide 19 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Snhvit dehydration system Molecular sieve Snhvits molecular sieve Hot Oil Regeneration gas Dry gas (pressure, barA) <Temp, Celsius > (64.9) <26.6 > (63.0)<230> (64.0) <27.6 > (63.7) <27.5 > (63.2) <233.0 > Wet gas Regeneration gas Example of Molecular sieves Slide 20 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Summary Introduction, industrial examples and pipeline These points have been discussed/explained: General facts about natural gas The dehydration system at: Troll (onshore), MEG injection and dehydration by cooling (turboexpanders) Kristin (offshore), dehydration by absorption (TEG system) Snhvit (onshore), dehydration by adsorption (molsieve) Some of the issues related to transport of natural gas in pipelines Slide 21 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Dehydration Slide 22 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Natural gas processing Principal sketch of a natural gas processing plant Dehydration Slide 23 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Dehydration Natural gas is commercially dehydrated in one of three ways 1. Absorption (Glycol dehydration) 2. Adsorption (Mol sieve, silica gel, or activated alumina) 3. Condensation (cooling) (Refrigeration with glycol or methanol injection) Four glycols are used for dehydration and/or inhibition 1. Monoethylene Glycol (MEG) also called ethylene glycol (EG) 2. Diethylene glycol (DEG) 3. Triethylene glycol (TEG) 4. Tetraetylhene glycol (T 4 EG) Dehydration Absorption and refrigeration with hydrate inhibition is the most common dehydration process used to meet pipeline sales specifications Adsorption processes are used to obtain very low water contents required in low temperature processes, for example LNG TEG is most common in absorption systems MEG is most common in glycol injection systems Dehydration is the process of removing water from a gas and/or liquid Slide 24 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Absorption Dehydration Slide 25 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Absorption Dehydration Natural gas is dried by absorption, often in a countercurrent scrubbing unit A liquid having a strong affinity for water is used as an absorbent A good absorbent should have: 1. Strong affinity for water 2. Low cost 3. Non corrosive 4. Low affinity for hydrocarbons and acid gases 5. Thermal stability 6. Easy regeneration 7. Low viscosity 8. Low vapor pressure at the contact temperature 9. Low tendency to foam Absorption Dehydration TEG DEG TEG TEG Vapor pressure 25 C Freezing point C Viscosity (25 C) Molecular weight T 4 EG DEG MEG -13 - -7 TEG T 4 EG MEG 17- 49 T 4 EG DEG MEG 62 194 T 4 EG DEG MEG Increasing values Basic glycol properties Slide 26 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Basic glycol dehydration unit Simplified flow diagram for a glycol dehydration unit. from the GPSA Engineering Data Book, 11th ed. Absorption Dehydration Slide 27 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker The glycol dehydration unit Wet gas (no liquid water) enter bottom of absorber and flows countercurrent to the glycol. Lean glycol enters at the top Absorber internal Tray Bubble cap Valve Sieve Packing Berl Saddle, Raschig Ring Reactor One, two pass trays Bubble Cap Bearl Saddle Valve tray Sieve tray Bubble Cap tray Absorption Dehydration Maximize Contact area and time Gas/glycol Slide 28 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Absorber design Design parameters Purity demand Working temperatures Working pressure Choice of absorbent Design procedure Mass balance circulate enough glycol to absorb the water in the gas Gas rate tank diameter (flooding) Equilibrium analysis number of equilibrium stages Real analysis, have to take into account the reaction kinetic and contact time between glycol and gas. Gives number of actual trays Dryer glycolhigher concentration differences higher reaction kinetic higher efficiency more expensive and heavier glycol regeneration system Higher glycol circulation ratehigher concentration differences higher reaction kinetichigher efficiencyhigher pressure drop more expensive and heavier pumps Principal sketch assuming: Mass transfer are controlled by resistance on the gas side Straight operation and equilibrium lines of mol fraction water in the gas phase stages actual of No stages EQ of No . .
Absorption Dehydration Mol fraction water in glycol M o l
f r a c t i o n
w a t e r
i n
g a s
Bottom of tower Top of tower G ly c o l f lo w G a s
f l o w E Q
lin e O P
l i n e Y b * Y b Y t * Y t Y mol frac. Water gas phase Y* EQ mol frac. Water gas phase Slide 29 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Glycol dehydration unit Working principle Minimum tray spacing 610 mm Flooding, foaming Typical profiles of the mol fraction of water in glycol as a function of tower height. For tray and structural packing Typical profiles of the mol fraction of water in gas as a function of tower height. For tray and structural packing Discrete and continues concentration profile Equilibrium assumption Absorption Dehydration Slide 30 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Glycol regeneration Alternatives A) Open stripping loop B) Closed stripping loop C) Cold finger Increased temperature A) Any inert gas is suitable. Theoretically best to insert stripping gas between re boiler and surge tank B) A closed stripping loop, isooctane can be used. Vaporizes at re-boiler temperature and condenses and can be separated from water in a three phase separator. High stripping gas rates with little venting of hydrocarbons. Glycol cons> 99.99% (w/w) has been achieved. C) A cold finger is inserted into a bucket in the surge drum vapor space. A TEG mixture rich in water condenses out. This mixture is taped off. H 2 O partial pressure is lowered and lean glycol concentration is increased. 99.5-99.9 % (w/w) glycol has been achieved. Absorption Dehydration Rich TEG Re boiler Heat Exchanger A; Stripping gas A; Wet stripping gas Water B; stripping gas TEG unit Cool Heat still column Slide 31 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Glycol regeneration Component Reboiler: Temperature should not exceed 204 C (TEG) due to degradation. Some degradation of glycol in contact with heat transfer surface maximum heat flux rates. Heat provided with direct fired fire tubes immersed in the bath, hot oil, steam or electric resistance heating. Stripping Colum: Can be trayed or structural packed. Stripping gas lowers the partial pressure of H 2 O in the gas phase, and more water can be absorbed by the gas (Raoults law). Surge drum: Retention time >20 min Be able to hold all the re-boiler glycol, to allow repair or inspection of the re-boiler heating coil. Flash tank: Used to remove light hydrocarbons, CO 2 , H 2 S. Operation pressure 15% of the contactor operating pressure. Filters: Captures chemical impurities and solid particles. Pressure drop is measured and used as a replacing criteria. Absorption Dehydration Slide 32 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Glycol absorption Pros and cons Pros Low initial cost Low pressure drop across absorption towers Recharging of towers present no problems Materials that would cause fouling of some solid adsorbents can be tolerated in the contactor Cons Suspended matter, such as dirt, scale, and iron oxide may contaminate glycol solutions Overheating of solutions may produce both low and high boiling decomposition products The resultant sludge may collect on heating surfaces, causing some loss in efficiency, or, in severe cases, complete flow stoppage When both oxygen and hydrogen sulfide is present, corrosion may become a problem because of the formation of acid material in the glycol solution Liquids such as water, light hydrocarbons or lubrication oils in inlet gas may require installation of an efficient separator ahead of the absorber. Highly mineralized water entering the system with inlet gas may, over long periods crystallize and fill the re-boiler with solid salts Foaming of solution may occur with a resultant carry-over of liquid. The addition of a small quantity of antifoam compound usually remedies this problem Absorption Dehydration Slide 33 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Dehydration by cooling Slide 34 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Refrigeration system A refrigeration system lowers the temperature of a fluid or gas below that possible when using air or water at ambient conditions. Refrigeration systems are used for Removing of water Chilling natural gas for NGL extraction Chilling natural gas for hydrocarbon dew-point control LPG product storage Natural gas liquefaction (LNG) Refrigeration processes: Mechanical refrigeration Compression (uses energy in form of work to pump heat) Absorption (use energy in form of heat to pump heat, ammonia systems) Expansion refrigeration Valve expansion (Joule Thompson) Turbine expansion (Turbo expander) Natural gas liquid fractions as a function of temperature at atmospheric pressure Dehydration by cooling NGL recovery Slide 35 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Refrigeration cycle Principal thermodynamic path A-B,E cooled by heat exchange with the process gas. B-C Natural gas is cooled by heat exchange with the refrigeration cycle. The gas temperature is lowered at constant pressure. E-F Natural gas is cooled by isentropic (constant entropy S) expansion through a turbine (turbo expander), EF actual path. B-D Natural gas is cooled by isenthalpic (constant enthalpy) expansion through a valve (Joule Thompson). Dehydration by cooling NGL recovery Thermodynamic path Liquid recovery by refrigeration Slide 36 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Principal sketch of a refrigeration cycle Refrigeration is achieved by vaporization at relatively low refrigerant pressure. The refrigerant can be a propane or sometimes a halogen of the Freon type. Dehydration by cooling NGL recovery Natural gas Slide 37 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Turbo expander cycle (Troll gas) Dehydrated gas Condensate and Glycol Lean gas to pipeline compressors Turboexpander Suction drum Dewpoint separator Turbo expander process for NGL extraction Phase envelope based Troll, dehydrated gas 1 Feed gas 1-2 Gas-gas heat exchanger 2-3 Suction drum 3-4 Turbine expander 4-5 Dewpoint separator 5-6 Gas-gas heat exchanger 6-7 Compression A hydrate inhibitor (MEG) is often injected upstream of the heat exchanger, if the gas is un- hydrated Dehydration by cooling NGL recovery -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 -170 -140 -110 -80 -50 -20 10 40 Temperature [C] P r e s s u r e
[ B a r ] Path turbo expander Feed gas phase envelope Path joule thompson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Slide 38 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Joule Thompson cycle (Troll gas) Inlet gas Condensate and Glycol (69)<-20.2> Lean gas to pipeline compressors Turboexpander Suction drum Dewpoint separator Phase envelope based on Troll, dehydrated gas Joule Thompson process for NGL extraction 1 Feed gas 1-2 Gas-gas heat exchanger 2-3 Suction drum 3-4 Valve expander 4-5 Dewpoint separator 5-6 Gas-gas heat exchanger A hydrate inhibitor (MEG) is often injected upstream of the heat exchanger, if the gas is un- hydrated. Dehydration by cooling NGL recovery -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 -170 -140 -110 -80 -50 -20 10 40 Temperature [C] P r e s s u r e
[ B a r ] Path turbo expander Feed gas phase envelope Path joule thompson 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slide 39 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Dehydration by adsorption Slide 40 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Dehydration by adsorption Adsorption describes any process where gas molecules are held on the surface of a solid by surface forces. Adsorbents may be divided into two classes. Species is adsorbed due to physisorption and capillary condensation Species is adsorbed due to chemisorption (not much used in natural gas processing) A sorbent must have the following properties: 1. High adsorption capacity at equilibrium 2. Large surface area 3. Easily and economically regenerated 4. Fast adsorption kinetics 5. Low pressure drop 6. High cyclic stability (kinetic and capacity) 7. No significant volume change (swelling shrinking) Dehydration by sorption Slide 41 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Dehydration by adsorption The commercial available sorbents can be divided into three broad categories: 1. Gel A granular amorphous solid (silica gel (SiO 2 ), alumina gel Al 2 O 3 ) 2. Alumina Hydrated form of aluminum oxide Al 2 O 3, activated by drying off part of the hydrated water adsorbed on the surface 3. Molecular sieves Alkali metal crystalline aluminosilicates, very similar to natural clays Example of sorbents: Silica gel (Gel type) Outlet gas water content down to 10 ppm (v/v) and dew point -60 C can be achieved Regenerated between 120 and 200 C It adsorbs hydrocarbons, which are desorbed during regeneration Silica gel is destroyed by free water which causes the granules to burst, and react with bases Activated alumina Al 2 O 3 Outlet gas water content <1 ppm (v/v), outlet dew point -73 C can be achieved Heavy hydrocarbons are adsobed but can not be desorbed during regeneration Molecular sieves (zeolites) Outlet gas water content down to 0.03 ppm (v/v) , outlet dew point -100 C Water is adsorbed in a micro porous structure The presence of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS 2 ) should be avoided The adsorbent must be replaced frequently (about every three year) The water content in the feed must be low Dehydration by sorption Slide 42 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Principal sketch Adsorbent system http://www.uop.com/objects/96%20MolecularSieves.pdf Flow sheet of a basic two tower adsorption system with regeneration Molecular sieves Dehydration By sorption R e g e n e r a t i o n
O p e r a t i o n Process gas Regeneration gas Regeneration gas Process gas Slide 43 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Adsorption Concentration profiles Active Zone Mass transfer Zone Equilibrium Zone Dry gas Wet gas Variation of adsorption zones with time and height Schematic view of reactor bed with adsorption zones Equilibrium zone: Sorbent is saturated with water. Mass transfer zone: All the mass transfer takes place in this zone. Active zone: The sorbent has its full capacity for water, contains only residual water left from regeneration cycle. Dehydration by sorption Slide 44 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Adsorption General point and re-generation Design parameters Number of adsorption units regeneration time Gas velocity and allowable pressure drop diameter Good internal flow distribution avoid channeling Proper pre-treating of the gas Degradation due to loss of effective surface area Degradation due to blockage of small capillary or lattice openings Proper heat loss management (insulation internal/external) optimize regeneration Proper heat recovery Possible to replace adsorbent Principal sketch of reactor temperature during regeneration T 0 -T A heating of the reactor T A -T B evaporation and breaking of surface forces T B -T C removing of heavy contaminants and residual water T C Cooling, heat recovery phase Dehydration by sorption Slide 45 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Summary dehydration Different dehydration technologies have been discussed Absorption Glycol system Trayed towers Structural packing Concentration profiles Design guide lines System components Cooling System Compressor cooling Turbo expander Joule Thompson Adsorption Concentration profiles Design guide lines System component/operation Slide 46 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker CO 2 capture technology Slide 47 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker CO 2 capture from energy related sources Combustion Fossil fuel Flue gas Air Energy CO 2 separation CO 2 N 2 ,O 2 Gasification/ reforming Fossil fuel H 2 , CO 2 Air/O 2 Steam Energy CO 2 separation CO 2 H 2 Combustion Air N 2 ,O 2 , H 2 O Energy CO2 capture from large scale power plants is yet to be implemented Slide 48 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Overview CO2 capture technologies* Separation t ask Process Streams Postcombusti on capture Oxyfuel Combust ion capture Pre-Combustion Capt ure CO2/CH4 CO2/N2 N2/O2 CO2/H2 Capture technologies Current Emergi ng Current Emergi ng Current Emergi ng Current Emergi ng Solvents (Absorption) Physi cal sol vents Chemi cal Solvents Improved solvents Novel contacting equipment Improved design of processes Chemi cal sol vents Improved solvents Novel contacting equipment Improved design of processes n. a. Biomimetic solvents, e.g. hemoglobine- derivatives Physical sol vent Chemi cal sol vents Improved chemical solvents Novel contacting equipment Improved design of processes Membranes Polymeri c Ceramic Facilitated transport Carbon Contactors Polymeric Ceramic Facilitated transport Carbon Contactors Polymeric Ion transport membranes Facilitated transport Polymeric Ceramic Palladium Reactors Contactors Soli d sorbents Zeolites Activated carbon Zeolites Activated carbon Carbonates Carbon based sorbents Zeolites Activated carbon Adsorbents for O2/N2 separation Perovskites Oxygen chemical looping Zeolites Activated carbon Alumina Carbonates Hydrotalcites Silicates Cryogeni c Ryan- Holmes process Liquefaction Hybrid processes Dist il lat ion Improved distillation Liquefaction Hybrid processes Separation t ask Process Streams Postcombusti on capture Oxyfuel Combust ion capture Pre-Combustion Capt ure CO2/CH4 CO2/N2 N2/O2 CO2/H2 Capture technologies Current Emergi ng Current Emergi ng Current Emergi ng Current Emergi ng Solvents (Absorption) Physi cal sol vents Chemi cal Solvents Improved solvents Novel contacting equipment Improved design of processes Chemi cal sol vents Improved solvents Novel contacting equipment Improved design of processes n. a. Biomimetic solvents, e.g. hemoglobine- derivatives Physical sol vent Chemi cal sol vents Improved chemical solvents Novel contacting equipment Improved design of processes Membranes Polymeri c Ceramic Facilitated transport Carbon Contactors Polymeric Ceramic Facilitated transport Carbon Contactors Polymeric Ion transport membranes Facilitated transport Polymeric Ceramic Palladium Reactors Contactors Soli d sorbents Zeolites Activated carbon Zeolites Activated carbon Carbonates Carbon based sorbents Zeolites Activated carbon Adsorbents for O2/N2 separation Perovskites Oxygen chemical looping Zeolites Activated carbon Alumina Carbonates Hydrotalcites Silicates Cryogeni c Ryan- Holmes process Liquefaction Hybrid processes Dist il lat ion Improved distillation Liquefaction Hybrid processes * From IPCC special report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, 2005 Slide 49 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Selcetion of CO2 capture technology http://www.uop.com/gasprocessing/6010.html Slide 50 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Typical CO2 absorption loop Amine Absorber Feed Gas KO Drum Product Gas KO Drum Feedgas Product gas Lean-Rich Exchanger Water Make Up Water Wash Pumps Rich Solvent Flash Drum Flash gas Lean Sol. Cooler (CW) Carbon Filter (Lean Sol) Amine Regen- erator HP Lean Pump LP Lean Pump Regen. Reboiler (LPS) Acid Gas Condenser (CW) Regen. Reflux Drum Reflux Pump Acid gas Slide 51 2008 Aker Solutions part of Aker Summary of presentation These points have been discussed/explained: General facts about natural gas Industrial dehydration examples The different mechanism in gas/liquid separation Different dehydration technologies Absorption Cooling Adorption Sour gas removal