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Navigation Acts IDENTIFY: A series of laws restricting colonial trade. French-Indian War IDENTIFY: A conflict in north america, lasting from 1754 to 1763. "Join or die" was meant to encourage the colonies to unite and aid the british.
Navigation Acts IDENTIFY: A series of laws restricting colonial trade. French-Indian War IDENTIFY: A conflict in north america, lasting from 1754 to 1763. "Join or die" was meant to encourage the colonies to unite and aid the british.
Navigation Acts IDENTIFY: A series of laws restricting colonial trade. French-Indian War IDENTIFY: A conflict in north america, lasting from 1754 to 1763. "Join or die" was meant to encourage the colonies to unite and aid the british.
U.S History Study Guide Revolution and the Constitution
1. Navigation Acts IDENTIFY: a series of laws restricting colonial trade IMPORTANCE: The system created by the Navigation Acts benefited England and proved to be good for most colonists as well. Passing all foreign goods through England yielded jobs for English dockworkers and import taxes for the English treasury. 2. French-Indian War IDENTIFY: a conflict in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763, that was a part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain and that ended with the defeat of France and the transfer of French Canada to Britain. IMPORTANCE: Great Britain claimed all of North America east of Mississippi, Spain gained French lands west of Mississippi, and France kept small islands of Newfoundland and the West Indies. After this war, Britain was in major debt. As a result, the British began taxing the colonists, which ended Salutary Neglect. 3. Albany Plan of 1754 IDENTIFY: A proposal made by Benjamin Franklin which called for the permanent formation of the colonies. IMPORTANCE: This plan marked the first official attempt to develop intercolonial cooperation among the American colonies. 4. Join or Die IDENTIFY: 1759, Benjamin Franklin drew an image of a snake in multiple pieces and had 8 colonies labeled in relation to their location. It was meant to encourage the British colonies to unite and aid the British. IMPORTANCE: it marked the beginning of a sense of national identity in the colonists. It was initially created as an attempt to persuade the colonies to support the British troops in the war. 5. 1763 Treaty of Paris IDENTIFY: Treaty that marked the official end to the French-Indian War, won by the British. IMPORTANCE: France surrendered all territory in Mainland North America, thus ending military threat to British colonies. 6. Salutary Neglect IDENTIFY: an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies continued economic loyalty. IMPORTANCE: England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in return for the continued economic loyalty of the colonies. As long as raw materials continued flowing into the homeland and the colonists continued to buy English-produced goods, Parliament did not supervise the colonies closely. 7. Proclamation of 1763: IDENTIFY: Great Britain said colonies could not settle West of Appalachian Mountains and colonists could not trade with Native Americans. IMPORTANCE: This occurred after the French and Indian War and ended Salutary Neglect. This ban established a Proclamation line, which the colonists could not cross, but the ban could not be enforced. 8. Stamp Act IDENTIFY: Tax placed on all paper good by British, including newspaper, legal documents, dice, playing cards, etc. IMPORTANCE: When news of the Stamp Act became known to the colonists, they united in defiance. 9. Stamp Act Congress IDENTIFY: Created by 9 colonists who met in New York to discuss issues and end Stamp Act. IMPORTANCE: Wrote a petition to end Stamp Act (Declaration of Rights and Grievances) and demanded no taxation without representation. This meant that Great Britain couldnt tax the colonies without having representation in their own local, colonial legislatures. Colonists couldnt have legislatures because they were under British rule, but didnt want G.B Parliament. 10. Sons and Daughters of Liberty IDENTIFY: A secret resistance group of Boston composed of mainly shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers. IMPORTANCE: They began harassing customs workers, stamp agents, and occasionally royal governors. Eventually they forced stamp agents all over the colony to resign. 11. Committees of Correspondence IDENTIFY: The assembling of Massachusetts and Virginia to communicate and discuss threats to American liberties amongst other colonies. IMPORTANCE: by 1774, these committees formed active communication networks that eventually connected leaders from all colonies with one another. 12. Townshend Acts IDENTIFY: Indirect taxes or duties levied on imported goods from Britain such as glass, lead, paint, and paper. The acts also imposed a three-penny tax on tea, the most popular drink in the colonies. IMPORTANCE: Colonists were outraged and behaved in a way to show their anger towards Britain. They had well- organized resistances and demanded representation if they were to be taxed (no taxation without representation). Boston's Samuel Adams called for another boycott of British goods, and American women of every rank in society became involved in the protest. (extra info) The Seizure of Liberty IDENTIFY: British agents in Boston seized the Liberty, a ship belonging to local merchant John Hancock. The customs inspector claimed that Hancock had smuggled in a shipment of wine from Madeira and had failed to pay the customs taxes. IMPORTANCE: The seizure triggered riots against customs agents. In response, the British stationed 2,000 "redcoats," or British soldiers in Boston. 13. Boston Tea Party IDENTIFY: The British East India Company, which held an official monopoly on tea imports, was nearing bankruptcy due to colonial boycotts on tea. As a result, North devised the Tea Act, which granted the company the right to sell tea to the colonies free of the taxes that colonial tea sellers had to pay. This action would cut colonial merchants out of the tea trade, because the East India Company could sell its tea directly to consumers for less. Colonists protested violently. Boston rebels gathered together, dressed as Native Americans, at the Boston Harbor and dumped nearly 18,000 of tea into the harbor IMPORTANCE: King George III was angered by these acts and destruction of British property and persuaded Parliament to put the Intolerable Acts into place. (extra) Boston Massacre IDENTIFY: a clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of the colonists were killed. IMPORTANCE: Samuel Adams and other colonial agitators labeled this confrontation the Boston Massacre, thus presenting it as a British attack on defenseless citizens. 14. Intolerable Acts IDENTIFY: In 1774, Parliament, urged by King George III after Boston Tea Party, passed a series of laws upon the colonists. These laws included restricting the colonists from using the Boston sea ports, putting the Quartering Act into place, not allowing the colonial legislatures to meet, and placing placed Boston under martial law, or rule imposed by military forces IMPORTANCE: The Acts stripped most self-governance from the Massachusetts colony. It was meant to make an example of to the rest of the 13 colonies. Instead, the Acts were seen as Parliaments lack of concern for issues important to the American colonies. The Acts are a direct cause of the American Revolution, as the Acts inspired the convening of the first Continental Congress, which later began the American Revolution. (extra) To Concord, by the Lexington Road IDENTIFY: A source informed Warren that Gage intended to march on Concord by way of Lexington, seize Adams and Hancock, and destroy all hidden munitions. Warren immediately sent for Paul Revere, a member of the Sons of Liberty, and told him to warn Adams and Hancock as well as the townspeople along the way. Revere began to organize a network of riders who would spread the alarm. IMPORTANCE: The British marched on to Concord, where they found an empty arsenal. After a brief skirmish with minutemen, the British soldiers lined up to march back to Boston, but the march quickly became a slaughter. Between 3,000 and 4,000 minutemen had assembled by now, and they fired on the marching troops from behind stone walls and trees. British soldiers fell by the dozen. Bloodied and humiliated, the remaining British soldiers made their way back to Boston. 15. Samuel Adams IDENTIFY: A man with a Harvard education who helped to create the Sons and Daughter of Liberty by being a powerful and influential political activist. IMPORTANCE: He called for the colonial boycott of British goods. 16. Common Sense IDENTIFY: A 50 page pamphlet written by Thomas Payne attacking King George III. IMPORTANCE: Prior to Common Sense the colonists shared no collective thought of independence from Great Britain. Paine declared that the time had come for colonists to proclaim an independent republic. Paine stated independence would give Americans the chance to create a better society that was free from tyranny, with equal social and economic opportunities for all.
17. John Locke and Montesquieu IDENTIFY: Both men were influential people during the time of European enlightenment. Locke believed people are born with 3 natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Montesquieu declared that the governments power comes from the people. IMPORTANCE: The ideas of these men helped to structure the American Constitution and the government in America. Montesquieu suggested the policy of separation of power and checks and balances amongst the branches of American government. (extra) Second Continental Congress IDENTIFY: This was the Continental Congress that convened in May 1775, approved the Declaration of Independence, and served as the only agency of national government during the Revolutionary War. IMPORTANCE: John Adams of Massachusetts suggested that each colony set up its own government and that the Congress declare the colonies independent. (extra) Battle of Bunker Hill IDENTIFY: British General Thomas Gage decided to strike at militiamen who had dug in on Breed's Hill, north of the city and near Bunker Hill. Gage sent out nearly 2,400 British troops. The colonists held their fire until the last minute, then began to shoot down the advancing redcoats. The surviving British troops made a second attack, and then a third. The third assault succeeded, but only because the militiamen ran low on ammunition. IMPORTANCE: The colonists had lost 450 men, while the British had suffered over 1,000 casualties. The Battle of Bunker Hill became the deadliest battle of the war. (extra) Olive Branch Petition IDENTIFY: A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain. IMPORTANCE: King George rejected the petition and issued a proclamation stating that the colonies were in rebellion and urged Parliament to order a naval blockade of the American coast. 18. Declaration of Independence IDENTIFY: the document, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the delegates of the Continental Congress declared the colonies independence from Britain. Jefferson drew on ideas of Locke, giving citizens the rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Jefferson then declared that governments derive "their just powers from the consent of the governed (from the people). This right of consent gave the people the right "to alter or to abolish" any government that threatened their unalienable rights and to install a government that would uphold these principles. This says that the American colonies declared their independence from Britain, listing in the Declaration the numerous ways in which the British king had violated the "unalienable rights" of the Americans IMPORTANCE: The delegates voted unanimously that the American colonies were free, and on July 4, 1776, they adopted the Declaration of Independence. Patriots- supporters of American independence Loyalists- supporters remaining loyal to the British crown. 19. Valley Forge IDENTIFY: Valley Forge in Pennsylvania was the site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 17771778 during the American Revolutionary War. It was led by George Washington. IMPORTANCE: The ordeal at Valley Forge marked a low point for General Washington's troops, but even as it occurred, the Americans' hopes of winning began to improve. 20. Marquis de Lafayette IDENTIFY: French aristocrat and military leader who aided American during the Revolution. IMPORTANCE: Lafayette joined Washingtons staff and experienced the life of Valley Forge. He lobbied for French reinforcement in France in 1779 and led a command in Virginia in the last years of the war. He suggested that the American and French armies join forces with the two French fleets and attack the British forces at Yorktown and by following his plan the colonists defeated the British at Yorktown. 21. Yorktown IDENTIFY: The last battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1781 near the seacoast of Virginia. The colonists laid siege upon Lord Cornwallis and his troops endlessly for 3 weeks. The Colonists were lucky in that this battle was fought on a peninsula, leaving the British surrounded by water. IMPORTANCE: Here, Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army to General George Washington. 22. Lord Cornwallis IDENTIFY: Ambitious British general. Left to command the British forces in the South and to conquer South and North Carolina. IMPORTANCE: Cornwallis led his troops to many victories in the year of 1780. Angered by the defeat at Cowpens, Cornwallis attacked Greene two months later at Guilford Court House, North Carolina. Cornwallis won the battle, but the victory cost him nearly a fourth of his troops. 93 troops were killed, over 400 were wounded, and 26 were missing. He later surrendered after 3 days of being fired at by Americana and French soldiers. 23. Treaty of Paris 1783 IDENTIFY: the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation. IMPORTANCE: The United States now stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to the Florida border. 24. Articles of Confederation IDENTIFY: a document, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States. . It served as a legal representation of their confederacy, or loose union of states. It gave the central government no forcible control over the states or citizens. As stated in the Articles of Confederation, there was no chief executive or judiciary branch and the legislature had no power to collect or enforce taxes. IMPORTANCE: The Articles of Confederation gave the new national government power to declare war, make peace, and sign treaties. It could borrow money, set standards for coins and for weights and measures, establish a postal service, and deal with Native American peoples. The Articles, however, created no separate executive department to carry out and enforce the acts of Congress and no national court system to interpret the meaning of laws. 25. Shays Rebellion IDENTIFY: an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787. IMPORTANCE: Shays's Rebellion not only resulted in the death of four rebels but also unsettled some of the nation's leaders. Armies couldnt be formed to stop the farmers led by Daniel Shay due to the weaknesses of the A.o.C. This rebellion was essentially the tipping point to calling the Constitutional Convention. 26. Federalist Papers IDENTIFY: a series of 85 essays defending the Constitution, appeared in New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788. They were published under the pseudonym Publius, but were written by Federalist leaders Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. IMPORTANCE: The Federalist provided an analysis and an explanation of Constitutional provisions, such as the separation of powers and the limits on the power of majorities, which remain important today. 27. Federalists IDENTIFY: Those who are for the ratification of the Constitution IMPORTANCE: They favored the new Constitution's balance of power between the states and the national government. They were confident that the systems of checks and balance and seperatiion of power would protect Americans from the tyranny of a centralized government. 28. Anti-Federalists IDENTIFY: Those who are against the ratification of the Constitution IMPORTANCE: They opposed having such a strong central government. They raised doubts that a single government could manage the affairs of the country. 29. Alexander Hamilton IDENTIFY: Leading federalist and framer of Constitution IMPORTANCE: He and other federalists, including James Madison, used their experience and powers of persuasion to win support for the document they had drafted. They received heavy support from urban centers, where merchants, skilled workers, and laborers saw the benefit of a national government that could regulate trade. Small states and those with weak economies also favored a strong central government that could protect their interests. 30. James Madison IDENTIFY: Leader of Virgina who called a meeting of state delegates to discuss issues of interstate trade. IMPORTANCE: Madison's Virginia Plan resulted from extensive research on political systems that he had done before the convention. Because of his plan and his leadership, Madison is known as the "Father of the Constitution." 31. Great Compromise IDENTIFY: the Constitutional Conventions agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house. IMPORTANCE: Each state would have equal representation in the Senate. The size of the population of each state would determine its representation in the House of Representatives. Voters of each state would choose members of the House. The state legislatures would choose members of the Senate. This pleased those who favored government by the people as it allowed voters to choose representatives. It also pleased those who defended states' rights as it preserved the power of state legislatures. 32. 3/5 Compromise IDENTIFY: the Constitutional Conventions agreement to count three-fifths of a states slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation. IMPORTANCE: Southern delegates wanted slaves included in the population count that determined the number of representatives in the House. Northern delegates disagreed. Not counting Southern slaves would give the Northern states more representatives than the Southern states in the House of Representatives. This compromise kept the North from having more representatives than the South. 33. Separation of Powers IDENTIFY: The division of state and federal government into three independent branches. IMPORTANCE: Under the separation of powers, each branch is independent, has a separate function, and may not take the functions of another branch. However, they cooperate with one another and also prevent one another from attempting to assume too much power. The legislative branchthe Congressmakes the laws. The executive branchthe presidentimplements the laws. The judiciarythe court systeminterprets the laws and decides legal controversies. (extra) Checks and Balances IDENTIFY: the provisions in the U.S. Constitution that prevent any branch of the U.S. government from dominating the other two branches. IMPORTANCE: prevents abuse of power amongst branches 34. Limited Government IDENTIFY: Laws stating that a governing or controlling body power exists only within pre-defined limits that are established by a constitution or other source of authority. These laws create boundaries beyond which the government is not allowed to go and powers delegated to it are the only powers it has. IMPORTANCE: Provides limited power to prevent a tyranny in which the government strips the people of their rights. 35. Federalism IDENTIFY: The division of power between the national and state government. IMPORTANCE: Powers granted to the national government by the constitution are known as delegated/enumerated powers. Powers kept by the states are known as regulated powers. (extra) Constitution IDENTIFY: The United States Constitution was ratified by all 13 states, replacing the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution introduced power given to both the federal and state governments. It specifies that the US will be a republic, with an elected president, a system of courts led by the Supreme Court, and a bicameral congress, which is composed of the House of Representatives and Senate. IMPORTANCE: The Constitution put into place a system of checks and balances and separation of power to ensure that the three separate branches of governmentjudicial, executive, and legislativeall had an equal amount of power and had the ability to check on one another to ensure no branch began abusing their power. In the 1-10th Amendments of the Constitution included is, dissimilar to the Articles of Confederation, the Bill of Rights. 36. Bill of Rights IDENTIFY: an official statement in the Constitution of the essential rights of the citizens of the United States IMPORTANCE: The Bill of Rights is a guarantee that the United States Government would not infringe on rights that are personal to every human being in US. Battle Facts about the Battle Impact of Battle Bunker Hill -British Victory -America wasnt declared independent yet -During Intolerable Acts -In Boston -British suffered 40% casualties -Olive Branch Petition sent to King George III which he declined -he then declared all 13 colonies in a state of rebellion -Thomas Payne writes Common Sensethis introduces the first collective thought of independence from colonists. Trenton -American victory on Christmas -Americans had lost several small islands -surprise attack on British troops by crossing through the Delaware River to get to Trenton, NY -Demonstrated military strength of American Army -Increased morale of troops -increased notoriety of George Washington Saratoga -Turning point of war -American victory -beat British man, Burgoyne -Battle that led to formal alliance with France Yorktown -Cornwallis surrenders -for 3 weeks, American and French troops bombard Cornwallis from small coast of Virginia (KEY WORD: Peninsula) -American victory -British surrender -end of war - leads to Treaty of Paris 1783 -officially ends American Revolution
FACTS ABOUT REVOLUTION BATTLES -Britain won in Fort Cities -America won everywhere else -1/3 colonists in favor of war for indpenedence -other 1/3 loyalists, final 1/3 neutral -state/colony loyalties (colonies didnt want to become a state very badly, not very nationalistic) -congress couldnt tax to raise $$ for Continental Army under Articles of Confederation -troops were poorly trained (until arrival of Baron von Steuben) -imports and exports had drastic decline during war - the economy went down. This decline is the result of their biggest trading partner, Great Britain, being lost after the war Military Strategies The Americans -Attrition (decrease in force or supplies) because the Brits had a long supply line -Guerilla tactics (fight an insurgent warbattle doesnt have to be won, Brits just have to be worn down) -Make an alliance with France, Britains enemy The British -Break colonies is half between North and South -Blockade ports -Divide and conquer use loyalists Britains Southern Strategies -Britain thought there were more loyalists in the South -Southern resources were more valuable -British win number of small victories but cant pacify country side -Good US General- Nathaniel Greene -Marquis de Lafayette- French general who aided American army
STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS (UNFAIR GAME) 1. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE FRENCH GENERAL WHO AIDED GEORGE WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION? a. Marquis de Lafayette 2. NAME THE PERSON WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WRITING COMMON SENSE a. Thomas Payne 3. NAME TWO OF THE THREE RESPONSIBLE FOR WRTING THE FEDERALIST a. Alexander Hamilton and James Madison (3 rd John Jay) 4. WHAT WAS THE DIRECT EFFECT OF BOSTON TEA PARTY? a. The Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) [Martial Law, Closed Harbor, no colonial legislature, quartering act] 5. DEFINE FEUDALISM a. The division of power between national and state governments 6. EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR a. Marquis de Lafayette and Benjamin Franklin helped with the French alliance. Franklin was a French diplomat sent to France and he negotiated the French alliance with America. 7. WHICH PERSON IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SEPARATION OF POWERS AND CHECKS AND BALANCES? a. Montesquieu 8. IN WHICH BATTLE DID GEORGE WASHINGTON GAIN NOTORIETY? a. Battle of Trenton 9. WHICH SPECIFIC EVENT LED TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION a. Shays Rebellion 10. IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PROCLOMATION OF 1763 a. Great Britain said colonies could not settle West of Appalachian Mountains and colonists could not trade with Native Americans. This ended Salutary Neglect. 11. EXPLAIN TH ROLE OF GEOGRPAHY IN THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN a. It was a peninsula 12. NAME OF THE TRAINING CAMP WHERE WASHINGTON TRAINED AMERICAN TROOPS a. Valley Forge