This subject deals

primarily with the

fundamental principles
and concepts of
chemistry.



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Stoichiometry
Periodical Table

WEEK COURSE PLANNING
1 Course Introduction
Matter and Energy
2 The History of Atom
3 Atomic Structure
4 Sub-Atomic Particles
5 Electronic Structure of Atoms The Classical theory
6 Photoelectric Effect
7 Spectroscopy
8 Quantum Mechanics
9 Tutorial 1
10 Test 1
11 Real Gases
12 Properties of Gases
13 Gas Laws
14 Tutorial 2
Course Planning
Lecture notes shall be provided online at:
spectrum.um.edu.my
States of matter
Laws on matter
Properties of matter


an ionized gas consisting
of positive ions and free
electrons,
no overall electric charge,
typically at low or at very
high temperatures
Matter is all that have mass and occupy space.
Atom is the smallest particle
of a chemical element that
can exist.
MATTER
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
HETEROGENEOUS
Soil, wood
HOMOGENEOUS
Salt solution, alcohol, water
COMPOUND
Water, ammonia
ELEMENT
Hydrogen, carbon, iron
ATOM
MOLECULES
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states that,
matter changes
form, but cannot
be created or
destroyed in any
ordinary chemical
reaction.
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thermodynamic,
kinetic,
equilibrium
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states that,
in a pure
compound, the
elements are
always present in
the same definite
proportion by
mass.
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stoichiometry
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states that,
when element
combine, they do
so in a ratio of
small whole
numbers
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stoichiometry
Law of Conservation of Mass/ Matter
Established in 1789 by French Chemist, Antoine Lavoisier.

states that, matter changes form, but cannot be created or
destroyed in any ordinary chemical reaction.

Or more simply, the mass of products by a chemical reaction is always
equal to the mass of the reactants.
Law of Conservation of Mass/ Matter
Established in 1799 by the French Chemist, Joseph Louis
Proust.

states that in a pure compound, the elements are
always present in the same definite proportion by
mass.
Law of Definite Proportions/ Constant
E.g., H2O

2.0160g (2 x 1.0080) of hydrogen will combine with 15.9994g of oxygen to produce
18.0154g of H2O

and

4.032g of hydrogen will combine with 31.988g of oxygen to produce 36.020g of H2O

Ratio of H:O is always 2:16 or 1:8
Law of Multiple Proportions
Established in 1803 by the English Chemist, John Dalton.

states that, when element combine, they do so in a ratio
of small whole numbers.


If two elements A B
form more than one compound, AB, AB2, AB4
then the ratios of the masses of the second element (B) which
combine with a fixed element (A)
will be ratios of small whole numbers (1,2,3.).
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Physical properties Chemical properties

H2 Colourless, Odourless
M.p.: -259 C, B.p.: -253 C

Flammable
O2 Colourless, Odourless
M.p.: -219 C, B.p.: -183 C
Supports combustion
Oxidising agent
H2O Colourless, Odourless
M.p.: 0 C, B.p.: 100 C
Non-flammable
Does not support combustion
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Law of conservation of energy:
..states that energy can be converted to one form to another but it
cannot be created or destroyed.

In any process, the total amount of energy is always constant.


Note: Similarity in the laws of conservation of mass and of energy.

Definition:
- Ability to do work
- potential of causing changes
- does not occupy space
Examples of energy transfers and conversions