Channel State Information

2012 Agilent Technologies
Wireless Communications
Greater insight. Greater confidence. Accelerate next-generation wireless.
LTE Channel State Information (CSI)
Presented by: Sandy Fraser, Agilent Technologies
2
Greater insight. Greater confidence.
Accelerate next-generation wireless.
Agenda
Channel State Information (CSI) different forms and definitions
Channel Quality Information, Pre-Coding Matrix Indicator, Rank
Indicator
Terminology
CSI controls, formats and reports
Test Summary
Examine one test each for wideband CQI, frequency selective (sub-
band) CQI, PMI and RI
What Agilent can do for CSI test!!
Summary
This presentation relies on the listener understanding a little
MIMO, so we will revise a little as we go through the talk
3
The whole CSI concept
Channel conditions change FACT!!
1) A UE moves from one area of good reception to an area with bad
reception
2) A UE is moving along a street with deep/wide fades and highly
variable radio conditions
3) We are sat at a caf downloading our mail when a delivery truck
parks in our line of sight to the eNB
In all these case CSI takes care of the UEs movement to a more robust
coding scheme, less puncturing, lower modulation depth, different
allocation in either frequency or time.
As in life, success is all intiming !
4
Terminology I
Spatial Multiplexing
The process of transmitting data from multiple
antennas on the same frequency at the same time
Transmit Diversity
Transmission of common data, but modified in some
way, on more than one antenna
Channel
The entire route, from transmission to reception,
including all the analog & RF circuits & antennas,
that could introduce unwanted coupling or distortion
(Channel) Rank
The number of useable data stream (layers) in a
multi-antenna radio system
Correlation
A measure of the similarity between different signals
(after the receiver antennas)
Condition Number
A short term measure of the increase in SNR needed
to recover a spatially multiplexed signal
5
Terminology II
Codeword
The input data after basic adaptation from the payload
(Transmission) Layer
With spatial multiplexing, it is synonymous with a
stream
Precoding
The process of cross coupling the signals before
transmission (used in closed loop operation) to
equalize the demodulated performance of the layers
Codebook
The look-up table of cross coupling factors used for
precoding; shared by the mobile and base-station
Closed Loop MIMO
A mechanism used to continuously adapt the
transmitted signal to suit the channel characteristics,
using the precoder
Beamforming
The process of cross coupling the signals at
transmitter (or receiver) to adapt to the channel.
LTE precoding is one example of doing this
Beamsteering
When beamforming with phased array, it is the
process of tracking the movement of the mobile
6
Agenda
Channel State Information different forms and definitions
Indicator
Terminology
Test Summary
Summary
7
Information required by UE to
transmit/receive
UEs need to know a lot of information before sending or receiving data
ALL of this information is send from the eNB to the UE on the Downlink Control Information (DCI)
Uplink Downlink
When the UE can transmit and on which
resources
When the UE should listen for DL data. DL data
may not be contiguous in frequency
Which modulation, transport block size
and redundancy version to use
Which modulation, transport block size and
redundancy version were used to transmit this data
Adjustments to align timing with eNB Is this downlink spatially multiplexed
Whether to hop the PUSCH or not For Spatially multiplexed DL what pre-coding has
been applied
Power level Which HARQ process does this data belong to
Transmit new block or re-transmit
NACKd blocks
Is this new data or re-transmitted data
8
Downlink Control Information
(DCI) formats
DCI Format Payload Usage
0 UL Assignments RB Assignments, TPC, MCS, PUSCH hopping flag
1 DL Assignments RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS
1A DL Assignments (compact) RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, RA
1B DL Assignments (compact with pre-coding) RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, TPMI, PMI
1C DL Assignments (VERY compact) RB Assignments
1D DL Assignments (compact with pre-coding and
power offset) Multi user MIMO
RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, TPMI, DL Power
offset
2 DL Assignments for closed loop MIMO RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
2A DL Assignments for open loop MIMO RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
2B DL Assignments for dual layer TM8 beamforming RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
2C DL Assignments for dual layer TM9 8 layer non
codebook multiplexing (Rel10)
RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
3 TPC commands for PUSCH and PUCCH with 2
bit power adjustments
Power control, e.g. USER1, USER2, USER.etc using
TPC-PUCCH-RNTI and TPC-PUSCH-RNTI
3A TPC commands for PUSCH and PUCCH with
single bit power adjustments
Power control, e.g. USER1, USER2, USER.etc using
TPC-PUCCH-RNTI and TPC-PUSCH-RNTI
4 UL Assignments for up to 4 layers, 2 per
codeword and pre-coding (Rel10)
RB Assignments, TPC, HARQ, MCS, pre-coding
9
DCI example
N6061A Protocol logging
10
HARQ Link Adaptation
Retransmissions of a particular HARQ process use the same modulation and
coding scheme as the initial transmission. Each subsequent retransmission
simply reduces the effective code rate through incremental redundancy
there are 4 redundancy versions for LTE
Link adaptation (AMC: adaptive modulation and coding) with various
modulation schemes and channel coding rates can be applied to the shared
data channel.
AMC optimises the transmission performance of each UE while maximizing
the system throughput.
If we use too low a modulation depth e.g. QPSK during good radio conditions, then
we are utilizing more bandwidth (for a given desired data rate) than we need to
If we use too high a modulation depth in poor conditions, we end up with too many
re-transmissions
Either way we are not making efficient use of the resources available
Channel STATE Indicator, which includes Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) is
the means by which the channel conditions are reported to the eNB to
optimise AMC process.
11
LTE 3GPP Channel Quality Indictor
(CQI)
36.213 section 7.2
CQI
index
modulation
coding rate x
1024
efficiency
0 out of range
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
7 16QAM 378 1.4766
8 16QAM 490 1.9141
9 16QAM 616 2.4063
10 64QAM 466 2.7305
11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
36.213 Table 7.2.3-1: 4-bit CQI Table
CQI reports can be
Wideband or per sub-band
Semi static, Higher Layer Configured or UE selected
single or multiple sub-bands
CQI only, or CQI plus Pre-coding Matrix Indicator
(PMI) / Rank Indicator (RI)
Transmitted on PUCCH for sub-frames with no PUSCH
allocation or PUSCH with or without scheduling grant or
if no UL-SCH
Depends on spatial multiplexing
Reports can be periodic or aperiodic (when signaled by
DCI format 0 with CQI request field set to 1)
The eNB need not necessarily use the CQI reported
from the UE
12
Channel State Indication CSI on
Uplink Channel Information (UCI)
36.213 Section 7.2
Transmission Mode Payload
1. Single-antenna
port; port 0
UE selected sub-band CQI + wide-band CQI or
Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI, no PMI
2. Transmit diversity UE selected sub-band CQI + wide-band CQI or
3. Open-loop spatial
multiplexing
UE selected sub-band CQI + wide-band CQI or
4. Closed-loop spatial
multiplexing
Wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI for each sub-band or
UE selected sub-band and wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI or
Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI + PMI
5. Multi-user MIMO Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI + PMI
6. Closed-loop
Rank=1 pre-coding
Wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI for each sub-band or
UE selected sub-band and wide-band CQI per codeword + PMI or
Higher Layer Configured wide-band and sub-band CQI + PMI
TM7, 8, 9 not listed
13
UCI on the PUCCH or PUSCH
Format Bits per
sub-frame
Payload Modn
1 N/A No Ack/Nack, only SR N/A
1a 1 SISO Ack/Nack BPSK
1b 2 MIMO Ack/Nack QPSK
2 20 CSI, no Ack/Nack QPSK
2a * 21 CSI + SISO Ack/Nack B/QPSK
2b * 22 CSI + MIMO Ack/Nack B/QPSK
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) or Physical Uplink Shared Channel carries the
Uplink Control Information CQI and ACK/NACK, and also scheduling requests
* For normal CP only
The number and position of Demodulation Reference Signal symbols will vary
depending on format
14
UCI example N6061A Protocol logging
Aperiodic CQI report
with PMI and RI
Periodic CQI report
combined with
ACK/NACK reporting
15
Agenda
Indicator
Terminology
Test Summary
Summary
16
The mandated CSI tests
36.521 section 9, 36.101 section 9
There are 18 CSI tests
10 for CQI testing (both wide-band and sub-band CQI)
6 for PMI testing
2 for RI testing
Almost all are COMPARATIVE tests several stages with varying conditions
results compared to ensure throughput gain
Almost all require AWGN and Fading
NONE are truly representative of real world conditions.
All have separate FDD and TDD sections
7 are currently defined for Release 10 in 36.101 requirements (CSI reference
symbols), but are not defined in the test procedures 36.521
These standards change regularly this section last updated May 2012
17
36.521 Section 9
CSI Conformance Tests
Most requirements are tested using faded DL channels
Most are comparative tests, accomplished in several stages
Most employ fixed or minimally varied transmission conditions
Test Title and 3GPP 36.521
test reference
Channel
SNR options, test
count
Mode Description
CQI reporting under AWGN
9.2.1
AWGN (1 x 2) 2,2 PUCCH 1-0
Comparison of BLER using CQImedian
+/-1 values
9.2.2
AWGN (2 x 2) 2,2 PUCCH 1-1
Comparison of BLER for each
codeword using CQImedian +/-1 values
9.2.3
Defined in 36.101
(requirements), not in
36.521 (procedures)
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
PUCCH 1-1
CSI Reference Symbols placeholder
R10 feature
18
Summary of test cases
continued - CQI
Test Title and 3GPP 36.521
test reference
Channel
SNR options, test
count
Mode Description
CQI Frequency-selective
scheduling
9.3.1.1
3GPP 36.101 Clause
B.2.4 with specific
fading conditions
2,2 PUSCH 3-0
Throughput with eNB random sub-band
allocation, then test with UE reported
sub-band allocation. Differential
minimum throughput gain ratio.
scheduling
9.3.1.2
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
PUSCH 3-1
R10 feature
CQI Frequency non-
selective scheduling
9.3.2.1
EPA5, High 2,2
PUCCH 1-0 on
PUSCH to avoid
CQI and ACK
collisions
Compares Throughput using UE
reported CQI against fixed CQImedian
CQI Frequency non-
selective scheduling
9.3.2.2
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
PUCCH 1-1
R10 feature
interference
9.3.3
Sub band size 6RB
3GPP 36.101 Clause
B.2.4 with specific
fading conditions
2,1 PUSCH 3-0
CQI UE-selected sub-band
9.3.4.1
Sub-band size 3RB
3GPP 36.101 Clause
B.2.4 with specific
fading conditions
2,2 PUSCH 2-0
CQI UE-selected sub-band
9.3.4.2
Sub-band size 6RB
3GPP 36.101 Clause
B.2.4 with specific
fading conditions
2,2
PUSCH 2-0
to avoid CQI and
ACK collisions
19
continued - PMI
Test Title and 3GPP
36.521 test reference
Channel
SNR options, test
count
Mode Description
Single PMI reporting
9.4.1.1
EVA5, Low 2x2 1,1 PUSCH 3-1
Compares random pre-coding matrix
reported TP against UE reported pre-
coding matrix TP.
9.4.1.2
EVA5, Low 4x2 1,1 PUCCH 2-1
coding matrix TP.
9.4.1.3
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
PUSCH 3-1
R10 feature
Multiple PMI reporting
9.4.2.1
EPA5, Low 2x2 1,1 PUSCH 1-2
coding matrix TP.
9.4.2.2
EVA5, Low 4x2 1,1 PUSCH 2-2
coding matrix TP.
9.4.2.3
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
PUSCH 3-1
R10 feature
20
continued - RI
Test Title and 3GPP
36.521 test reference
Channel
SNR options, test
count
Mode Description
Rank Indicator reporting
9.5.1.1
EPA5, Low and high 2x2 1, 3
PUCCH 1-1
FDD Only
Compares TP with fixed rank, vs
reported rank for 3 separate channel
and rank conditions.
9.5.1.2
EPA5, Low and high 2x2 1, 3
PUCCH 3-1
TDD Only
Compares TP with fixed rank, vs
reported rank for 3 separate channel
and rank conditions.
9.5.2.1
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
FDD only
R10 feature
9.5.2.2
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
Defined in 36.101
36.521 (procedures)
TDD only
R10 feature
21
Wideband CQI Test With AWGN
(PUCCH format 1.0), 9.2.1
Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2
Bandwidth MHz 10
PDSCH transmission mode 1
Downlink power
allocation
dB 0
dB 0
Propagation condition and antenna
configuration
AWGN (1 x 2)
SNR (Note 2) dB 0 1 6 7
dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -97 -92 -91
dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -98
Max number of HARQ transmissions 1
Physical channel for CQI reporting PUCCH Format 2
PUCCH Report Type 4
Reporting periodicity ms NP = 5
cqi-pmi-ConfigurationIndex 6
Note 1: Reference measurement channel according to Table A.4-1 with one sided dynamic OCNG
Pattern OP.1 FDD as described in Annex A.5.1.1.
Note 2: For each test, the minimum requirements shall be fulfilled for at least one of the two SNR(s) and
the respective wanted signal input level.
A
) (
j
or
I
) ( j
oc
N
PUCCH 1-0 static test (36.101 [10] Table 9.2.1-1)
22
Wideband CQI Test With AWGN
(PUCCH format 1.0), 9.2.1
Setup with conditions stated and measure
the median value of CQI
90% of all 2000 CQI results obtained must
be within +/- 1 of this median value
Take this median CQI-1 value and
measure BLER which must be less than
10%.
Take the median CQI +1 value and
measure the BLER which must be greater
than 10%.
If the UE fails this test using the first SNR
value (0 dB), then the test sequence can
be repeated using the second value (1
dB). The UE must pass at least one of
these two tests. The test is then repeated
for the SNR of 6dB, and if necessary 7dB.
Med CQI Med CQI+1 Med CQI-1
Test part 2
with lower
than optimal
data flow
results in low
BLER (less
than 10%)
Test part 3
with higher
than optimal
data flow
results in high
BLER (greater
than 10%)
Establish
Median
CQI in test
part 1
23
Frequency
Time
Frequency Selective CSI
What if?
What if I have been allocated the resources in RED
BUT my UE measures the PURPLE area to be more suitable for
the measured channel conditions?
What happens if the conditions have changed by the time the UE
is moved to these RBs?
This is the purpose of sub-band (frequency selective) CSI testing
24
Frequency selective (sub-band)
scheduling CQI test with fading, 9.3.1.1
Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2
Bandwidth MHz 10 MHz
Transmission mode 1 (port 0)
SNR (Note 3) dB 9 10 14 15
dB[mW/15kHz] -89 -88 -84 -83
dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -98
Propagation channel
3GPP 36.101 Clause B.2.4 with specific
fading conditions
Correlation Full
Reporting interval ms 5
CQI delay ms 8
Reporting mode PUSCH 3-0
Max number of HARQ
transmissions
1
Note 1: If the UE reports in an available uplink reporting instance at subframe SF#n based on CQI
estimation at a downlink subframe not later than SF#(n-4), this reported subband or wideband
CQI cannot be applied at the eNB downlink before SF#(n+4)
Note 2: Reference measurement channel according to Table A.4-4 with one/two sided dynamic OCNG
Pattern OP.1/2 FDD as described in Annex A.5.1.1/2
Note 3: For each test, the minimum requirements shall be fulfilled for at least one of the two SNR(s)
and the respective wanted signal input level.
) (
j
or
I
) ( j
oc
N
Sub-band test for single antenna transmission (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.3.1.1.1.3-1)
25
Frequency selective (sub-band)
scheduling CQI test with fading, 9.3.1
Gather 2000 CQI reports
The sub-band differential CQI offset level of 0 shall be reported at least a % of the time but less than b % for
each sub-band
Parameter Test 1 Test 2
a [%] 2 2
b [%] 55 55
1.1 1.1
One sub-band may be different size to others this one is not used because it could skew the throughput
results
Ignoring reports from the UE, the 2
nd
stage of the test allocates random subbands to the UE and tests
throughput.
The 3
rd
stage of the test uses the highest ranking sub-bands reported by the UE
The ratio of stage 2 and 3 should represent a throughput gain of more than 10% AND the BLER must be
greater than 5%.
If the UE fails this test using the first SNR value (9 dB), then the test sequence can be repeated using the
second value (10 dB), the UE must pass at least one of these two tests. The test is then repeated using the
SNR values 14 (and if necessary) 15dB.
26
So Tell (or Remind) Me
How does MIMO work?
1: Consider a moment in time, at a single frequency, and model the
channel as a box with fixed components inside:
2: Send a training signal first, thats unique to A and to B. Measure
what comes out at C and D and therefore how they got coupled. [If
you know how they get coupled, you can work out how to uncouple them]
3: Everything going into the box will be coupled the same way, so
you apply what you found to the real data you want to sent
If we add two completely different
signals at A and B, theyll get
mixed together, but in a precisely
defined way, dependant on the
values of Z1- Z4
A
B
MIMO is used
uncouple signals
on twisted pairs
C
D
27
and when does it not work?
Extreme example: If all the Zs are the same, both
outputs are the same. This is a keyhole channel,
which does not support spatial multiplexing (rank =1)
A
B
Noise & interference always limit the modulation we use. With MIMO,
there is an ADDITIONAL factor how well can you uncouple the
signals measured by the Condition Number of the channel matrix
For every dB increase in
condition number, you
may need a dB increase
in the SNR
C
D
28
Why Precode (cross couple)
the SM signal?
No precoding the layer
performance is unbalanced
Precoded to achieve
similar performance for
both layers
29
Precoding Matrix Index definition
3GPP TS 36.211 Table 6.3.4.2.3-1
Deals with FDD case
Only 3 (2 for TM4) choices
for spatial multiplexing (16
for the 4 layer case)
For single data stream
transmission, the precoding
produces beamsteering
(with 4 antennas)
Subband PMI reporting can
be configured down to the
resource block level
30
PMI Testing, 9.4.1.1
Parameter Unit Test 1
Bandwidth MHz 10
Transmission mode 6
Propagation channel EVA5
Precoding granularity PRB 50
Correlation and antenna configuration Low 2 x 2
Downlink power allocation
dB -3
dB -3
dB[mW/15kHz] -98
Reporting mode PUSCH 3-1
Reporting interval ms 1
PMI delay (Note 2) ms 8
Measurement channel R.10 FDD
OCNG Pattern OP.1 FDD
Max number of HARQ transmissions 4
Redundancy version coding sequence {0,1,2,3}
Note 1: For random precoder selection, the precoder shall be updated in each TTI (1 ms granularity)
Note 2: If the UE reports in an available uplink reporting instance at subrame SF#n based on PMI
estimation at a downlink SF not later than SF#(n-4), this reported PMI cannot be applied at the
eNB downlink before SF#(n+4).
A
) ( j
oc
N
PMI test for single layer (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.4.1.1.1.3-1)
31
PMI Testing, 9.4.1
The first stage of the test is performed in order to establish the value SNR(rnd). This is the
Signal to Noise Ratio used during the second and third stages of the test.
36.101 Annex G.5.2 specifies how to establish the value SNR(rnd), by adjusting the SNR until
the throughput is settled between 58% and 62% of the calculated maximum throughput t(rnd).
The second stage of the test is performed using random pre-coding
The third stage repeats stage 2 but using UE reported PMI values. Throughput results are
obtained using these two different conditions, and the throughput ratio ( ) is expressed as pre-
coding gain
A pass is achieved if the ratio is exceeded.
Table 6.6-13. Minimum requirement (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.4.1.1.1.3-2)
Parameter Test 1
1.1
.
32
Rank Index
Only certain channel models are suitable for MIMO
If MIMO is used when the channel can only support 1 stream of data
the resulting throughput will be poor and resources wasted
If MIMO is NOT used when the channel CAN support more than one
stream, then the throughput will be low and resources wasted.
33
Rank Indication (RI) Testing, 9.5.1.1
Parameter Unit Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Bandwidth MHz 10
PDSCH transmission mode 4
Downlink power
allocation
dB -3
dB -3
CodeBookSubsetRestriction
bitmap
000011 for fixed RI = 1
010000 for fixed RI = 2
010011 for UE reported RI
Propagation condition and antenna
configuration
2 x 2 EPA5
Antenna correlation Low Low High
RI configuration
Fixed RI=2
and follow RI
Fixed RI=1
and follow RI
Fixed RI=2
and follow RI
SNR dB 0 20 20
dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -98 -98
dB[mW/15kHz] -98 -78 -78
Maximum number of HARQ
transmissions
1
Reporting mode PUCCH 1-1 (Note 4)
Physical channel for CQI/PMI
reporting
PUCCH Format 2
PUCCH Report Type for CQI/PMI 2
Physical channel for RI reporting PUSCH (Note 3)
PUCCH Report Type for RI 3
Reporting periodicity ms NP = 5
PMI and CQI delay ms 8
cqi-pmi-ConfigurationIndex 6
ri-ConfigurationInd 1
A
) ( j
oc
N
) (
j
or
I
RI test (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.5.1.1.3-1)
Note 1: If the UE reports in an available uplink
reporting instance at subframe SF#n
based on PMI and CQI estimation at a
downlink subframe not later than SF#(n-
4), this reported PMI and wideband CQI
cannot be applied at the eNB downlink
before SF#(n+4).
Note 2: Reference measurement channel
according to Table A.4-1 with one sided
dynamic OCNG Pattern OP.1 FDD as
described in Annex A.5.1.1.
Note 3: To avoid collisions between RI reports
and HARQ-ACK it is necessary to report
both on PUSCH instead of PUCCH.
PDCCH DCI format 0 shall be transmitted
in downlink SF#4 and #9 to allow periodic
RI to multiplex with the HARQ-ACK on
PUSCH in uplink subframe SF#8 and #3.
Note 4: The bit field for precoding information in
DCI format 2 shall be mapped as:
-For reported RI = 1 and PMI = 0 >>
precoding information bit field index = 1
34
Rank Indication (RI) Testing, 9.5.1
Test stage (a) establishes the value t(fix), Using the CodeBookSubsetRestriction for fixed Rank (1 or 2), the
system simulator responds with UL grants to the UE based on the CQI, RI, and PMI reports from the UE.
For test stage (b), the UE is then told to use the CodeBookSubsetRestriction as for UE reported RI shown in
table 6.6-14, along with all the other parameters to establish t(reported).
The ratio of the two throughput values obtained from the two test stages should satisfy the requirements
shown in table 6.6-15
Table 6.6-15. RI minimum requirements (FDD) (36.101 [10] Table 9.5.1.1.3-2)
Parameter Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
1
N/A 1.05 N/A
2
1.0 N/A 1.1
The first test should give very similar throughput values for the two test stages. Due to the low SNR value
there will be little or no improvement expected. The second test should show a modest throughput
improvement, but will still be restricted due to the use of R1 for both test stages, while test three will show the
highest improvement because of the highest SNR and use of fixed R2 for the first stage of the test.
35
Agenda
Indicator
Terminology
Test Summary
Summary
36
AWGN and OCNG
Required for most section 7,8,9 tests
AWGN - Settable SNR for each RF1, RF2,
MIMO or Normal settings for channel mode
Indicated values for NoC and Noise Amplitude
Amp > AWGN
OCNG defined in 36.521-1 section A.5
Fills any un-used RBs with OCNG
Mode > BSE > Func > OCNG
37
Closed Loop TM4 and TM6 testing
BSE>mode setup>more>RRC>TM Mode
QPSK
MCS 0-9
16QAM
MCS 10-16
64QAM
MCS 17-25
DL MCS
AUTO
1
RI
AUTO
2
0
PMI
AUTO
1
3
2
CQI
PMI
RI
CHANNEL
EMULATOR
BLER/Tput Testing
Supports Test Mode
and E2E Testing
Open Loop and Closed
Loop Testing
Display CQI/RI/PMI
reported information
38
Comprehensive Throughput Reporting
DL and UL
throughput graphs
and values
Average throughput,
BLER, ACK, NACK
and StatDTX counts
New tab for channel
state information
(CQI, PMI, RI etc)
39
CSI Reporting
CSI = channel state information includes CQI, PMI, RI
New tab for channel
state information
(CQI, PMI, RI etc)
Wideband and sub-
band reports
PMI, RI reports
Periodic, Aperiodic
reporting (depends
on scenario and
front panel settings
36.521 section 9
automatic reports
and measurements
40
Differential CQI reported values
41
CQI reporting for 36.521 Section 9
CSI = channel state information includes CQI, PMI, RI
Statistical CQI Performance
The Statistical CQI Performance measurement is used as part of
an RCT system to perform test cases in 36.521-1, section 9.
Mode > BSE > Func > More > RCT > Statistical CQI
Performance
Median CQI
This setting starts/initiates the collection of CQI reports from UE.
Aperiodic CQI, Periodic CQI
The scenario must contain the appropriate CQI Report
Configuration (either periodic or aperiodic) in the RRC Setup
message information. This enables the UE to generate the
correct CQI reports.
Mode > BSE > Func > More > CQI Median
DL Allocation based on CQI
Set the DL allocation to whatever the UE is reporting
Choose from Wideband or Sub-band and random Sub-band
Mode > BSE > Mode Setup > More > PHY > DL Resources >
CQI Reports
42
Sweep out
Trig
Out
Pulse
Trig In
Ext Trig 1 In
E6621A PXT
(eNodeB emulator)
N9020A MXA Signal Analyzer
N5182A MXG Vector
Signal Generator
Does the CQI feedback
process act fast enough?
CQI Control Loop Testing
50ms noise bursts added to downlink
43
Testing CQI Using UE Reporting
(Delayed ) drop in
MCS in response to
CQI report from UE
HARQ retransmissions
occur throughout the
noise burst
2 frame quantisation
in response set by
reporting interval
Over-damped control loop
response showing impact
of reporting interval and
CQI UE report averaging
44
Testing CQI Using UE Reporting
Periods of StatDTX (No ACKs or
NACKs indicating no reception by
UE or no report sent by UE
Random re-transmissions and RVs
45
Summary
LTE CSI testing is more involved than originally for W-CDMA
18 tests, FDD/TDD = 36, multi-steps = more than 100 test steps
Testing requires very specific setting capability in test equipment
Testing is largely static with fixed I_MCS, although using faded
conditions this does not represent the real world use case.
Real world type testing may be required to ensure end user satisfaction.
Fixed channel testing will be required to debug persistent throughput or
CSI reporting issues
46
Resources
Webcast for more detailed description of analysis using VSA software
http://www.eetimes.com/electrical-engineers/education-
training/webinars/4211278/How-To-Verify-the-Data-In-Your-LTE-Uplink-Signal
Agilent VSA site: www.agilent.com/find/vsa
This webcast was recorded and will be available shortly along with the
slides
Everything related to the PXT network emulator including Radio (pre-)
Conformance testing www.agilent.com/find/pxt
Application notes, white papers, demonstrations, webcasts, training
events, related products and MUCH more: www.agilent.com/find/MIMO
47
Backup slides
Greater insight. Greater confidence. Accelerate next-generation wireless.
BACKUP SLIDES - LTE - MIMO
49
Agenda
Overview of Multi-antenna techniques
LTE Terminology
How MIMO works in LTE
LTE RF Design and Measurement Course
50
Multi-Antenna Techniques in LTE
Just because there is more than one antenna, doesnt mean its
MIMO
Diversity can usefully be combined with MIMO Spatial Multiplexing to
improve performance
A focus on the need to provide an increased DL data rate leads to an
asymmetric system in LTE
51
System & Antenna Configurations
Terms
SISO
Tx Rx
SIMO
Tx Rx0
Rx1
MISO
Tx0 Rx
Tx1
MIMO
Tx0
Tx1
Rx0
Rx1
Input and Output Refer to the Channel
Rx Diversity
Tx Diversity, Beamforming
52
Terminology I
The process of transmitting data from multiple
antennas on the same frequency at the same time
Transmit Diversity
Transmission of common data, but modified in some
way, on more than one antenna
Channel
The entire route, from transmission to reception,
including all the analog & RF circuits & antennas,
that could introduce unwanted coupling or distortion
(Channel) Rank
The number of useable data stream (layers) in a
multi-antenna radio system
Correlation
A measure of the similarity between different signals
(after the receiver antennas)
Condition Number
A short term measure of the increase in SNR needed
to recover a spatially multiplexed signal
53
MIMO Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity
Both Important, Different Objectives
Multiple Antennas can be used in a variety of ways:
Beamforming
Transmit Diversity
Receive Diversity
Diversity techniques protect against fading, and improve
coverage
54
Double Diversity does not make MIMO
Transmit Diversity + Receive Diversity = Spatial Multiplexing
MISO plus MRC
Rx0
Rx1
Tx0
Tx1
MIMO
Data modified and repeated on
second symbol (or subcarrier)
Data only transmitted once
Tx0
Tx1
Tx0
Tx1
55
MIMO Operation in LTE
In the Uplink, two mobiles are
used together to create the MIMO
signal.
Known as Multi-User MIMO
In the Downlink, its normally like
WLAN, the MIMO transmission is
sent to a single mobile.
Known as Single User MIMO
56
Terminology II
Codeword
The input data after basic adaptation from the payload
(Transmission) Layer
With spatial multiplexing, it is synonymous with a
stream
Precoding
The process of cross coupling the signals before
transmission (used in closed loop operation) to
equalize the demodulated performance of the layers
Codebook
The look-up table of cross coupling factors used for
precoding; shared by the mobile and base-station
Closed Loop MIMO
A mechanism used to continuously adapt the
transmitted signal to suit the channel characteristics,
using the precoder
Beamforming
The process of cross coupling the signals at
transmitter (or receiver) to adapt to the channel.
LTE precoding is one example of doing this
Beamsteering
When beamforming with phased array, it is the
process of tracking the movement of the mobile
57
So Tell (or Remind) Me
How does MIMO work?
1: Consider a moment in time, at a single frequency, and model the
channel as a box with fixed components inside:
2: Send a training signal first, thats unique to A and to B. Measure
what comes out at C and D and therefore how they got coupled. [If
you know how they get coupled, you can work out how to uncouple them]
3: Everything going into the box will be coupled the same way, so
you apply what you found to the real data you want to sent
If we add two completely different
signals at A and B, theyll get
mixed together, but in a precisely
defined way, dependant on the
values of Z1- Z4
A
B
MIMO is used
uncouple signals
on twisted pairs
C
D
58
and when does it not work?
Extreme example: If all the Zs are the same, both
outputs are the same. This is a keyhole channel, which
does not support spatial multiplexing (rank =1)
A
B
Noise & interference always limit the modulation we use. With MIMO,
there is an ADDITIONAL factor how well can you uncouple the
signals measured by the Condition Number of the channel matrix
For every dB increase in
condition number, you
may need a dB increase
in the SNR
59
LTE Channel Training Signals
The Reference Signals are what allow the receiver to calculate the channel coefficients. They NEVER overlap before they are t ransmitted
0 l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6 l 0 l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6 l
O
n
e

a
n
t
e
n
n
a

p
o
r
t
T
w
o

a
n
t
e
n
n
a

p
o
r
t
s
Resource element (k,l)
Not used for transmission on this antenna port
Reference symbols on this antenna port
0 l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6 l 0 l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6 l 0 l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6 l 0 l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6 l
0 l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6 l 0 l
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
6 l 0 l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6 l 0 l
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
6 l
F
o
u
r

a
n
t
e
n
n
a

p
o
r
t
s
0 l 6 l 0 l
2
R
6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l
2
R
2
R
2
R
3
R
3
R
3
R
3
R
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
Antenna port 1
Antenna port 2
Antenna port 3
60
What makes a good channel for MIMO?
A perfect MIMO channel:
By simple observation it follows that R
0
= T
0
and R
1
= T
1
This is a case that creates double the capacity
1 0
0 1
Channel H
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Channel H
h
00
h
11
T
0
T
1
R
0
R
1
But suppose we create a simple
static channel like this:
How do we know if it will provide
capacity gain?
61
The MIMO challenge
Recovering the signal
So is the earlier example good or bad for MIMO?
We can recover the original signal
In fact any H matrix other than the unity matrix can be resolved
PROVIDED there is no external or internal noise!
Page 61
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Channel H
R
0
= 0.8 T
0
+ 0.3 T
1
R
1
= 0.2 T
0
- 0.9 T
1
T
0
= 1.15 R
0
+ 0.39 R
1
T
1
= 0.26 R
0
- 1.03 R
1
Giving:
62
Why Precode (cross couple)
the SM signal?
No precoding the layer
performance is unbalanced
Precoded with 1,1,-1,1
similar performance for
both layers
63
Precoding Matrix Index definition
3GPP TS 36.211 Table 6.3.4.2.3-1
Deals with FDD case
Only 3 choices for spatial
multiplexing (16 for the 4
layer case)
For single data stream
transmission, the precoding
produces beamsteering
(with 4 antennas)
Subband PMI reporting can
be configured down to the
resource block level
64
Antenna influence on performance
The dynamic condition number example did not isolate effects from
different components, including the antenna
In real life, the instantaneous channel matrix H is made up from the
interaction of three components:
The static 3D antenna pattern of the transmitter
The dynamic multipath and Doppler characteristics of the radio
channel
The static 3D antenna pattern of the receiver
The overall antenna contribution is the product of the transmit and receive
antennas known as the channel correlation matrix
65
Real life performance
Variation due to fading and variable interference
Variation due to
instantaneous
correlation
Most macrocell
activity takes
place in this
region
Variation in the
frequency
domain not
shown
66
Summary
MIMO Spatial Multiplexing is a powerful additional transmission scheme in
the right conditions
The list of 7 modes for DL transmission highlights how the ENB and UE will
have to work together to choose which multi-antenna technique to use:
LTE has seven different downlink transmission modes:
1.Single-antenna port; port 0 SISO
2.Transmit diversity MISO
3.Open-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO no precoding
4.Closed-loop spatial multiplexing MIMO with precoding
5.Multi-user MIMO MIMO - separate UE (for UL)
6.Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding MISO - beamsteering
7.Single-antenna port; port 5 MISO beamsteering

Channel State Information

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Channel State Information

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

2012 Agilent Technologies

Potrebbero piacerti anche